(Test Bank) Pharmacology A Patient-Centered Nursing Process Approach

McCuistion,DiMaggio,Winton,Yeager, 10

Pharmacology

Test Bank

10th Edition

• $15.00 $50.00

---

Description

Test Bank for Pharmacology A Patient-Centered Nursing Process Approach, The downloadable file consists of 322 pages, and the total size of the file is 2.67 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): McCuistion, DiMaggio, Winton, Yeager

---

---

Study Note Preview

Test Bank Pharmacology A Patient -Centered Nursing Process Approach, 10 th Edition by Linda E. McCuistion All Chapters Chapter 01: The Nursing Process and Patient -Centered Care McCuistion: Pharmacology: A Patient -Centered Nursing Process Approach, 10th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The nursing process is a five -step decision -making approach that includes all of the following steps, EXCEPT: a. Assessment b. Patient problem c. Planning d. Right Drug ANS: D The nursing process is a five -step d ecision -making approach that includes: 1) assessment, 2) patient problem, 3) planning, 4) implementation, and 5) evaluation. “Right drug” is one of the “Six Rights” of medication administration. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Management of Care 2. The nurse is using data collected to set goals or expected outcomes and interventions that address the patient’s problems. Which step of the nursing process is the nurse applying? a. Assessment b. Patient problem c. Planning N d. Evaluation ANS: C During the planning phase, the nurse uses the data collected to set goals or expected outcomes and interventions which address the patient’s problems. The data was collected during the “Assessment” and “Patient problem” s teps. During the “Evaluation” phase the nurse would determine whether the goals and objectives set during the planning phase were met. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: Nursing Intervention MSC: NCLEX: Management of Care 3. A 5-year-old child with type 1 diabetes mellitus has had repeated hospitalizations for episodes of hyperglycemia. The parents tell the nurse that they can’t keep track of everything that has to be done to care for their child. The nurse reviews medi cations, diet, and symptom management with the parents and draws up a daily checklist for the family to use. These activities are completed in which step of the nursing process? a. Assessment b. Planning c. Implementation d. Evaluation ANS: C The implementation phase is the part of the nursing process in which the nurse provides education, drug administration, patient care, and other interventions necessary to assist the patient in accomplishing established medication goals. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Compr ehension) TOP: Nursing Process: Nursing Intervention MSC: NCLEX: Management of Care 4. The nurse is preparing to administer a medication and reviews the patient’s chart for drug allergies, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. The nurse’s a ctions are reflective of which phase of the nursing process? a. Assessment b. Evaluation c. Implementation d. Planning ANS: A Assessment involves gathering information about the patient and the drug, including any previous use of the drug. DIF: Cognitive Level: Under standing (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Management of Care 5. Which assessment is categorized as objective data? a. A list of herbal supplements regularly used b. Lab values associated with the drugs the patient is taking c. The ages and relationship to the patient of all household members d. Usual dietary patterns and fNood intake ANS: B Objective data are measured and detected by another person and would include lab values. The other examples are subjective data. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Management of Care 6. The nurse reviews a patient’s database and learns that the patient lives alone, is forgetful, and does not have an established routine. The patient will be sent hom e with three new medications to be taken at different times of the day. The nurse develops a daily medication chart and enlists a family member to put the patient’s pills in a pill organizer. This is an example of which phase of the nursing process? a. Assess ment b. Evaluation c. Implementation d. Planning ANS: C The implementation phase involves education and patient care in order to assist the patient to accomplish the goals of treatment. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) TOP: Nursing Process: Nursing Intervention MSC: NCLEX: Management of Care 7. A patient who is hospitalized for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) wants to go home. The nurse and the patient discuss the patient’s situation and decide that the patient may go home when able to perfo rm self -care without dyspnea and hypoxia. This is an example of which phase of the nursing process? a. Assessment b. Evaluation c. Implementation d. Planning ANS: D Planning involves goal setting, which, for this patient, means being able to perform self -care activiti es without dyspnea and hypoxia. