(Test Bank) The Mind's Machine, Foundations of Brain and Behavior

Watson,Breedlove, 4

Psychology

Test Bank

4th Edition

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Test Bank for The Mind's Machine, Foundations of Brain and Behavior, The downloadable file consists of 380 pages, and the total size of the file is 2.88 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Watson, Breedlove

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Test Bank to accompany The Mind’s Machine, Fourth Edition Watson • Breedlove Chapter 1: Structure and Function : Neuroanatomy and Research Methods Multiple Choice Questions 1. Dendrites are a. a type of glial cell. b. the input zone of a nerve cell. c. the conduction zone of a nerve cell. d. small interneurons. Answer: b Section: 1.1 The Nervous System Is Made of Specialized Cells Learning Objective: 1.1.1 Name and describe the general functions of the four main parts of a neuron. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 2. Which pathway represents the most common sequence of information flow through a neuron? a. Cell body → axon → dendrite → axon terminal b. Dendrite → cell body → axon → axon hillock c. Dendrite → cell body → axon → axon terminal d. Dendrite → axon terminal → cell body → axon Answer: c Section: 1.1 The Nervous System Is Made of Specialized Cells Learning Objective: 1.1.1 Name and describe the general functions of the four main parts of a neuron. Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 3. Which statement about neurons is true? a.All neurons have the same four functional zones. b. Multipolar neurons can have many dendrites and many axons.c. Some interneurons lack a nucleus. d. Unipolar neurons are especially common in the visual system. Answer: a Section: 1.1 The Nervous System Is Made of Specialized Cells Learning Objective: 1.1.1 Name and describe the general functions of the four main parts of a neuron. Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying© 2021 Oxford University Press 4. Preventing the formation of _______ on dendrites would decrease the space available for synapses. a. synaptic vesicles b. dendritic spines c. the myelin sheath d. the axon hillock Answer: b Section: 1.1 The Nervous System Is Made of Specialized Cells Learning Objective: 1.1.1 Name and describe the general functions of the four main parts of a neuron. Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing 5. Neurons receive information from other neurons at the _______ zone through cellular extensions called _______. a. integration; hillock b. input; dendrites c. conduction; axon d. output; terminal Answer: b Section: 1.1 The Nervous System Is Made of Specialized Cells Learning Objective: 1.1.1 Name and describe the general functions of the four main parts of a neuron. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 6. Axon terminals typically form synapses on the cell body or dendrites of a(n) a. postsynaptic neuron. b. presynaptic neuron. c. oligodendrocyte. d. Schwann cell. Answer: a Section: 1.1 The Nervous System Is Made of Specialized Cells Learning Objective: 1.1.1 Name and describe the general functions of the four main parts of a neuron. Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 7. Axon terminals a. are found within synaptic vesicles. b. are protrusions occurring along the length of dendrites. c. form synapses onto other cells. d. are specialized synapses occurring on muscles. Answer: c Section: 1.1 The Nervous System Is Made of Specialized Cells Learning Objective: 1.1.1 Name and describe the general functions of the four main parts of a neuron. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding © 2021 Oxford University Press 8. When you reach out for your pen and feel its shape in your hand, which type of neurons are conveying the sensation in your fingers to your spinal cord? a. Multipolar b. Bipolar c. Unipolar d. Depolarized Answer: c Section: 1.1 The Nervous System Is Made of Specialized Cells Learning Objective: 1.1.2 Classify neurons according to both structure and function. Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 9. Bipolar neurons have _______ at one of the cell and _______ at the other end. a. many dendrites; a single axon b. a single dendrite; a single axon c. many dendrites; branching axons d. a single dendrite; axon terminals Answer: b Section: 1.1 The Nervous System Is Made of Specialized Cells Learning Objective: 1.1.2 Classify neurons according to both structure and function. Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 10. Large nerve cell bodies are about _______ in diameter. a. 10 µm b. 10 mm c. 100 µm d. 1 cm Answer: c Section: 1.1 The Nervous System Is Made of Specialized Cells Learning Objective: 1.1.2 Classify neurons according to both structure and function. Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 11. The Spanish anatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal showed that a. neurons are continuous with one another and are functionally dependent. b. neurons are continuous with one another but are functionally independent. c. although neurons come very close together, they are not continuous with one another, but they are functionally dependent on one another. d. although neurons come very close together, they are not continuous with one another and are functionally independent. Answer: d Section: 1.1 The Nervous System Is Made of Specialized Cells Learning Objective: 1.1.2 Classify neurons according to both structure and function. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 12. Axonal transport is a. bidirectional, moving materials from the neuronal cell body toward the axon terminals, and from axon terminals out to other, distant cell bodies. © 2021 Oxford University Press b. bidirectional, moving materials from the neuronal cell body toward the axon terminals, and from axon terminals back to the cell body. c. unidirectional, moving materials from the neuronal cell body toward the axon terminals only. d. unidirectional, moving materials from axon terminals to the cell body only. Answer: b Section: 1.1 The Nervous System Is Made of Specialized Cells Learning Objective: 1.1.3 Outline the key components of a synapse and the major steps in neurotransmission. Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing 13. Which of the following is in the correct order of size, from largest to smallest? a. A synaptic cleft → an axon terminal → the diameter of an ion channel → the thickness of the neuronal membrane b. The thickness of the neuronal membrane → a synaptic cleft → an axon terminal → the diameter of an ion channel c. The diameter of an ion channel → the thickness of the neuronal membrane → an axon terminal → a synaptic cleft d. An axon terminal → a synaptic cleft → the thickness of the neuronal membrane → the diameter of an ion channel Answer: d Section: 1.1 The Nervous System Is Made of Specialized Cells Learning Objective: 1.1.3 Outline the key components of a synapse and the major steps in neurotransmission. Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing 14. Synaptic vesicles a. are found in the postsynaptic membrane. b. capture and react to neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glutamate. c. are released by dendrites in response to a neural impulse. d. eventually fuse with the neural membrane. Answer: d Section: 1.1 The Nervous System Is Made of Specialized Cells Learning Objective: 1.1.3 Outline the key components of a synapse and the major steps in neurotransmission. Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing 15. Substances are conveyed from the cell body of the neuron to the distant reaches of the axon through the process of a. retrograde transport. b. neuroplasticity. c. anterograde transport. d. myelination. Answer: c Section: 1.1 The Nervous System Is Made of Specialized Cells © 2021 Oxford University Press Learning Objective: 1.1.3 Outline the key components of a synapse and the major steps in neurotransmission. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 16. The major function of Schwann cells is a. transmission of nutrients to neurons. b. myelination of peripheral nerve fibers. c. scavenging of cellular debris. d. myelination of axons in the brain. Answer: b Section: 1.1 The Nervous System Is Made of Specialized Cells Learning Objective: 1.1.4 Describe the four principal types of glial cells and their basic functions. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 17. Which glial cells interact with blood vessels? a. Oligodendrocytes b. Astrocytes c. Microglial cells d. Stellate cells Answer: b Section: 1.1 The Nervous System Is Made of Specialized Cells Learning Objective: 1.1.4 Describe the four principal types of glial cells and their basic functions. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 18. The human brain contains nearly a. 80–90 billion circuits. b. 80–90 billion neurons. c. 80–90 billion synapses. d. 80–90 million glial cells. Answer: b Section: 1.1 The Nervous System Is Made of Specialized Cells Learning Objective: Not aligned Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 19. The somatic nervous system includes the a. autonomic nervous system and the spinal nerves. b. peripheral nervous system. c. sensory pathways. d. cranial nerves and the spinal nerves. Answer: d Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.1 Explain what a nerve is, and distinguish between somatic and autonomic nerves. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding © 2021 Oxford University Press 20. The long nerve that is the major route for information travelling between the brain and many visceral organs is the _______ nerve. a. vagus b. trigeminal c. trochlear d. hypoglossal Answer: a Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.1 Explain what a nerve is, and distinguish between somatic and autonomic nerves. Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 21. Which cranial nerve is not involved in the control of eye movements? a. Oculomotor b. Trigeminal c. Trochlear d. Abducens Answer: b Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.2 Identify the cranial and spinal nerves by name and function. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 22. What would be the consequence for a patient with damage to the eighth cranial nerve? a. Blindness b. An inability to speak c. Impaired balance d. In inability to chew Answer: c Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.2 Identify the cranial and spinal nerves by name and function. Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 23. Axons of the sympathetic nervous system exit the central nervous system from the a. thoracic and lumbar regions spinal cord. b. sympathetic chain. c. cervical and sacral regions of the spinal cord. d. cranial nerves. Answer: a Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.2 Identify the cranial and spinal nerves by name and function. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 24. The efferent nerves of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) go to a. the cortex. © 2021 Oxford University Press b. the cerebellum. c. voluntary muscles. d. various organs of the body. Answer: d Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.2 Identify the cranial and spinal nerves by name and function. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 25. Damage to efferent cranial nerves would result in _______ impairments; damage to afferent cranial nerves would result in _______ impairments. a. sensory; motor b. motor; sensory c. sympathetic; parasympathetic d. parasympathetic; sympathetic Answer: b Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.2 Identify the cranial and spinal nerves by name and function. Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 26. The major divisions of the spinal cord are cervical, thoracic, _______, and sacral. a. cranial b. ventral c. trigeminal d. lumbar Answer: d Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.2 Identify the cranial and spinal nerves by name and function. Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 27. The reason that sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have different effects on the organs is because a. they are controlled by different brain regions. b. they innervate different organ systems. c. the sympathetic nerves travel a longer distance to reach their ganglia compared to parasympathetic nerves. d. they release different neurotransmitters. Answer: d Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.3 Describe the general functions of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 28. Which of the following is not a consequence of parasympathetic activation? a. Increased salivation b. Increased heart rate c. Dilation of blood vessels in the skin © 2021 Oxford University Press d. Increased digestion Answer: b Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.3 Describe the general functions of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 29. An individual finds themselves in a situation that requires a fight-or-flight response, leading to an accelerated heartrate. Which neurotransmitter is directly responsible for the increased cardiac muscle activity? a. Norepinephrine b. Acetylcholine c. Dopamine d. Glutamate Answer: a Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.3 Describe the general functions of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 30. The human brain is essentially folded into the skull; about two-thirds of the of it is hidden within the folds (sulci), thereby allowing a. greater protection of the surface of the brain. b. increased thermoregulation of the brain. c. a larger surface area to fit into the cranial space. d. faster neural transmission. Answer: c Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.4 Name the main anatomical structures that make up the two cerebral hemispheres. Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing 31. The central sulcus divides the _______ and _______ lobes. a. frontal; parietal b. parietal; occipital c. frontal; temporal d. temporal; occipital Answer: a Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.4 Name the main anatomical structures that make up the two cerebral hemispheres. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 32. The _______ is the main source of communication between the left and the right hemispheres. a. cortex © 2021 Oxford University Press b. basal ganglia c. cerebellum d. corpus callosum Answer: d Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.4 Name the main anatomical structures that make up the two cerebral hemispheres. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 33. Which statement about white and gray matter is true? a. White matter is analogous to insulation. b. Gray matter is analogous to air conditioning. c. White matter is white due its density of neuronal cell bodies. d. Gray matter is gray because it is older tissue than white matter. Answer: a Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.5 Summarize the anatomical conventions used to describe locations and projections within the nervous system, and distinguish between gray matter and white matter structures. Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 34. Which statement regarding the spinal cord is true? a. The spinal cord does not have meningeal support. b. Gray matter is in the center of the spinal cord, and white matter surrounds it. c. Dorsal roots convey motor information, and ventral roots convey sensory information. d. Sacral cross sections are larger than thoracic cross sections. Answer: b Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.5 Summarize the anatomical conventions used to describe locations and projections within the nervous system, and distinguish between gray matter and white matter structures. Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing 35. A cut in the _______ plane would sever all the tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres. a. horizontal b. axial c. midsagittal d. coronal Answer: c Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.5 Summarize the anatomical conventions used to describe locations and projections within the nervous system, and distinguish between gray matter and white matter structures. Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying © 2021 Oxford University Press 36. In terms of its position on your body, your nose is _______ and _______. a. superior; dorsal b. caudal; anterior c. medial; anterior d. ventral; dorsal Answer: c Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.5 Summarize the anatomical conventions used to describe locations and projections within the nervous system, and distinguish between gray matter and white matter structures. Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 37. In terms of its position on his body, the top of a dog’s head is a. proximal. b. posterior. c. caudal. d. dorsal. Answer: d Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.5 Summarize the anatomical conventions used to describe locations and projections within the nervous system, and distinguish between gray matter and white matter structures. Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 38. A group of axons traveling together within the brain is called a a. tract. b. nerve. c. nucleus. d. ganglion. Answer: a Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.5 Summarize the anatomical conventions used to describe locations and projections within the nervous system, and distinguish between gray matter and white matter structures. Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 39. In humans, the plane that passes through the ears and divides the top of the brain from the rest of the brain is called the _______ plane. a. sagittal b. coronal c. horizontal d. caudal Answer: c Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body © 2021 Oxford University Press Learning Objective: 1.2.5 Summarize the anatomical conventions used to describe locations and projections within the nervous system, and distinguish between gray matter and white matter structures. Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 40. In the developing fetus, the telencephalon becomes the a. cortex. b. midbrain. c. hypothalamus. d. spinal cord. Answer: a Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.6 Describe the fetal development of the brain, and catalog the major adult brain divisions that arise from each fetal region. Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 41. The five main divisions of the human brain are visible about _______ days after conception. a. 5 b. 20 c. 35 d. 50 Answer: d Section: 1.2 The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body Learning Objective: 1.2.6 Describe the fetal development of the brain, and catalog the major adult brain divisions that arise from each fetal region. Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 42. How many distinct layers are observed in the human cortex? a. 1 b. 3 c. 6 d. 12 Answer: c Section: 1.3 The Brain Shows Regional Specialization of Functions Learning Objective: 1.3.1 Describe the cellular organization of the cortex. Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 43. Which statement about cortical columns is true? a. They are found only in the basal ganglia. b. They extend through the entire thickness of the cortex. c. They are made up primarily of gray matter. d. Within each column, most of the synaptic interconnections of neurons are horizontal. Answer: b Section: 1.3 The Brain Shows Regional Specialization of Functions Learning Objective: 1.3.1 Describe the cellular organization of the cortex. © 2021 Oxford University Press Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing 44. The most prominent type of neuron in the cerebral cortex, the _______ cell, is found mostly in layer III or layer _______. a. pyramidal; I b. glial; II c. interneuron; IV d. pyramidal; V Answer: d Section: 1.3 The Brain Shows Regional Specialization of Functions Learning Objective: 1.3.1 Describe the cellular organization of the cortex. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 45. Damage to the cingulate gyrus would most likely impair a. attention. b. pain perception. c. motor control. d. vision. Answer: a Section: 1.3 The Brain Shows Regional Specialization of Functions Learning Objective: 1.3.2 Identify the major components of the basal ganglia and limbic system, and state some of the behavioral functions of each. Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 46. Almost all incoming sensory information passes through the _______, which sends the information on to the overlying cortex. a. hypothalamus b. caudate nucleus c. thalamus d. hippocampus Answer: c Section: 1.3 The Brain Shows Regional Specialization of Functions Learning Objective: 1.3.2 Identify the major components of the basal ganglia and limbic system, and state some of the behavioral functions of each. Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 47. The brainstem consists of the a. spinal cord, cerebellum, and medulla. b. spinal cord, cerebellum, and pons. c. midbrain, cerebellum, and spinal cord. d. midbrain, pons, and medulla. Answer: d Section: 1.3 The Brain Shows Regional Specialization of Functions Learning Objective: 1.3.3 Name the major divisions of the brainstem and midbrain, and identify key functions performed by each. Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering © 2021 Oxford University Press 48. Within the midbrain, auditory information is received by the _______ and visual information is received by the _______. a. inferior colliculi; superior colliculi b. caudate nucleus; putamen c. tectum; tegmentum d. periaqueductal gray; reticular formation Answer: a Section: 1.3 The Brain Shows Regional Specialization of Functions Learning Objective: 1.3.3 Name the major divisions of the brainstem and midbrain, and identify key functions performed by each. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 49. The ventricular system contains a. the blood-brain barrier. b. blood. c. cerebrospinal fluid. d. the meninges. Answer: c Section: 1.4 Specialized Support Systems Protect and Nourish the Brain Learning Objective: 1.4.1 Name and describe the meninges, ventricular system, and glymphatic system, and review their clinical significance. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 50. The specialized vascular tissue that produces the cerebrospinal fluid is called the a. tectum. b. meninges. c. corpus callosum. d. choroid plexus. Answer: d Section: 1.4 Specialized Support Systems Protect and Nourish the Brain Learning Objective: 1.4.1 Name and describe the meninges, ventricular system, and glymphatic system, and review their clinical significance. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 51. Which statement best describes the blood-brain barrier? a. It is a part of the immune system that facilitates the release of antibodies to protect the brain from infectious agents. b. It is a property of the walls of brain capillaries that prevents large molecules from entering the brain. c. It is a property of the blood vessels of the brain that promotes the diffusion of nutrients into the tissue of the brain. d. It is a property of neurons that prevents them from accidentally releasing their neurotransmitters into the blood circulation. Answer: b Section: 1.4 Specialized Support Systems Protect and Nourish the Brain © 2021 Oxford University Press Learning Objective: 1.4.1 Name and describe the meninges, ventricular system, and glymphatic system, and review their clinical significance. Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing 52. The drainage of wastes from the brain and distribution of nutrients, immune system components, and signaling substances are carried out by the brain’s _______ system. a. arachnoid b. vagus c. periaqueductal d. glymphatic Answer: d Section: 1.4 Specialized Support Systems Protect and Nourish the Brain Learning Objective: 1.4.1 Name and describe the meninges, ventricular system, and glymphatic system, and review their clinical significance. Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 53. In its common usage, the term “stroke” refers to a. brain damage caused by a reduction or blockage of blood flow to the brain. b. brain damage caused by external toxic agents such as drugs. c. brain damage due to head trauma. d. any process that causes a sudden intellectual deterioration. Answer: a Section: 1.4 Specialized Support Systems Protect and Nourish the Brain Learning Objective: 1.4.2 Give an outline of the vascular supply of the brain, and note the signs and symptoms of stroke. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 54. In the noninvasive technique called _______, researchers direct focused magnetic fields onto specific cortical areas of alert, awake subjects, while tracking any resultant change in behavior. a. cognitive behavioral therapy b. transcranial magnetic stimulation c. positron emission tomography d. diffusor tensor imaging Answer: b Section: 1.5 Scientists Have Devised Clever Techniques for Studying the Structure and Function of the Nervous System Learning Objective: 1.5.1 Distinguish between invasive and noninvasive experimental techniques. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 55. Subtractive analysis is useful for a. detecting brain tumors. b. highly accurate images of brain structure. c. single trial experiments that connect behaviors to brain activity. © 2021 Oxford University Press d. studies that average brain activity over multiple subjects to gather information about the neural basis of behavior. Answer: d Section: 1.5 Scientists Have Devised Clever Techniques for Studying the Structure and Function of the Nervous System Learning Objective: 1.5.2 Review the techniques for studying the detailed, cellular structure and function of the brain, and review their application in various types of studies. Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 56. Which type of stain is used to reveal the entire neuron with all its processes? a. Nissl b. Golgi c. In situ hybridization d. Anterograde labeling Answer: b Section: 1.5 Scientists Have Devised Clever Techniques for Studying the Structure and Function of the Nervous System Learning Objective: 1.5.2 Review the techniques for studying the detailed, cellular structure and function of the brain, and review their application in various types of studies. Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 57. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is a molecule that can be taken up by axon terminals and then carried back to the cell body for visualization of the neuron. Dysfunction in which cellular process would prevent cell labeling by HRP? a. Anterograde transport b. Retrograde transport c. Dendritic transport d. In situ hybridization Answer: b Section: 1.5 Scientists Have Devised Clever Techniques for Studying the Structure and Function of the Nervous System Learning Objective: 1.5.2 Review the techniques for studying the detailed, cellular structure and function of the brain, and review their application in various types of studies. Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing 58. The physiological activity of the brain can be visualized using a. positron emission tomography (PET). b. computerized axial tomography (CT). c. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). d. electron microscopy. Answer: a Section: 1.5 Scientists Have Devised Clever Techniques for Studying the Structure and Function of the Nervous System