(Test Bank) AP World History

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AP WORLD HISTORY FOUNDATIONS Questions 1-2 refer to the image below. Artist’s recreation of the village of Catal Huyuk in what is today Turkey. The village had a population of around 6000 people and was built around 6,800 BCE. The houses are so close together that you had to enter the house through a hole in the roof. 1. The presence of a village of this size is most likely evidence of A. a large number of migratory animals in the region B. iron toolmaking to shape the rock used in making the village C. a food surplus derived from early agriculture and hunting D. Social hierarchies with monarchs to direct community activities 2. Which of the following would be true of villages of this nature prior to 4000 BCE? A. written law codes would have established a clear social hierarchy with rules for dealing with property B. religion would have only been a marginal part of the village’s culture C. the village would have been located near a source of fresh water D. armed warriors would have stood guard over the village’s marketplace Questions 1-3 refer to the passage below. “The form of early agricultural villages that developed in the Near East endured largely intact for millennia and was adopted as a model in the many regions throughout the Old World. Three advances were behind the success of this way of life. First, the physiological changes in the domestication made them more p. Productive and allowed them to be grown in a wider range of environments. Second, the technology of food production, processing, and storage was improved. Third, changes in social values and organization enhanced the effectiveness of village life and the new economy. Whatever were the actual details, this new way of living caught on, and nucleated farming villages became the dominant life unit ac ross the globe from then until the current century.” Charles L. Redman, Human Impact on Ancient Environments, 1999 1. Based on the passage above, which of the following might be evidence to support the first advance Redman notes? A. Evidence that animal species became less differentiated around human habitations. B. Remains in food storage areas showing different sizes of grains over time. C. Evidence showing the early domestication of dogs. D. Fire pits in ancient villages showing increased use of charcoal instead of raw wood. 2. Which of the following would support Redman’s second advance? A. Archeological evidence of improvements in kilns. B. Remains of marketplaces showing changes in market values for agricultural goods. C. Evidence of long-distance trade in early technologies. D. Difference in human remains showing changes to dental health based on changing diets. 3. Which of the following might be a counterargument to the final statement in the passage? A. Population counts of villages versus cities in ancient Mesopotamia. B. Population studies showing decreases in urbanization over time as a result of disease or war. C. Demographic figures comparing the number of settled agriculturalists and pastoralists prior to 1900. D. Primary sources indicating an urban to rural movement in the 17th and 18th centuries CE. Questions 1-2 refer to the following passage. “Whosoever in China, in this era of sensual pleasures, serves the Buddha and correctly observes the commandments, who recites the Buddhist Scriptures, and who furthermore makes a vow to be reborn without ever abandoning his sincere intention, will at the end of his life, when his soul passes away, be miraculously transported thither. He will behold the Buddha and be enlightened in his spirit, and then he will enter nirvana.” Source: Zhi Dun, Chinese scholar, author, and confidant of Chinese aristocrats and high officials, circa 350 CE 1. Which of the following is true about the timeframe during which the source was written? A. The Han Dynasty had expanded their empire to the west to control trade along the Silk Roads. B. Scholars such as Zhi Dun were often high officials in the Tang Dynasty. C. The spread of Buddhism in China was enabled by the lack of a controlling central government. D. Chinese Buddhist missionaries spread Buddhism from China to Japan. 2. Which of the following does the quote reveal about Buddhism? A. As a monotheistic religion it offered spiritual salvation in the form of heaven. B. Buddhism underwent changes as it encountered new religions like Taoism. C. Buddhist scriptures were used in China to obtain sensual pleasures. D. Buddhists in China were different from other Buddhists in that they did not believe in reincarnation. Questions 1-3 refer to the following passage. “Accordingly, the [Buddha] possessed every quality required in [a ship’s captain]. Knowing the course of the celestial luminaries, he was never at a loss with respect to the regions of the sky; . . . by means of manifold marks, observing the fishes, the color of the water, the species of the ground, birds, rocks, and so on, he knew how to ascertain rightly the part of the sea; . . . So being skilled in the art of taking a ship out and bringing her home, he exercised the profession of one who conducts the merchants by sea to their destination.” Jatakamal (A birth story about an earlier incarnation of the Buddha, first century C.E.) 1. What conclusion