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Management of Care 8. A patient will be sent home with a metered -dose inhaler, and the nurse is providing teaching. Which is a correctly written goal for this process? a. The nurse will demonstrate the correct use of a metered -dose inhaler to the patient. b. The nurse will teach the patient how to administer medication with a metered -dose inhaler. c. The patient will know how to self-administ er the medication using the metered -dose inhaler. d. The patient will independently administer the medication using the metered -dose inhaler at the end of the session. N ANS: D Goals must be patient -centered and clearly state the outcome with a reasonable deadline and should identify components for evaluation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Management of Care 9. The nurse is developing a plan of care for a patient who has chronic lung disease and hypoxia. The patient has been admitted for increased oxygen needs above a baseline of 2 L/min. The nurse develops a goal stating, “The patient will have oxygen saturations of >95% on room air at the time of discharge from the hospital.” What is wrong with this goa l? a. It cannot be evaluated. b. It is not measurable. c. It is not patient -centered. d. It is not realistic. ANS: D This goal is not realistic because the patient is not usually on room air and should not be expected to attain that goal by discharge from this hospita lization. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Management of Care 10. The nurse is developing a teaching plan for an elderly patient who will begin taking an antihypertensive drug that causes dizziness and o rthostatic hypotension. Which patient problem documented by the nurse is appropriate for this patient? a. Deficient knowledge related to drug side effects b. Ineffective health maintenance related to age c. Readiness for enhanced knowledge related to medication side effects d. Risk for injury related to side effects of the medication ANS: D This patient has an increased risk for injury because of drug side effects, so this is an appropriate patient problem to direct the type of care and follow -up the patient will recei ve. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) TOP: Nursing Process: Nursing Diagnosis MSC: NCLEX: Management of Care 11. An older patient must learn to administer a medication using a device that requires manual dexterity. The patient becomes frustrated a nd expresses lack of self-confidence in performing this task. Which action will the nurse perform next? a. Ask the patient to keep trying until the skill is learned. b. Provide written instructions with illustrations showing each step of the skill. c. Schedule multiple sessions and practice each step separately. d. Teach the procedure to family members who can administer the medication for the patient. ANS: C Nurses should be sensitive to patient’s level of frustration when teaching skills. In this case, breaking the steps down into inNdividu al parts will help with this patient’s frustration lev el. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Management of Care 12. A school -age child will begin taking a medication to be administer ed at 5 mL three times daily. The child’s parent tells the nurse that, with a previous use of the drug, the child repeatedly forgot to bring the medication home from school, resulting in missed evening doses. What will the nurse recommend? a. Asking the provi der if the medication may be taken before school, after school, and at bedtime b. Putting a note on the child’s locker to encourage the child to take responsibility for medication administration c. Asking the provider if 7.5 mL may be taken in the morning and 7.5 mL may be taken in the evening so that the correct amount is given daily d. Taking the noon dose to school every day and giving it to the school nurse to administer ANS: C For busy families with school -age children, it may be necessary to adjust the medicat ion schedule to one that fits their schedule. The nurse should ask the provider if a revised schedule is possible. In this case, the most effective revised schedule would involve not taking the medication while at school. Putting a note on the locker is no t likely to be effective. It is not correct to adjust the dose. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) TOP: Nursing Process: Nursing Intervention/Planning MSC: NCLEX: Management of Care 13. A high -school student regularly forgets to use a twice -daily inhaled corticosteroid to prevent asthma flares and is repeatedly admitted to the hospital. The child’s parent tells the nurse that the child has been told that forgetting to take the medication causes frequent hospitalizations. The nurse will: a. encourage the child to take responsibility for taking the medication. b. reinforce the need to take prescribed medications to avoid hospitalizations. c. suggest putting the inhaler with the child’s toothbrush to use before brushing teeth. d. suggest that the child’s parents administer the medication to increase compliance. ANS: C It is important to empower patients to take responsibility for managing medications. Putting the medication with the toothbrush can help this child remember to use it. Telling the child to take medica tions and reminding the child that failure to do so results in hospitalization is not working. Asking the child’s parents to administer the medication does not empower the adolescent to take responsibility. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) TOP : Nursing Process: Planning/Nursing Intervention MSC: NCLEX: Management of Care 14. An adolescent patient who has acne is given a regimen of topical medications and an oral antibiotic that generally clears up lesions to fewer than 10 within 6 to 8 weeks. At a 2-month follo w-up, the p atient continu eNs to have more than 25 lesions. The child’s p arent affirms th at the child is using the medications as prescribed. Which evaluation statement is correct for this patient? a. “Goal of fewer than 10 lesions in 6 to 8 week s is not met.” b. “Goal that the medication will be effective is not met.” c. “Goal that the patient will take medications as prescribed is not met.” d. “Goal that the patient understands the medication regimen is not met.” ANS: A All indications are that this patient is taking the medications and they are not effective. The first statement is correct because it identifies a measurable goal and a specific time frame. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Managemen t of Care 15. During a home visit, the nurse learns that a patient has not been taking their medications as prescribed. The patient reports having no insurance and tells the nurse that the drug is too expensive. After learning that there is no substitute medi cation, the nurse will perform which action next? a. Assist the patient to apply for a patient -assist program. b. Contact the pharmacy to request a reduction in the cost of the drug. c. Determine the patient’s annual income. d. Give the patient the number of a charita ble organization that may be able to help. ANS: C Patient -assist programs may be helpful, but many are dependent on the patient’s income, so the nurse should determine that first. It is unlikely that the pharmacy would offer a cost reduction. The patient has demonstrated an inability to navigate the system by simply not taking the medication, so only providing a phone number to the patient is not likely to be effective. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment/Nursing Intervention MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies N Chapter 02: Drug Development and Ethical Considerations McCuistion: Pharmacology: A Patient -Centered Nursing Process Approach, 10th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The nurse is obtaining consent from a subject newly recruited for a clinical drug trial that will last for 6 months. All subjects will be given gift certificates for participating. One subject says, “Well, I gue ss if the drug doesn’t work, I’ll just have to put up with the symptoms for 6 months.” What will the nurse tell the subject? a. “Participation for the duration of the study is required.” b. “Participation may end at any time without penalty.” c. “Withdrawal from th e study may end at any time, but the gift certificate will not be given.” d. “You can request placement in the treatment group.” ANS: B All participants have the right to autonomy, which is the right to self -determination. Patients have the right to refuse to participate or to withdraw from a study at any time without penalty. Patients generally are not allowed to choose participation in either the treatment or the control group. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: Nursin g Intervention MSC: NCLEX: Management of Client Care 2. The nurse is assisti ng with a cliNnical drug tri al in which the side effects of two effective drugs are being compared. A patient who would benefit from either drug has elected to withdraw from the study , and the nurse assists with the paperwork to facilitate this. This is an example of a. autonomy. b. beneficence. c. justice. d. veracity. ANS: A All participants have the right to autonomy, which is the right to self -determination. Patients have the right to refuse to participate or to withdraw from a study at any time without penalty even if the health care provider disagrees with that choice. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: N/A MSC: NCLEX: Management of Client Care 3. During a clinical drug trial for a new medication, researchers note a previously unknown serious adverse effect occurring in more than 50% of subjects. The study is discontinued. Which ethical principle is being exercised? a. Beneficence b. Justice c. Respect for persons d. Veracity ANS: A Beneficence is the duty to protect subjects from harm. Once a serious adverse effect is noted and it is determined that the benefits do not outweigh the risks of the study, researchers have an ethical obligation to stop the study. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: N/A MSC: NCLEX: Management of Client Care 4. In a 5-year experimental clinical trial to investigate a new cancer treatment, researchers in the second year note overwhelming improvement in al most all of the subjects in the treatment group. It is decided to stop the trial early and report the findings due to the overwhelmingly beneficial effects. This decision was made based on which ethical principle? a. Beneficence b. Justice c. Respect for persons d. Veracity ANS: B The principle of justice requires that all people be treated fairly. Because the findings were overwhelmingly positive, an ethical decision was made to stop the study early and report findings so that additional people could gain benefit from the treatment. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: N/A MSC: NCLEX: Management of Client Care 5. The nurse is enrolling subjects for a double -blind experimental study. One patient asks the nurse to expl ain the role of t he Nexperimental g roup. The nurse will explain that subj ects in the experimental group in this type of study: a. are selected for participation in that group. b. have unique baseline characteristics. c. receive a placebo. d. receive the experimental treatment being evaluated. ANS: D In a double -blind experimental study, subjects in the experimental group receive the treatment or drug under study. They are randomly assigned and not selected. They should have similar baseline characteristics to those in the control group . They do not receive a placebo. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: Nursing Intervention: Patient Teaching MSC: NCLEX: Management of Client Care 6. The nurse is obtaining signatures on consent forms for participation i n a clinical drug trial. One patient says, “I’m not sure I want to do this, but I need the cash.” The nurse will take which action? a. Ask the patient to clarify concerns. b. Reinforce that cash is given to all subjects equally. c. Report this statement to the lead investigator. d. Review the elements of the study and obtain consent. ANS: C If a nurse suspects that a patient is being coerced to participate in the study, the nurse should report this to the principal investigator. When a patient verbalizes participation based on a financial reward, there is a potential element of coercion. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) TOP: Nursing Process: Nursing Intervention MSC: NCLEX: Management of Client Care 7. Which is the characteristic of preclinical in vivo testi ng? a. A comparison of experimental and control data in animals b. A study conducted in a test tube in a laboratory c. A study that determines the effects of the placebo in human participants d. A study to assess the seriousness of the disease to be treated ANS: A Preclinical in vivo testing is performed in animals or other living organisms. In vitro studies occur in test tubes. Safe therapeutic dose studies are part of clinical research. Prior to clinical trials, an assessment is made of the disease and its seriousnes s. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: N/A MSC: NCLEX: Management of Client Care 8. Many drugs marketed in the 1980s may not be effective in a majority of the population. The nurse understands that this is because these drugs: a. did not pass through the appropriate phases of clinical trials. b. did not require human subject protections and are invalid. c. were not tested in women, minorities, or children. d. were tested on h ealthy subjNects only. ANS: C Drug research was historical ly performed only with Caucasian males, causing uncertainty as to the validity of the research results in the broader population. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: N/A MSC: NCLEX: Management of Client Care 9. The nurs e is assisting with data collection in a study of drug effects in as mall group of healthy subjects. The nurse assists with blood and urine collection to determine serum drug levels and the presence of metabolites in urine. Which phase of drug development does this represent? a. Phase I b. Phase II c. Phase III d. Phase IV ANS: A Phase I drug trials are performed to assess safety and to identify the pharmacokinetics, such as metabolism and elimination, of drugs in healthy subjects. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: N/A MSC: NCLEX: Management of Client Care 10. The nurse is enrolling subjects for a clinical drug trial in which subjects will be randomly assigned to either a treatment or a placebo group. The pills in both groups will be in identical packaging with identical appearance. The group that receives the intervention is the: a. control group. b. experimental group. c. dependent group. d. independent group. ANS: B The experimental group in a drug trial is the group that receives the drug be ing tested. The control group may receive no drug, a different drug, a placebo, or the same drug with a different dose, route, or frequency of administration. Dependent and independent are not terms to describe groups in a study; they denote the variables. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: N/A MSC: NCLEX: Management of Client Care 11. Respect for Persons is a core ethical principle of human subjects research. Which of the following best describes this principle? a. Duty to protect research subjects from harm. b. Fair selection of research subjects. c. Right to self-determination d. Patients are independent and capable of making decisions in their own best interests. ANS: D Respect for persons is based on the notion that patients should be treated as independent persons who are capable of maNking de cisions in their own b est interests. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: N/A MSC: NCLEX: Management of Client Care 12. A clinical drug trial is concluding a study of pharmacokinetics and safety of a drug in healthy individuals. The nurse will assist enrollment of participants into the next phase of the study and will include which subjects? a. Healthy subjects b. Healthy and ill subjects c. Subjects with the disease the drug will treat d. Subjects with other diseases ANS: C After Phase I studies demonstrating drug safety and pharmacokinetics have been completed, the drug is tested on subjects who have the disease the drug will treat. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: Nursing Intervention MSC: NCLEX: Management of Client Care 13. Before marketing a new drug that has been approved for use based on clinical effectiveness and safety, the manufacturer wishes to study the potential new use s for the drug. This is an example of which phase of study? a. Phase I b. Phase II c. Phase III d. Phase IV ANS: D Phase IV studies are performed, in part, to examine potential new indications for approved drugs. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: N/A MSC: NCLEX: Management of Client Care 14. Which statement about the safety and efficacy of medications in children is accurate? a. Children cannot give consent, so clinical drug trials are not performed on children. b. Children can only be subjects in quasi -experimental clinical studies. c. Data from adult clinical drug trials should be extrapolated to children. d. Federal law requires that drugs for children be tested on children. ANS: D The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Modernization Act of 1997 requires that drugs intended for use in children be tested on children. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: N/A MSC: NCLEX: Management of Client Care 15. The nurse is preparing to administer a schedule II injectable drug and is drawing up half of the contents of a single -use vial. Which nursing action is correct? a. Ask another nurse to observe and cosign wasting the remaining drug from the vial. b. Keep the r emaining am ounNt in the p atient’s d rawer to give at the next dos e. c. Record the amount unused in the patient’s medication record. d. Dispose of the vial with the remaining drug into a locked collection box. ANS: A Schedule II drugs are controlled substances, and all must be accounted for. When wasting a portion of a drug, another nurse should observe and cosign that a drug was wasted. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) TOP: Nursing Process: Nursing Intervention MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 16. A patient is prescr ibed a medication and asks the nurse if the drug is available in a generic form. The nurse understands that a generic drug name is: a. a registered trademark. b. always capitalized. c. related to the drug’s chemical structure. d. nonproprietary. ANS: D The generic name is the official, nonproprietary name for a drug. The brand name is the trademark name and is always capitalized. The chemical name describes the chemical structure of the drug. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: N/ A MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 17. A patient receives a prescription on which the provider has noted that a generic medication may be given. The patient asks the nurse what this means. What will the nurse tell the patient about generic drugs? a. They contain the same inert ingredients as brand -name drugs. b. They have chemical structures that are different from proprietary drugs. c. They tend to be less expensive than brand -name drugs. d. They undergo extensive testing before they are marketed. ANS: C Generic drugs are approved by the FDA if they are proved to be bioequivalent to the brand -name drug. They tend to be less expensive because manufacturers of these drugs do not have to do the extensive testing required of brand -name drugs before marketing. They are not identical to brand -name drugs and often have different inert ingredients. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) TOP: Nursing Process: Nursing Intervention: Patient Teaching MSC: NCLEX: Management of Client Care 18. The nurse reviews information about a drug and notes the initials “United States Pharmacopeia (USP)” after the drug’s official name. The nurse understands that this designation indicates the drug: a. is a controlled substance. b. is approved by the FDA. c. is available in generic form. d. meets USP quality and safety standards. N ANS: D The “USP” designation is given to drugs that have met high standards for therapeutic use, patient safety, quality, purity, strength, packaging safety, and dosage form by the United States Pharmacopoeia National Formulary. The FDA classifies controlled substances with Roman numerals from I to V. The USP designation does not indicate FDA approval. The USP designation does not indicate generic availability. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: N/A MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 19. The nurse is preparing to give a medication to a child. The medication is approved for use in children. The child’s parent a sks whether the drug is safe for children. How will the nurse respond to the parent? a. “Drugs approved for use in children are tested on adults and safe doses for children are based on weights compared to adult weights.” b. “Drugs approved for use in children are deemed safe for children over time when repeated use proves effectiveness and safety.” c. “Drugs approved for use in children are tested for both efficacy and safety in children in order to be marketed for pediatric use.” d. “Drugs approved for use in childre n are tested on children in post -marketing studies and on a limited basis.” ANS: C The Pediatric Research Equity Act requires drug manufacturers to test drugs on children. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) TOP: Nursing Process: Nursing Interve ntion MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 20. Which law(s) govern all drug administration by nurses? a. Drug Regulation and Reform Act b. FDA Amendments Act c. Nurse Practice Acts d. The Controlled Substances Act ANS: C Each state’s Nurse Practice Act identifies how nurses administer medications. The other acts govern how drugs are marketed and tested. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: N/A MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacologica l and Parenteral Therapies 21. A patient is taking methadone as part of a heroin withdrawal program. The nurse understands that, in this instance, methadone is classified as which drug schedule? a. C-I b. C-II c. C-III d. C-V ANS: B Methadone is a category II druNg, with a high pote ntial for drug abuse. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: N/A MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 22. The nurse is preparing to administer a combination drug containin g acetaminophen and codeine. The nurse knows that this drug is classified as which drug schedule? a. C-II b. C-III c. C-IV d. C-V ANS: B Codeine is normally a category II drug, except when it is part of a combination product such as with acetaminophen, making it a category III drug. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: N/A MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Which are responsibilities of the FDA? (Select all that apply. ) a. To ensure a drug has accurate labeling. b. To ensure a drug is affordable. c. To ensure a drug is effective. d. To ensure a drug is free from adverse reactions. e. To ensure a drug is tested for harmful effects. ANS: A, C, E The FDA ensures that drugs are labeled co rrectly, that they are tested and proven effective for the conditions they are marketed to treat, and that they are tested for harmful effects. The FDA does not ensure affordability or freedom from adverse reactions, although these must be noted in drug in formation materials. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: N/A MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies N