(Test Bank) Criminal Justice Today

Schmalleger, 16

Criminology & Criminal Justice

Test Bank

16th Edition

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Test Bank for Criminal Justice Today, The downloadable file consists of 375 pages, and the total size of the file is 2.35 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Schmalleger

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1 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. C h a p t e r 1 W h a t I s C r i m i n a l J u s t i c e ? 1 . 1 M u l t i p l e C h o i c e 1) Social ________ is a conditi on said to exist when a group is faced with social change, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, and lack of consensus. A) order B) chaos C) organization D) disorganization A n s w e r : D Page Ref: 4 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corre sponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 2) ________ rights are guaranteed to all members of American so ciety by the U.S. Constitution and are particularly important t o criminal defendants facing fo rmal processing by the criminal justice system. A) Social B) Group C) Individual D) Public order A n s w e r : C Page Ref: 4 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corre sponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 3) Who created a cabinet-level "drug czar" position to coordina te the "war on drugs"? A) Supreme Court Just ice Sandra Day O'Connor B) President Ronald Reagan C) Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas D) President George H. W. Bush A n s w e r : B Page Ref: 5 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corre sponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic (Criminal Justice Today, 16e Frank Schmalleger) (Test Bank all Chapters)2 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 4) In the 1990s, the perception that crime rates were increasin g and that offenders were not being punished resulted in an increased focus on ________. A) social justice B) individual accountability C) due process D) the consensus model A n s w e r : B Page Ref: 6 Objective: Summarize the hist ory of crime in America and corre sponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate 5) Currently, we are seeing a decl ine in which types of crime? A) Mass shootings B) Internet-based crimes C) Traditional crimes D) Inner-city murders A n s w e r : C Page Ref: 6-7 Objective: Summarize the hist ory of crime in America and corre sponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate 6) A person who believes that under certain circu mstances invol ving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of socie ty should take precedence over in dividual rights is a(n) ________ advocate. A) social justice B) public-order C) individual-rights D) civil justice A n s w e r : B Page Ref: 9 Objective: Describe the public-o rder (crime control) and indiv idual-rights (due process) perspectives of criminal justi ce, concluding with how the crimi nal justice system balances the two perspectives. Level: Basic 3 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 7) ________ is an ideal that embrace s all aspects of civilized life and is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and cultura l beliefs about right and wrong. A) Public-order advocacy B) Individual-rights advocacy C) Social justice D) Civil justice A n s w e r : C Page Ref: 10 Objective: Explain the relati onship of criminal justice to gen eral concepts of equity and fairness. Level: Basic 8) Which model best assumes tha t the system's components work t ogether harmoniously to achieve justice? A) The due process model B) The conflict model C) The individual rights model D) The consensus model A n s w e r : D Page Ref: 13 Objective: Describe the America n criminal justice system in te rms of its three major components and their r espective functions. Level: Intermediate 9) The idea of a criminal justice nonsystem, in which different cr iminal justice agencies focus more on performance measures tha n on justice, is the basis of t he ________ model. A) conflict B) due process C) consensus D) social justice A n s w e r : A Page Ref: 14 Objective: Describe the America n criminal justice system in te rms of its three major components and their r espective functions. Level: Basic 10) A(n) ________ issued by a judge pr ovides the legal basis fo r an apprehension of suspects by police. A) warrant B) indictment C) arraignment D) hearing A n s w e r : A Page Ref: 15 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 4 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 11) Before being questioned, defe ndants are usually advised of their ________ rights. A) civil B) individual C) political D) Miranda A n s w e r : D Page Ref: 15 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 12) During which stage in the cri minal justice process are susp ects photographed and fingerprinted? A) Arraignment B) Indictment C) Preliminary Hearing D) Booking A n s w e r : D Page Ref: 16 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 13) One purpose of the ________ is to provide an opportunity fo r bail. A) adjudication B) preliminary hearing C) first appearance D) indictment A n s w e r : C Page Ref: 16 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Intermediate 14) By returning an indictment, t he grand jury has determined t hat ________. A) the defendant is guilty of the crime B) there is probable cause to for mally charge the defendant wit h the crime C) the defendant should be rel eased on recognizance until the t rial date D) the proposed plea bargain is unacceptable and may not be app roved A n s w e r : B Page Ref: 17 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. L e v e l : D i f f i c u l t 5 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 15) The ________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gives every defendant the right to a trial by jury? A) Fourth B) Fifth C) Sixth D) Eighth A n s w e r : C Page Ref: 18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 16) In which of the following situ ations can a bench trial occu r? A) The defendant waives his or her right to a trial by jury. B) The court decides that a tri al by jury is not necessary in t his case. C) Publicity has made it impossi ble to select an unbiased jury. D) The judge determines that a jury trial would be too expensiv e and time-consuming. A n s w e r : A Page Ref: 18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Intermediate 17) An offender is convicted of mu ltiple crimes and is sentence d for each offense. A ________ sentence permits the offender to serve all sentences at the sam e time. A) consecutive B) single C) concurrent D) simultaneous A n s w e r : C Page Ref: 19 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 18) Offenders who have served a po rtion of their prison sentenc es may be released on ________. A) probation B) bail C) an indictment D) parole A n s w e r : D Page Ref: 19 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 6 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 19) Due process refers to ________. A) multiculturalism B) evidence-based practices C) adversarial justice D) procedural fairness A n s w e r : D Page Ref: 19 Objective: Define due process of law, including where the Amer ican legal system guarantees due process. Level: Basic 20) Which Supreme Court era is r emembered for its concern with protecting the innocent against massive power of the state i n criminal pr oceedings? A) Warren Court B) Roberts Court C) Burger Court D) Rehnquist Court A n s w e r : A Page Ref: 20 Objective: Define due process of law, including where the Amer ican legal system guarantees due process. Level: Basic 21) The ________ model emphasizes the efficient arrest and conv iction of criminal offenders. A) social control B) due process C) crime-control D) conflict A n s w e r : C Page Ref: 21 Objective: Define due process of law, including where the Amer ican legal system guarantees due process. Level: Basic 22) Crime fighting strategies th at have been scientifically tes ted and are based on social science research are known as ________. A) procedural strategies B) social justice C) sentinel events D) evidence-based practice A n s w e r : D Page Ref: 21 Objective: Describe the role of evidence-based practice in con temporary criminal justice. Level: Basic 7 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 23) ________ is the scientific study of the causes and preventi on of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders? A) Criminal justice B) Criminology C) Social justice D) Multiculturalism A n s w e r : B Page Ref: 24 Objective: Describe the role of evidence-based practice in con temporary criminal justice. Level: Basic 24) Multiculturalism is one form of ________. A) traditionalism B) diversity C) homogeneity D) ethnocentrism A n s w e r : B Page Ref: 24 Objective: Explain how multicult uralism and social diversity p resent challenges to and opportunities for the American s ystem of criminal justice. Level: Intermediate 25) A police officer working in a multicultural community requi res a high level of ________ to be able to interact effectivel y with everyone in the community. A) cultural competence B) diversity C) homogeneity D) ethnocentrism A n s w e r : A Page Ref: 26 Objective: Explain how multicult uralism and social diversity p resent challenges to and opportunities for the American s ystem of criminal justice. Level: Intermediate 8 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 . 2 T r u e / F a l s e 1) A crime is a behavior for w hich there is no legally acceptab le justification or excuse. A n s w e r : T R U E Page Ref: 3 Objective: Summarize the hist ory of crime in America and corre sponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 2) The emphasis on individual rights in the 1960s was associate d with a decrease in reported crime. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 4 Objective: Summarize the hist ory of crime in America and corre sponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 3) In the mid-1980s, the sale a nd use of illicit drugs was at a n all-time low. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 4 Objective: Summarize the hist ory of crime in America and corre sponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 4) Today we are seeing a resurge nce of traditi onal crimes. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 6-7 Objective: Summarize the hist ory of crime in America and corre sponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 5) In the late 20th century, public perspectives shifted toward s seeing the criminal as a dangerous social predator rather than an unf ortunate victim of social and personal circumstances. A n s w e r : T R U E Page Ref: 8 Objective: Describe the public-o rder (crime-control) and indiv idual-rights (due process) perspectives of c riminal justice. Level: Intermediate 6) A public-order advocate supports the interests of society o ver individual rights. A n s w e r : T R U E Page Ref: 9 Objective: Describe the public-o rder (crime-control) and indiv idual-rights (due process) perspectives of c riminal justice. Level: Basic 9 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 7) The administration of justice focuses on the laws of civil p rocedure and the various procedures and activit ies relating to fairn ess in relationship between citizens, government agencies, and businesse s in private matters. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 10 Objective: Explain the relati onship of criminal justice to gen eral concepts of equity and fairness. Level: Basic 8) Civil justice concerns itself with fairness i n relationships among citizens, government agencies, and businesse s in private matters. A n s w e r : T R U E Page Ref: 10 Objective: Explain the relati onship of criminal justice to gen eral concepts of equity and fairness. Level: Basic 9) The criminal justice system i s biased towards disenfranchise d groups. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 11 Objective: Explain the relati onship of criminal justice to gen eral concepts of equity and fairness. Level: Basic 10) The systems model of criminal justice is an ac curate repres entation of how the criminal justice system works. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 13 Objective: Describe the America n criminal justice system in te rms of its three major components and their r espective functions. Level: Intermediate 11) The consensus model is a per spective that assumes that the criminal justice system's components work together harmoniou sly to achieve the social pro duct we call justice. A n s w e r : T R U E Page Ref: 13 Objective: Describe the America n criminal justice system in te rms of its three major components and their r espective functions. Level: Basic 12) The conflict model assumes th at the criminal justice system 's components function primarily to serve their own interests. A n s w e r : T R U E Page Ref: 14 Objective: Describe the America n criminal justice system in te rms of its three major components and their r espective functions. Level: Basic 10 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 13) The purpose of the first appe arance is to determine if ther e is enough eviden ce against the defendant to continue the c riminal justice process. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 16 Objective: Describe the America n criminal justice system in te rms of its three major components and their r espective functions. Level: Basic 14) In some states, the prosecu tor may seek to continue the cas e against a defendant by filing an information with the court. A n s w e r : T R U E Page Ref: 17 Objective: Describe the America n criminal justice system in te rms of its three major components and their r espective functions. Level: Intermediate 15) The grand jury system is re quired to follow the same proced ural rules as a criminal trial. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 17 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 16) A judge is required to accept a guilty plea. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Intermediate 17) The majority of sentences are imposed in criminal cases aft er defendants have been found guilty at trial. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 18) An offender who is found guilty of multiple charges and who is serving one sentence after another one is completed has b een given a consecutive sentence. A n s w e r : T R U E Page Ref: 19 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 11 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 19) Bench trials use more jur ors than normal jury trials. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 20) Due process is specificall y guaranteed only in the Fifth Am endment to the U.S. Constitution. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 19 Objective: Define due process of law, including where the Amer ican legal system guarantees due process. Level: Basic 21) The crime-control model emph asizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders. A n s w e r : T R U E Page Ref: 21 Objective: Define due process of law, including where the Amer ican legal system guarantees due process. Level: Basic 22) Evidence-based practice refe rs to evidence of a crime that may be used at trial. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 21 Objective: Describe the role of evidence-based practice in con temporary criminal justice. Level: Basic 23) Criminal justice as an academ ic discipline began when crimi nal justice courses were offered to NYPD officers in univer sities in New York City. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 24 Objective: Describe the role of evidence-based practice in con temporary criminal justice. Level: Basic 24) In a society that respects a nd encourages diversity, all li festyle choices are seen as acceptable. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 25-26 Objective: Explain how multicult uralism and social diversity p resent challenges to and opportunities for the American s ystem of criminal justice. Level: Intermediate 12 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 25) Cultural competence helps en sure everyone's needs are met. A n s w e r : T R U E Page Ref: 26 Objective: Explain how multicult uralism and social diversity p resent challenges to and opportunities for the American s ystem of criminal justice. Level: Basic 1 . 3 F ill in the Blank 1) Social ________ is a condition tha t is said to exist when a group is faced with social change, conflict, and a lack of consensus. Answer: disorganization Page Ref: 4 Objective: Summarize the hist ory of crime in America and corre sponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 2) ________ justice is linked to notio ns of fairness and cultur al beliefs about right and wrong. A n s w e r : S o c i a l Page Ref: 10 Objective: Explain the relati onship of criminal justice to gen eral concepts of equity and fairness. Level: Basic 3) The ________ model of criminal justice assumes that each of the component parts strive toward a common goal. Answer: consensus Page Ref: 13 Objective: Describe the America n criminal justice system in te rms of its three major components and their r espective functions. Level: Basic 4) An individual who believes that the various criminal justice agencies have different and competing goals would probabl y adhere to the ________ model of criminal justice. Answer: conflict Page Ref: 14 Objective: Describe the America n criminal justice system in te rms of its three major components and their r espective functions. Level: Intermediate 5) A(n) ________ issued by a judge provi des the legal basis for the police to apprehend a suspect. A n s w e r : w a r r a n t Page Ref: 15 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 13 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 6) During the ________ hearing, the j udge determines if there i s probable cause to believe a crime was committed and that the defendant committed it. Answer: preliminary Page Ref: 16-17 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 7) The defendant is asked t o enter a plea at the ________. Answer: arraignment Page Ref: 17 Objective: Describe the America n criminal justice system in te rms of its three major components and their r espective functions. Level: Basic 8) A(n) ________ trial doe s not involve a jury. Answer: bench Page Ref: 18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 9) A(n) ________ sentence involves serving two sentences at the same time. Answer: consecutive Page Ref: 19 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 10) Due process me ans ________ fairness. Answer: procedural Page Ref: 19 Objective: Define due process of law, including where the Amer ican legal system guarantees due process. Level: Basic 11) The ________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution makes due p rocess binding on the states. Answer: Fourteenth Page Ref: 19 Objective: Define due process of law, including where the Amer ican legal system guarantees due process. Level: Basic 14 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 12) ________-based practice refers to strategies to fight crime that have been scientifically tested and that are based on socia l science research. Answer: Evidence Page Ref: 21 Objective: Describe the role of evidence-based practice in con temporary criminal justice. Level: Basic 13) ________ involves the scientific study of the causes and pr evention of crime. Answer: Criminology Page Ref: 24 Objective: Describe the role of evidence-based practice in con temporary criminal justice. Level: Basic 14) A(n)________ society is one tha t contains many diverse grou ps with unique identities that also participate in the larger so ciety's legal and political sy stems. Answer: multicultural Page Ref: 24 Objective: Explain how multicult uralism and social diversity p resent challenges to and opportunities for the American s ystem of criminal justice. Level: Basic 15) Cultural ________ involves the ab ility to interact effectiv ely with people of different cultures. Answer: competence Page Ref: 26 Objective: Explain how multicult uralism and social diversity p resent challenges to and opportunities for the American s ystem of criminal justice. Level: Basic 15 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 . 4 M a t c h i n g Match the time period with the c orresponding historical event. A) A focus on corporate and white -collar crime and the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act B) The mass shooting at Columbine High School C) The growth of organized crime as a result of Prohibition D) A focus on civil rights and a s ignificant increase in report ed crime E) An epidemic of mass shootings a nd random violence in public venues F) A crime epidemic occurred, app arently related to social uphe aval caused in part by large-scale immigration G) The passage of the USA PATRIOT Act H) Relative stabil ity of crime rates I) An increase in reports of seri ous crimes such as assault, ra pe, and murder J) A dramatic increase in the use and sale of illicit drugs 1) 1850-1880 Page Ref: 4-6 Objective: Summarize the hist ory of crime in America and corre sponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate 2) 1920-1933 Page Ref: 4-6 Objective: Summarize the hist ory of crime in America and corre sponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate 3) 1940s-1960s Page Ref: 4-6 Objective: Summarize the hist ory of crime in America and corre sponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate 4) 1960-1970 Page Ref: 4-6 Objective: Summarize the hist ory of crime in America and corre sponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate 5) 1970s Page Ref: 4-6 Objective: Summarize the hist ory of crime in America and corre sponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate