(Test Bank) Medical Physiology

Hall, 13

Nursing

Test Bank

13th Edition

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Test Bank for Medical Physiology, The downloadable file consists of 341 pages, and the total size of the file is 3.37 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Hall

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PRIMEXAM.COM Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 13th Edition Hall Test Bank Chapter 01: Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment” Hall: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What is the most abundant type of cell in the human body? A. Neuron B. Epithelial cell C. Red blood cell D. White blood cell E. Vascular smooth muscle cell F. Skeletal muscle cell ANS: C PTS: 1 2. The most abundant substance in the human body and the approximate percentage of that substance in the body is which of the following? A. Protein, 30% B. Protein, 60% C. Water, 30% D. Water, 60% E. Carbohydrate, 30% F. Carbohydrate, 60% ANS: D PTS: 1 3. A large volume of blood is transfused to a person whose baroreceptor blood pressure control system is not functioning. Arterial blood pressure rises from the normal level of 100 to 160 mm Hg. If the same volume of blood is infused into the same person when the baroreceptor system is functioning, and this time the arterial pressure increases from the normal level of 100 mm Hg up to 120 mm Hg, what is the gain of the baroreceptor system? A. –3 B. –2 C. –1 D. 0 E. +1 F. +2 G. +3 ANS: B PTS: 1 4. Which of the following substances has the highest extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid concentration ratio for most mammalian cells? A. Sodium ions B. Potassium ions C. Carbon dioxide D. Glucose E. Protein PRIMEXAM.COM ANS: A PTS: 1 5. Exchange of substances between the cardiovascular system and the interstitial fluid occurs mainly in which of the following? A. Arteries B. Arterioles C. Capillaries D. Venules E. Veins ANS: C PTS: 1 6. What is the approximate distance from the capillaries to most cells of the body? A. Less than 50 angstroms B. Less than 50 microns C. Less than 50 millimeters D. Less than 100 angstroms E. Less than 100 microns F. Less than 100 millimeters ANS: A PTS: 1 7. When a person is at rest, how much time is required for the blood in the circulation to traverse the entire circulatory circuit? A. 1 second B. 1 minute C. 3 minutes D. 4 minutes E. 5 minutes ANS: B PTS: 1 8. feedback is often referred to as a "vicious cycle" because it leads to instability and sometimes death. A. Positive, progressive B. Positive, diminished C. Negative, progressive D. Negative, diminished E. Adaptive, progressive ANS: A PTS: 1 9. Which of the following is an example of positive feedback in the body? A. Clotting of blood B. Return of blood pressure toward normal after a hemorrhage C. Increased respiration rate caused by accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood D. Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity that occurs in response to increased blood pressure ANS: A PTS: 1 10. Which of the following is an example of a “feed forward” control system? PRIMEXAM.COM A. The arterial baroreceptor system B. The progressive nature of uterine contractions during childbirth C. Control of skeletal muscle movements by the brain D. Generation of an action potential ANS: C PTS: 1 11. Which of the following statements about homeostasis is incorrect? A. It refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment for the body B. Homeostatic mechanisms do not operate in diseases C. Homeostasis requires integrated actions of the cells, tissues, organs, and multiple nervous, hormonal, and local control systems D. Homeostatic compensations that begin after a major environmental challenge may contribute to abnormalities of body function ANS: B PTS: 1 12. Which of the following is an example of negative feedback? A. Arterial baroreceptor control of blood pressure B. Excitation of the respiratory center by increased blood carbon dioxide concentration C. Hemorrhagic shock cause by severe blood loss D. A and B E. A, B, and C ANS: D PTS: 1 PRIMEXAM.COM Chapter 02: The Cell and Its Functions Hall: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th Edition MATCHING Use the terms in the following list to identify the cellular location for the steps involved in the synthesis and packaging of a secreted protein. A. Nucleolus B. Nucleus C. Agranular endoplasmic reticulum D. Granular endoplasmic reticulum E. Golgi apparatus F. Endosomes G. Peroxisomes H. Lysosomes I. Cytosol 1. Initiation of translation 2. Protein sorting and packaging 3. Gene transcription 1. ANS: I PTS: 1 2. ANS: E PTS: 1 3. ANS: B PTS: 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is true for both pinocytosis and phagocytosis? A. Involves recruitment of actin filaments B. Occurs spontaneously and nonselectively C. Permits uptake of bacterium into cytosol D. Is only observed in macrophages and neutrophils E. Does not require adenosine triphosphate ANS: A PTS: 1 2. The cell membrane is least permeable to which of the following substances? A. Sodium B. Oxygen C. Ethanol D. Carbon dioxide E. Water ANS: A PTS: 1 3. Which of the following best describes the glycocalyx of a cell? A. Negatively charged carbohydrate