(Test Bank) Introduction to Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology

Weis, 3

Psychology

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Test Bank for Introduction to Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology , 3e Robert Weis (All Chapters ) Instructor Resource Weis, Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology , 3e SAGE Publishing, 2017 Chapter 1: The Science and Practice of Abnormal Child Psychology Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Epidemiologists often report the prevalence of a medical or psychological disorder. What is “prevalence ”? a. the number of people in a population with a given disorder b. the percentage of people in a population with a given disorder c. the number of new cases of a disorder in a population d. the percentage of new cases of a disorder in a population Ans: B Learning Objective: LO 1.1. Describe the prevalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethnicity. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Overall Prevalence Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Which of the following is NOT an essential component of the DSM -5 definition of a mental disorder? a. a pattern of behavior that occurs within an individual b. a behavior that reflects an underlying dysfunction c. the consequence s of the behavior cause distress or disability d. the disturbance is long lasting Ans: D Learning Objective: LO 1.2. Critically evaluate the DSM -5 concept of “mental disorder” as it applies to children and adolescents. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: How Does DSM -5 Define a Mental Disorder ? Difficulty Level: Medium 3. How do developmental psychopathologists characterize abnormal behavior? a. behavior that interferes with children’s competence and does not meet the demands of the envir onment b. behavior that leads to psychological distress, impairment, and risk of harm to self or others c. behavior that leads to psychological distress, impairment, or risk of harm to self or others d. behavior that is statistically different than the beh avior of the typical child Ans: A Learning Objective: LO 1.3. Understand and give examples of some of the basic principles of developmental psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Adaptive vs. Malad aptive Development Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Clinical intervention s tha t are not grounded in psychological science can harm children and families. Which of the following is NOT a way identified in the text that scientifically uninf ormed practice can hurt clients ? a. Ineffective treatments can cause parents to lose hope in psychology and treatment in general. b. Ineffective interventions can cost parents time and money. c. Ineffective treatments have been proven to substantially increase the rates of depression in parents. d. Ineffective treatm ents can be physically harmful to children. Ans: C Instructor Resource Weis, Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology , 3e SAGE Publishing, 2017 Learning Objective: LO 1.4. Explain why evidence -based practice is important when treating children and families. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Importance Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Wakefield’s (1992) con cept of “harmful dysfunction ” ______. a. provides criteria for differ entiating normal from abnormal behavior b. requires all mental disorders to have an underlying biological cause c. asserts that genetic and biological factors play a greater role in psychopathology than social -cultural factors d. assumes that a biological or medical cause of a person’s psychopatho logy has been ruled out before a psychiatric diagnosis is assigned Ans: A Learning Obj ective: LO 1.2. Critically evaluate the DSM -5 concept of “mental disorder” as it applies to children and adolescents. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Do We Identify “ Abnormal” Behavior in Children? Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Which of the following is true of students providing services to children in need? a. If students have been trained to provide evidence -based treatment, the treatment will be effective. b. Students should not question the evidence for the intervention or the ethics behind the intervention. c. Once students have been trained to provide an intervention, it is safe and ethical for them to do so without supervision. d. It is recommended that students ask themselves whether there are alternative services that might provide greater benefits to the clients than the ones being provided. Ans: D Learning objective: LO 1.4. Explain why evidence -based practice is important when treating children and families. Answer Location: How Can Students Help Children in an Evidence -Based Manner? Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Which of the following statements about prevalence is true ? a. Point prevalence can never be less than lifetime prevalence for a given disorder . b. Point prevalence can never be more than lifetime prevalence for a given disorder . c. Only lifetime prevalence measures the percentage of people with a disorder at each age . d. Only point prevalence measures the severity of people’ s disorders . Ans: B Learning Objective: LO1.1. Describe the prevalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethnicity. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Overall Prevalence Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Which of the following is NOT a challenge mentioned in your text when determining prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents? a. There is no single agency that tracks the prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents . b. There is no standard definition of what constitutes mental disorder . c. Epidemiological studies use differ ent methods to collect data, each of which yields a slightly different result . d. Some people do not want to participate in lengthy surveys, or provide inaccurate information . Ans: B Instructor Resource Weis, Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology , 3e SAGE Publishing, 2017 Learning Objective: LO 1.1. Describe the p revalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity ; LO 1.2. Critically evaluate the DSM -5 concept of “mental disorder” as it applies to children and adolescents. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Overall Prevalence Difficulty Level: Medium 9. How has the overall prevalence of mental health disorders among children changed over the past several decades? a. It has increased. b. It has decreased. c. It has remained unchanged. d. It increased initially and then decreased to former levels. Ans: A Learning Objective: LO 1.1. Describ e the prevalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethnicity. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Overall Prevalence Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Which of the following is true of comorbidity? a. It is rare. b. It refers to the experience of having one disorder, recovering, and then having a different disorder. c. It is especially common in individuals with depression. d. It is much more common in children than in adolescence. Ans: C Learning Objective: LO 1.1. Describe the prevalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethnicity. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Overall Prevalence Difficulty Level: Hard 11. Medication used to treat a p sychological disorder is called ______. a. psychotropic b. behavioral c. neurotropic d. hallucinogenic Ans: A Learning Objective: LO 1.1. Describe the prevalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethnicity. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Use of Medication Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Which of the following be st describes the relationship between psychotropic medication and age? a. Adolescents are more likely to receive psychotropic medication, even though they are less likely than young children to experience psychological disorders. b. Children are more likely to receive psychotropic medication, typically because their psychological disorders tend to be more severe than adolescents’ . c. Adolescents are more likely to rece ive psychotropic medication because they are more likely to exper ience psychological disorders, and the severity of these disorders tends to be greater than the severity of children’s disorders . d. There are no major differences in the rates of psychotropic medication prescriptions between children and adults . Ans: C Learning Objective: LO 1.1. Describe the prevalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethnicity. Instructor Resource Weis, Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology , 3e SAGE Publishing, 2017 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Use of Medication Difficulty Level: Hard 13. What does the study of facilitated communication demonstrate about the value (or harm) of ignoring empirically -based interventions in favor of other forms of treatment? a. that empirically based literature is not always well founded and sometimes alternative treatm ents are vastly more effective b. that the stigma that accompanies mental illness treatment can drive families to seek help from non - mainstream sources c. that interventions that are not empirically based can be harmful to clients and their families d. that culture must be taken into account when determining how much to rely on empirically based interventions Ans: C Learning objective: LO 1.4. Explain why evidence -based practice is important when treating children and families. Answer Location: Importance Cognitive Domain: Analysis Difficulty Level: Hard 14. Since 1995, the percentage of youth receiving medication to treat their psychological problems has ______; the percentage of youth receiving therapy to treat their psychological problems has ______. a. increased; stayed the same b. increased; decreased c. increased; increased d. stayed the same; increased Ans: A Learning Objective: LO 1.1. Describe the prevalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethnicity. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Use of Medication Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Which of the following is NOT one of the sociodemographic factors that is considered especia lly important for understanding psychological disor ders, according to your text ? a. age b. gender c. birth order d. socioeconomic status Ans: C Learning Objective: LO 1.1. Describe the prevalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethnicity. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Fac tors Influence Prevalence of Childhood Disorders? Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Which of the following best describes the relative rates of mental disorders in children and adolescents of different sexes ? a. Boys are more likely than girls to experience mental disorders in childhood, but boys and girls are equally likely to experience mental disorders in adolescence . b. Boys are more likely than girls to experience mental disorders in ch ildhood, but girls are more like ly to experience mental disorders in adolescence . c. Boys and girls have equal rates of mental disorders in c hildhood and in adolescence . d. Boys and girls have equal rates of mental disorders in childhood with boys experiencing more mental disorders in adolescence . Ans: B Instructor Resource Weis, Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology , 3e SAGE Publishing, 2017 Learning Objective: Describe the prevalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varie s as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Gender Difficulty Level: Hard 17. Your text describes a stud y (Hamilton, Strange, et al. , 2015 ) about stressful events that involved important people or relationships in children ’s and adolescents ’ lives. The results of this study imply that ______. a. depression was related to the number of interpersonally dependent stressors the participants experienced b. depression was related to the timing of the interpersonally dependent stressors, with those occurring earlier in childhood having a greater impact c. depression was related to a feeling of personal responsibility over the stressors d. boys were more likely to ruminate over interpersonally dependent stressors Ans: C Learning Objective: LO 1.1. Describe the prevalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethnic ity; LO 1.3 Understand and give examples of some of the basic principles of developmental psychopathology . Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Which of the following is NOT represented in socioeconomic status (SES)? a. parents’ reputation in the community b. parents’ level of education c. parents’ employment d. family income Ans: A Learning Objective: LO 1.1. Describe the prevalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethnicity. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Socioeconomic Status Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Your textbook reports findings from a recent study (Frick, 2013) that found an association between single -parent families and increased mental health problems. Which of the following can we conc lude from this study ? a. Those with low SES will go on, more often than not , to develop mental disorders . b. Low SES causes mental disorders . c. Mental disorders makes it more like ly for a second parent to leave the home . d. There is a relationship between single -parent households and increased rates of mental disorder, but the cause cannot be determi ned from this study. Ans: D Learning Objective: LO 1.1. Describe the prevalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s age, gend er, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethnicity. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Socioeconomic Status Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Which of the following best describes preva lence rates of mental disorders ? a. Autism spectrum disorder has roughly the same preva lence across all ethnic groups i n the United States. b. All childhood psychological disorders so far studied are more prevalent among African American and Latino children compared to White children. Instructor Resource Weis, Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology , 3e SAGE Publishing, 2017 c. The prevalence of some disorders, such as anxiety disorders, are higher among White children than among non -White children. d. The prevalence of conduct problems is highest among Latino children, compared to those of other ethnic gro ups. Ans: C Learning Objective: LO 1.1. Describe the prevalence of childhood disorders and how preval ence varies as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethnicity. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Hard 21. What is the appropriate role of anecdotes (personal, individual stories of experiences) in clinical practice? a. Anecdotes alone can safely and ethically guide clinical practice. b. Anecdotes may contribute to clinical judgment and can be useful when combined with empirical evidence. c. Anecdotes should not be drawn upon at all in clinical practice, either in discussions with clients or in planning treatment. d. Anecdotes are safe to consider as models in certain cases, without additional empirical evi dence, but only when the anecdote is very similar to the case at hand. Ans: B Learning objective: LO 1.4. Explain why evidence -based practice is important when treating children and families. Answer location: Importance Cognitive Domain: Analysis Difficult y Level: Medium 22. Approximately what percentage of children and adolescents diagnosed with men tal disorders receive treatment ? a. 20% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100% Ans: B Learning Objective: LO 1.1. Describe the prevalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethnicity. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Access to Treatment Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Compared to children and adolescents with other disorders, those with anxiety disorders ______. a. were most likely to receive treatment b. were most likely to be treated by a pediatrician rather than a mental health professional c. were most likely to receive psychotropic medication d. were most likely to be from low -SES backgrounds Ans: B Learning Objective: LO 1.1. Describe the prevalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethnicity. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Access to Treatment Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Which of the following is NOT a common barrier to treatment for psych ological disorders of childhood ? a. Families are unable to pay for evidence -based treatments. b. Evidence -based treatment is not available in many communities . Instructor Resource Weis, Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology , 3e SAGE Publishing, 2017 c. Stigma prevents individuals from seeking treatment for mental disorders . d. No evidence -based treatments have been identified for most childhood psychological disorders . Ans: D Learning Obje ctive: LO 1.1. Describe the prevalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s a ge, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethnicity. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Barriers to Treatment Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Which of the following is consistent with the statistical deviancy a pproach to defining abnormality ? a. Roughly 2% of th e population has an IQ below 70 ; those with an IQ under 70 might , therefore , be considered abnormal . b. Those who act out against the rules of society and are thus considered deviant would meet the definition of abnormality. c. Those who are severely impaired by their inability to make and maintain meaningful social relationships would be consid ered abnormal. d. If 50% of the population had suicidal thoughts, this 50% would be considered abnormal. Ans: A Learning Objective: LO 1.2. Critically evaluate the DSM -5 concept of “mental disorder” as it applies to children and adolescents. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: How Do We Identify “Abnormal” Behavior in Children? Difficulty Level: Medium 26. The belief that the degree of disability best defines abnormality is most consistent with which approach ? a. statistical deviancy b. impairment c. psychological distress d. cultural deviancy Ans: B Learning Objective: LO 1.2. Critically evaluate the DSM -5 concept of “mental disorder” as it applies to children and adolescents. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Do We Identify “Abnormal” Behavior in Children? Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Which of the following approaches to defining abnormal ity is INCORRECTLY paired with one of th at approach’s serious drawbacks ? a. Statistical deviancy fails to account for the fact that something can be rare but not harmful. b. Impairment fails to account for the fact that some mental illnesses are not associated with impairment in functioning . c. Psycho logical distress fails to account for the subjectivity of quantifying distress . d. Cultural deviancy fails to account for how the norms of cultures vary. Ans: D Learnin g Objective: LO 1.2. Critically eva luate the DSM -5 concept of “mental disorder” as it applies to childr en and adolescents. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: How Do We Identify “Abnormal” Behavior in Children? Difficulty Level: Hard 28. Which is the best definition of beneficence ? a. generosity b. helping and promoting others’ welfare c. sharing results of a study d. confidentiality Instructor Resource Weis, Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology , 3e SAGE Publishing, 2017 Ans: B Learning Objective: LO 1.4. Explain why evidence -based practice is important when treating children and families. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Importance Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Which of the following is true of evidence -based practice? a. It relies on emp irically validated methods, not on clinical judgment. b. It can only be implemented if individuals with sociocultural backgrounds similar to that of the client have been investigated empirically. c. It entails following well -established treatments rigidly to ensure validity. d. It is important for providing ethical care to chi ldren and families. Ans: D Learning Objective: LO 1.4. Explain why evidence -based practice is important when treating children and families. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Definition Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Which of the following statements about psychobiological causes for childho od psychological disorders is NOT true? a. Most childhood disorders do not have specific biological causes that have been identified . b. Specific biological abnormalities that have been identif ied are not present in every child with a disorder . c. We cannot infer that the bi ological abnormalities cause a disorder in every case. d. The mind and the brain are completely separate and the brain cannot influence or cause mental problems independently . Ans: D Learning Objective: LO 1.2. Critically evaluate the DSM -5 concept of “mental disorder” as it applies to children and adolescents. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Does DSM -5 Define Mental Disorder? Difficulty Level: Medium 31. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which ethnicity and culture affect and interact with the diagnostic process? a. Different cultural values affect the behaviors that are considered problematic . b. Cultural differences can cause problems in the assessment and diagnostic process . c. Ethnic minorities are often underrepresented in ment al health research . d. Having a clinician who is of the same ethnicity as the client is vital to the diagnostic process . Ans: D Learning Objective: LO 1.2. Critically evaluate the DSM -5 concept of “mental disorder” as it applies to children and adolescents. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Does Culture Affect the Identification of Childhood Disorders? Difficulty Level: Medium 32. Probabilistic epigenesis is ______. a. not endorsed by developmental psychopathologists b. the belief that development is characterized by distinct levels of analysis that do not interact c. the belief that genes de termine the psychopathological outcome of a child d. the belief that different levels of analysis, such as brain struc ture and peer relationships, interact to shape children’s developmental outcomes Ans: D Learning Objective: LO 1.3. Understand and give examples of some of the basic principl es of developmental psychopathology. Instructor Resource Weis, Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology , 3e SAGE Publishing, 2017 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Development Over Time Difficulty Level: Medium 33. What is believed to be true of levels of analysis according to probabilistic epigenesis? a. Genetics can influence biology and psychology, but biology and psychology cannot influence genetics . b. Biology and psychology can influence genetics, but genetics cannot influence biology and psychology . c. Genetics can influence biology and psychology and biology and psychology can influence genetics . d. Genetics can influence biology but not psychology . Ans: C Learning Objective: LO 1.3. Understand and give exampl es of some of the basic principles of developmental psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Development Over Time Difficulty Level: Medium 34. According to a developmental psychopathology perspective, infants’ a ttending to language is a(n) ______ behavior. a. adaptive b. probabilistic c. universal d. maladaptive Ans: A Learning Objective: LO 1.3. Understand and give examples of some of the basic principles of developmental psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Adaptive vs. Malad aptive Development Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Brandi has been barely talking when around other people. From the perspective of developmental psychopathology, which of the following is NOT necessarily true ? a. This is abnormal behavior. b. We need to determine whether this behavior is adaptiv e to her environmental context. c. We need to know how old Brandi is. d. We need to know from what culture Brandi comes. Ans: A Learning Objective: LO 1.3. Understand and give examples of some of the basic principles of developmental psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Adaptive vs. Maladaptive Development Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Your textbook describes behavior parent training as a well -established treatment for children with ADHD. This means it has ______. a. at least one study showing treatment is helpful, but with methodological limitations b. at least two large , randomized controlled studies, conducted by independent researchers, showing treatment is better than placebo or an existing treatment c. at least two large , randomized controlled studies showing treatment is better t han placebo or an existing treatment d. at least one well -designed study show ing treatm ent is better than no treatment or several studies with methodological limitations Ans: B Learning Objective: LO 1.4. Explain why evidence -based practice is important when treating children and families. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Instructor Resource Weis, Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology , 3e SAGE Publishing, 2017 Answer Location: Definition Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Which of the following is the primary task of inf ancy, according to Erik Erikson ? a. to develop the strength and dexterity to walk and babble b. to develop emot ional connections with people and objects c. to establish a sense of trust in a responsive and nurturing caregiver d. to distinguish among different entities in the environment Ans: C Learning Objective: LO 1.3. Understand and give examples of some of the basic principles of developmental psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developmental Pathways Difficulty Level: Medium 38. As identified in the text , in what way is development in childhoo d considered to be hierarchical ? a. Mastery of later skills and behaviors depends on successful development of earlier ones . b. Adults guide the behaviors of adolescents, who in turn often guide the behavior of younger children . c. Infants become children, who become adolescents, who become adults . d. More advanced skills can compensate for earlier skills that have not been mastered . Ans: A Learning Objective: LO 1.3. Understand and give examples of some of the basic principles of developmental psychopathology. Cogniti ve Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developmental Pathways Difficulty Level: Hard 39. Betsy was diagnosed with social anxiety disorder in childhood. If Bets y experiences homotypic continuity, which of the following is most likely to be true of her in adolescence ? a. Betsy would no longer have anxiety symptoms. b. Betsy would still be diagnosed with social anxiety disorder. c. Betsy would still have anxiety, b ut her symptoms might change over time such that a different diagnostic label for anxiety is more appropriate. d. Betsy would be likely to meet criteria for multiple anxiety disorders. Ans: B Learning Objective: LO 1.3. Understand and give exam ples of some of the basic principles of developmental psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Continuity vs. Change Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Nonmaleficence can best be described by the saying ______. a. “First, do no harm.” b. “There’s a bad apple in every bin.” c. “Always see the silver lining.” d. “If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again.” Ans: A Learning Objective : LO 1.4. Explain why evidence -based practice is important when treating children and families. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Importance Difficulty Level: Medium 41. Marvin has always displayed depressive symptoms and both of his parents suffer from depressive disorders. Marissa has no family history of depression and only began t o show depressive symptoms Instructor Resource Weis, Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology , 3e SAGE Publishing, 2017 after the death of her father. If both Marvin and Marissa are diagnosed with the same depressive disorder, this is an example of ______. a. multifinality b. homotypic continuity c. equifinality d. individual differences Ans: C Learning Objective: LO 1.3. Understand and give examples of some of the basic principles of developmental psychopatholo gy. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Continuity vs. Change Difficulty Level: Medium 42. Robbie likes to talk about trains, in all situations : whether at home, at school, at church; whether with others or by himself, Robbie likes to talk about trains. Doing so makes him happy. This tendency might best be described as ______. a. cultural deviancy b. behavioral rigidity c. statistical anomaly d. psychological distress Ans: B Learning objective : LO 1.2. Critically evaluate the DSM -5 concept of “mental disorder” as it applies to children and adolescents. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer location: How Do We Identify “Abnormal” Behavior in Children? Difficulty level: Easy 43. Equifinality implies that if we know the disorder the child has , ______. a. we can infer the cause b. we can infer the prior diagnosis c. we can infer the duration of disturbance d. we cannot infer the causes because different people can arrive at the same diagnosis by different routes Ans: D Learning Objective: LO 1.3. Understand and give examples of some of the basic principles of developmental psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Continuity vs. Change Difficulty Level: Medium 44. Prognosis is often difficult to specify because of ______. a. equifinality b. mutifinality c. homotypic continuity d. wariness clients have of clinicians Ans: B Learning Objective: LO 1.3. Understand and give examples of some of the basic principles of developmental psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Continuity vs. Change Difficulty Level: Hard 45. Which of the following is true of most disorder s, as described in the text ? a. Most disorders show homotypic continuity. b. Most disorders show heterotypic continuity. Instructor Resource Weis, Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology , 3e SAGE Publishing, 2017 c. Most disorders show spontaneous remission (they go away on their own after a while without treatment) . d. Most disorders are subject to equifinality but not multifinality. Ans: B Learning Objective: LO 1.3. Understand and give examples of some of the basic principles of developmental psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Continuity vs. Change Difficulty Level: Medium 46. Which of the following is true of risk factors? a. They are always biological . b. They ensure that the individual will develop psychopathology . c. They tend to compound (the greater number of risk factors, the greater the likelihood of a mental disorder) . d. They are specific (generally, certain risk factors confer risks for particular disorders) . Ans: C Learning Objective : LO 1.3. Understand and give exa mples of some of the basic principles of developmenta l psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Determines the Course of Children’s Development ? Difficulty Level: Medium 47. If we know a child has experienced child maltreatment, which of the following is NOT true? a. Individual factors m ake it hard to predict what the child’s outcome will be . b. Knowledge about the child’s protective factors can help form a more accurate predict ion of what the child’s outcome will be . c. Multifinality makes it hard to predict what this child’s outcome will be . d. Without psychological intervention, it is almost certain the child will go on to have an abusive relationship with other children . Ans: D Learning Objective: LO 1.3. Understand and give examples of some of the basic principles of developmental psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Determines the Course of Children’s Development? Difficulty Level: Medium 48. What is res ilience ? a. the lack of risk factors b. the existence of protective factors c. the tendency to develop competence despite risk factors d. the tendency to develop competence whether risk factors are presen t or not Ans: C Learning Objective: LO 1.3. Understand and give examples of some of the basic principles of developmental psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Determines the Course of Children’s Development? Difficulty Level: Hard 49. The integration of the best available research wit h clinician’s expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences is known as ______. a. holistic therapy b. humanistic therapy c. evidence -based practice d. clinical judgment Ans: C Instructor Resource Weis, Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology , 3e SAGE Publishing, 2017 Learning Objective: LO 1.4. Explain why evidence -based practice is important when treating children and families. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definition Difficulty Level: Easy 50. As discussed in your text, which of the following is NOT one of the primary factors consider ed by clinicians who adopt an evidence -based approach in their practice? a. scientific research —What methods of assessment and forms of treatment work best for a child with this disorder, accor ding to the research literature ? b. clinical expertise —What is the best way for me to assess and treat this child according to my own profe ssional judgment and experience ? c. historical perspective — What were past approaches to treating this problem and how do they apply to this case ? d. patient characteristics — In what ways do the child’s age, gender, or sociocultural background or the family’s beliefs and preferences about therap y affect the treatment provided ? Ans: C Learning Objective: LO 1.4. Explain why evidence -based practice is important when treating children and families. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definition Difficulty Level: Hard True/False 1. Point prevalence is the percentage of individuals with a disorder at a certain point in time, while lifetime prevalence refers to all individuals w ith the disorder at any point in their life. Ans: T Learning Objective: LO 1.1. Describe the prevalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethnicity. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Overall Prevalence Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Incidence rates cannot exceed prevalence rates for a given disorder. Ans: T Learning Objective: LO 1.1. Describe the p revalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethnicity. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Overall Prevalence Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Abnormality depends upon age, environmental context, and culture. Ans: T Learning Objective: LO 1.3. Understand and give examples of some of the basic principles of developmental psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Adaptive v s. Maladaptive Development Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Ineffective interventions can harm clients and their families by undermining their trust in the therapeutic process. Ans: T Learning Objective: LO 1.4. Explain why evidence -based practice is important when treating children and families. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Instructor Resource Weis, Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology , 3e SAGE Publishing, 2017 Answer Location: Importance Difficulty Level: Easy 5. If there have been 100 new cases of posttraumatic stress disorder in children in a given town this year, that number would be the point prevalence rate. Ans: F Learning Objective: LO 1.1. Describe the prevalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethn icity. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Overall Prevalence Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Based on the best available data, 20% of youth in the United States currently suffer from a mental or behavioral disorder. Ans: F Learning Objective: LO 1.1. Describe the prevalence of childhood disorders and how prevalence varies as a function of children’s age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) , and ethnicity. Cognitive Domain: Knowled ge Answer Location: Overall Prevalence Difficulty Level: Hard 7. One of the strengths of defining abnormality based on degree of impairment is that it takes into account the distress of those around the individual. Ans: F Learning Objective: LO 1.2. Critically evaluate the DSM -5 concept of “mental disorder” as it applies to children and adolescents. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Does DSM -5 Define a Mental Disorder ? Difficulty Level: Comprehension 8. The DSM -5 definition of ment al disorder highlights how disorders are dependent on the relationships between people and do not merely exist within the diagnosed individual. Ans: F Learning Objective: LO 1.2. Critically evaluate the DSM -5 concept of “mental disorder” as it applies to children and adolescents. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Does DSM -5 Define a Mental Disorder ? Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Explain Wakefield’s (1992) concept of “harmful dysfunction .” Ans: Must have both (a) dysfunction, a failure in some internal mechanism to work in an adaptive way (the way it was naturally selected to operate) and (b) this dysfunction must cause harm (limit or threaten the person in some way). Learning Objective: LO 1.3. Understand and give examples of some of the basic principles of developmental psychopathology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: How Do We Identify “Abnormal” Behavior in Children? Difficulty Level: Medium 2. What does “probabilistic epigenesis ” mean? Ans: The interaction of genetics, brain structure and functioning, psychological development, family interactions and peer relationships, and the broader socio cultural context in which the person lives to shape ch ildren’s development.