can be drawn about trade based on this passage? A) Maritime trade had exceeded land-based trade by the first century C.E. B) Maritime trade was hindered by a general lack of navigational knowledge C) It decreased after imperial support of religion declined D) It diffused religions and could influence their original practices 2. What best explains the increase in the form of trade between 600 BCE and 600 CE as described by the passage? A) The diffusion of maritime technology B) Islamic laws that provided protection for merchants C) Alexander the Great’s Hellenistic Empire connecting northern India and Egypt under a single religious culture D) The Indian Ocean region falling under control of a single religious culture Questions 1-3 refer to the following two passages. “Nature has four seasons and five elements. To grant long life, these seasons and elements must store up the power of creation in cold, heat, dryness, moisture, and wind. Man has five viscera in which these five climates are transformed into joy, anger, sympathy, grief, and fear. The emotions of joy and anger are injurious to the spirit just as cold and heat are injurious to the body. Violent anger depletes Yin; violent joy depletes Yang.” The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Medicine (China), 1000 -300 BCE “It is thus with regard to the disease called Sacred: it appears to me to be nowise more divine nor more sacred than other diseases, but has a natural cause from which it originates like other afflictions. Men regards its nature and cause as divine from ignorance and wonder, because it is not unlike the other diseases. And this notion of its divinity is kept up by their inability to comprehend it, and the simplicity of the mode by which it is cu red, for men are freed from it by purification and incantations.” “On The Sacred Disease,” Hippocrates (Greek Physician), 400 BCE 1. The most significant difference between the two views represented above is A) the first one emphasized the healthy functioning of the state above that of the individual B) the second one led to an easing of patriarchy C) the first emphasized rigid formalities of class and government D) the second placed a higher emphasis on empirical observation 2. What belief system of the classical age inspired the first text about medicine? A) Shamanism B) Buddhism C) Confucianism D) Daoism 3. In what ways are the political attitudes associated with these belief systems most different? A) The second belief system was more open to cultural borrowing to ease political tensions B) The first belief system held that rigid formalities and hierarchies were the key to political stability C) The first belief system held that politics would be transformed indirectly D) The second belief system advocated a decentralized system resting on inequality Questions 1 -3 refer to the following map of the origin and spread of agricultural practices, 8000 BCE to 500 CE. 1. According to the map, which of the following conclusions is true of the Agricultural Revolution? A) The practice of agriculture created religious emphasis on nature and fertility gods. B) Pastoral societies naturally developed into farming communities. C) Agricultural practices diffused outward from a single locale to the rest of the world. D) The adoption of agricultural was gradual from several points of origin 2. Which of the following is the best explanation as to why the map above is also useful for locating the first large -scale permanent settlements? A. Agriculture developed only in close proximity to major river systems. B. Permanent settlements require surpluses of agriculture. C. Agriculture thrived best where elements of nature were personified as deities. D. Trade routes were a pre -condition for the creation of large permanent settlements 3. A significant long -term social result of the economic changes shown on the map is A. a relaxing of rigid, male -dominated societies. B. the end of foraging and hunting societies. C. the specialization of labor. D. a decrease of violence between societies. Questions 1-3 refer to the following passage. “The examination system became instrumental to the spread of Confucianism in Chinese society. Thus, the entire imperial bureaucracy was tutored in Confucian thinking. ....... The connection between Confucius and government service made knowledge of Confucianism th e best route to career advancement. Confucius may have believed in learning for learning’s sake, but in imperial China, the Confucian classic became equated with material betterment and social status. Families everywhere threw their sons into Confucian studies in the hopes of getting them into the imperial bureaucracy and advancing the family’s wealth and prestige.” Michael Schuman, Confucius and the World He Created, 2015 1. How was the imperial bureaucracy, described in the passage, an asset to centralized state building in the Han Dynasty? A) It decreased the influence of powerful aristocratic families. B) It brought peace by bringing acceptance to a wide array of beliefs, such as Buddhism. C) It widened the pool of talent by allowing people of any ed ucation level access to government positions. D) Confucianism emphasized the primary role of merchants and the military. 