chains that protrude into cytosol B. Negatively charged carbohydrate layer on cell surface C. Layer of anions aligned on the cytosolic surface of plasma membrane PRIMEXAM.COM D. Large glycogen stores found in “fast” muscles E. A mechanism of cell-cell attachment ANS: B PTS: 1 4. Proteins are sorted for their delivery to lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane in which of the following? A. Golgi apparatus B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. Nucleus D. Endo cytotic vesicle ANS: A PTS: 1 5. Ubiquinone, an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation), is found in which of the following? A. Inner mitochondrial membrane B. Mitochondrial matrix C. Outer mitochondrial membrane D. Nucleus ANS: A PTS: 1 6. The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) takes place in which of the following? A. Mitochondrial matrix B. Inner mitochondrial membrane C. Outer mitochondrial membrane D. Inner mitochondrial space ANS: A PTS: 1 7. All the following processes depend on adenosine triphosphate except which of the following? A. Ciliary movement B. Positive chemotaxis C. Movement of oxygen across lipid bilayer D. Endocytosis E. Smooth muscle contraction ANS: C PTS: 1 8. This cytoskeletal element plays a role in certain forms of cell movement and is an essential component of the mitotic spindle . A. Phospholipids B. Glycocalyx C. F-actin D. Microtubules E. Clathrin ANS: D PTS: 1 9. Lipid synthesis occurs in which of the following locations ? A. Trans -Golgi network B. Granular, or “rough,” endoplasmic reticulum PRIMEXAM.COM C. Agranular, or “smooth,” endoplasmic reticulum D. Nucleus E. Lysosome ANS: C PTS: 1 10. The abnormal cleavage of mannose residues during the posttranslational processing of glycoproteins has been shown to result in the development of a lupus -like autoimmune disease in mice. The abnormal cleavage is due to a mutation of the enzyme -mannosidase II. Based on your understanding of the processing of membrane proteins, you would predict this enzyme to be localized to which of the following? A. Nucleus B. Cytosol C. Golgi apparatus D. Lysosomes E. Peroxisomes ANS: C PTS: 1 11. The observation that abnormal cleavage of mannose residues from glycoproteins causes an autoimmune disease in mice is most consistent with the role of which of the following structures in the normal immune response? A. Cytoskeleton B. Glycocalyx C. Peroxisomes D. Lysosomes E. Microtubules ANS: B PTS: 1 12. A pure phospholipid bilayer is most permeable to which of the following? A. Sodium B. Calcium C. Chloride D. Water E. Oxygen ANS: E PTS: 1 13. Which of the following substances in most likely to represent the highest percent of cell mass in a typical cell of the body? A. Carbohydrates B. Ions C. Lipids D. Proteins E. Water ANS: E PTS: 1 14. Cholesterol in the cell membrane most likely serves which of the following functions? A. Increases membrane permeability B. Increases membrane turnover PRIMEXAM.COM C. Decreases membrane fluidity D. Decreases membrane stability ANS: C PTS: 1 15. Protein molecules are most likely to be actively folded and cross -linked in which of the following structures? A. Granular endoplasmic reticulum B. Lysosome C. Ribosome D. Golgi apparatus E. Secretory granule ANS: A PTS: 1 PRIMEXAM.COM Chapter 03: Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction Hall: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following substances determines the "code" of a gene? A. Deoxyribose B. Phosphoric acid C. Phosphoric acid and deoxyribose D. Purine and pyrimidine bases E. Purine bases F. Pyrimidine bases ANS: D PTS: 1 2. During transcription, the RNA polymerase binds to which of the following? A. Messenger RNA (mRNA) B. Promoter sequence C. Stop sequence D. Transfer RNA (tRNA) ANS: B PTS: 1 3. During protein synthesis, the transfer RNA binds to how many amino acids at one time? A. Four B. One C. Three D. Two ANS: B PTS: 1 4. Which of the following best describes how microRNAs regulate gene transcription? A. Promote degradation of mRNA B. Promote synthesis of mRNA C. Repress translation D. Repress translation or promote degradation of mRNA E. Stimulate translation F. Stimulate translation or promote synthesis of mRNA ANS: D PTS: 1 5. Which of the following best describes the function of DNA polymerase? A. Initiates synthesis of DNA B. Initiates synthesis of RNA C. Proofreads new DNA D. Proofreads new RNA ANS: C PTS: 1 6. Which of the following best describes an abnormal gene that may lead to cancer? PRIMEXAM.COM A. Proto -oncogene B. Oncogene C. Anti-oncogene ANS: B PTS: 1 7. What is the approximate number of genes in a typical human cell? A. 10,000 B. 30,000 C. 50,000 D. 70,000 E. 90,000 ANS: B PTS: 1 8. Which of the following types of RNA is most likely to regulate gene transcription and translation? A. Messenger RNA (mRNA) B. MicroRNA (miRNA) C. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) D. Transfer RNA (tRNA) ANS: B PTS: 1 9. In which of the following phases of cell replication is DNA synthesis most likely to occur? A. G1 phase B. G2 phase C. M phase D. S phase ANS: D PTS: 1 10. In which of the following phases of cell replication is mitosis most likely to occur? A. G1 phase B. G2 phase C. M phase D. S phase ANS: C PTS: 1 PRIMEXAM.COM Chapter 04: Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes Hall: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. An artificial membrane is created consisting of a lipid bilayer without protein molecules in the membrane. The lipid composition of the membrane is the same as that of a norm al, biological membrane. Which of the following substances permeates the membrane more readily than water molecules? A. Carbon dioxide B. Glucose C. Glycerol D. Sodium E. Urea ANS: A PTS: 1 2. A cell is equilibrated in an aqueous solution of 300 mOsm/L sodium chloride. Which of the following best describes what will happen to cell volume when the cell is placed in an aqueous solution of 300 mOsm/L calcium chloride? A. Decrease B. Decrease and then increase C. Increase D. Increase and then decrease E. No change ANS: E PTS: 1 3. The intracellular calcium ion concentration of ventricular muscle cells averages 10-4 mmol/L during diastole. The calcium ion concentration in transverse tubules (T tubules) averages 2.5 mmol/L at rest. A protein transporter on the membrane of the T tubule exchanges sodium for calcium. The transporter uses the transmembrane sodium gradient to fuel the exchange. Which of the following transport mechanisms best describes this type of transporter? A. Facilitated diffusion B. Primary active transport C. Secondary active co-transport D. Secondary active counter -transport E. Simple diffusion ANS: D PTS: 1 4. Human red blood cells (RBCs) and rabbit RBCs are equilibrated in separate solutions of isotonic saline (300 mOsm/L NaCl). The human RBCs are then placed in a solution of 300 mOsm/L glycerol, which causes them to swell and burst. However, rabbit RBCs placed in 300 mOsm/L glycerol neither swell nor shrink. Based on this information, which of the following can be concluded about a 300 mOsm/L solution of glycerol for the different cell types? Human RBCs Rabbit RBCs A. Hypertonic and hyperosmotic Hypotonic and hypoosmotic B. Hypotonic and hypoosmotic Hypertonic and hyperosmotic C. Hypotonic and isoosmotic Isotonic and isoosmotic PRIMEXAM.COM D. Isotonic and hypoosmotic Isotonic and hyperosmotic E. Isotonic and isoosmotic Hypotonic and isoosmotic F. Isotonic and hyperosmotic Isotonic and isoosmotic ANS: C PTS: 1 5. The molarity of a 2% solution of NaCl is 340 mmol/L. The molecular weight of NaCl is 58.5. What is the osmolarity of a 2% solution of NaCl? A. 170 mOsm/L B. 340 mOsm/L C. 510 mOsm/L D. 680 mOsm/L ANS: D PTS: 1 6. Secondary active transport typically moves which of the following substances against a concentration gradient? Glucose Amino Acids Sodium Ions A. No No No B. No No Yes C. Yes No Yes D. Yes Yes No E. Yes Yes Yes ANS: D PTS: 1 7. Which of the following transport mechanisms can move sodium ions across a cell membrane? Prim ary Active SNeUcoRnSdaIryNAGTctBiv.e COM Simple Transport Transport Diffusion A. No No No B. No Yes Yes C. Yes No Yes D. Yes Yes No E. Yes Yes Yes ANS: E PTS: 1 8. The diagram illustrates possible changes in red blood cell volume resulting from a change in extracellular fluid composition for a cell equilibrated in a 150 mmol/L solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) at time zero. Which curve best illustrates the volume ch ange caused by immersion of the cell in an aqueous solution of 300 mOsm/L calcium chloride (CaCl 2)? PRIMEXAM.COM A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E ANS: C PTS: 1 9. The diagram illustrates possible changes in red blood cell volume resulting from a change in extracellular fluid composition for a cell equilibrated in a 150 mmol/L solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) at time zero. WNhUicRhScIurNveGbTeBst.iClluOsMtrates the volume change caused by immersion of the cell in an aqueous solution of 200 mOsm/L NaCl and 200 mOsm/L glycerol? A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E PRIMEXAM.COM ANS: B PTS: 1 10. Which of the following pairs of aqueous solutions will exert equal osmotic pressures across a normal cell membrane after steady -state conditions have been established? Solution A Solution B A. 10% albumin 10% IgG B. 100 mmol/L NaCl 200 mmol/L CaCl 2 C. 300 mOsm/L glucose 300 mOsm/L urea D. 300 mOsm/L glycerol 300 mOsm/L NaCl E. 300 mOsm/L glycerol 300 mOsm/L urea ANS: E PTS: 1 11. Two compartments (X and Y) are separated by a typical biological membrane (i.e., lipid bilayer). The concentrations of a permeant solute (i.e., urea) at time zero are shown. Which of the drawings below represents the volumes of X and Y when the system reaches equilibrium? A. B. C. PRIMEXAM.COM NURSINGTB.COM D. E. ANS: A PTS: 1 12. The diagram illustrates possible changes in red blood cell volume resulting from a change in extracellular fluid composition for a cell equilibrated in 150 mmol/L NaCl at time zero. Which curve best illustrates the volume caused by immersion of the cell in an aqueous solution of 150 mmol/L CaCl 2? A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E ANS: E PTS: 1 PRIMEXAM.COM 13. Two compartments (X and Y) are separated by a typical biological membrane (lipid bilayer). The concentrations of a non -permeant molecule (glucose) at time zero are shown. Which of the drawings below represents the volumes of X and Y when the system reaches equilibrium? A. B. C. D.