2. In addition to the Chinese empire, in what other state did a codified ethical code give political legitimacy to the government? A) The Mauryan Empire after Ashoka B) The Hellenistic Empire of Alexander the Great C) The Roman Empire after Constantine D) The Roman Republic 3. In which classical civilization was social mobility the opposite of that described in this passage? A) The Persian Empire B) The Roman Republic C) The city-state of Athens D) Gupta India Questions 1-3 refer to the following passage. “Wives of a man, or (widows) of any woman who go out into the main thoroughfare (shall not have) their heads (bare). Daughters of a man . . . shall be veiled. When they go about in the main thoroughfare during the daytime, they shall be veiled. A prostitute shall not be veiled, her head shall be bare. And if a man should see a veiled prostitute and release her, and does not bring her to the palace entrance, they shall strike the man fifty blows with rods. Slave women shall not be veiled, and he should see a veiled woman shall seize her and bring her to the palace entrance; they shall cut off her ears.” Assyrian Law, 1100 BCE. 1. Which of the following is evidenced in this passage? A. People domesticated locally available plants and animals. B. Diverse and sophisticated tools were developed. C. New religious beliefs developed in this period. D. Social hierarchies, including patriarchy, intensified as states expanded and cities multiplied. 2. Which of the following can be inferred about the Assyrian civilization from the passage? A. Agricultural surpluses permitted significant specialization of labor. B. The Assyrians were pastoralists. C. The Assyrians lived in small groups. D. The Assyrians did not have religious beliefs. 3. Which of the following conclusions about the first states is most directly supported by the passage? A. It is evidence of hunting and foraging. B. It is evidence of the development of fire. C. It is evidence of states developing legal codes. D. It is evidence of the development of sophisticated tools. Questions 1-3 refer to the following chart. 1. Which of the following can be inferred from this chart? A. Early civilizations developed from intricate trade networks. B. Early civilizations arose near rivers. C. Early civilizations were nomadic. D. Early civilizations were hunters and foragers. 2. Which of the following did these civilizations have in common? A. The people in each region domesticated locally available plants and animals. B. They all had the same religion. C. They all were located between the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys. D. They all had contact with the Olmecs. 3. Which of the following caused the growth of these civilizations? A. A reliable food supply B. Systems of record keeping C. Warfare D. Urban planning Questions 1-3 refer to the following image. Ziggurat of Ur-Nammu, c. 2100 BCE 1. The structure was most likely used for which of the following? A. To develop iron weapons B. To irrigate crops C. To practice religious beliefs D. To encourage pastoralism 2. This structure gives evidence to which of the following? A. Early civilizations developed monumental architecture. B. Early civilizations transformed warfare. C. Early civilization had rulers that claimed divine connections to power. D. Early civilizations lived in small bands of people. 3. This structure could not have been built without which of the following? A. Foraging B. Economic exchange between civilizations C. Specialization of labor D. Hunting Questions 1-3 refer to the following map. 1. Which of the following is evidenced in the map? A. The Paleolithic period lasted until 600 BCE. B. Warfare led to the development of early agricultural societies. C. Hunting and foraging ceased to exist. D. Agriculture developed independently. 2. According to the map, which of the following is accurate? A. Early agricultural societies did not have a diversified food supply. B. The Ice Age was still occurring. C. Humans did not develop sophisticated technologies. D. Plants had been domesticated but not animals. 3. The civilizations highlighted on the map had, most likely, developed which of the following? A. Gunpowder B. Compass C. Systems of recordkeeping D. Democratic governing systems Questions 1-3 refer to the following passage. “When the species homo sapiens sapiens, anatomically modern humans, first appeared in southern and central Africa some 150,000 years ago, they lived side by side with other animals and hominins ........ But in important respects they were totally different from their neighbors, for they learned to change their environment w ith radically new skills and tools. Their departure from Africa, their first art works, their hunting prowess, and their trade networks are all signs of recognizably human behavior.” Voyages in World History, 3e, p. 4 1. How were the humans described in the passage different from those that lived around 10,000 years ago? A. The humans described in the passage were artisans but later humans excelled in urban planning. B. The humans described in the passage developed social hierarchies but later humans did not. C. The humans described in the passage were not agriculturalists but later humans were. D. The humans described in the passage did not live in small groups, where later humans did. 2. In addition to what was mentioned in the passage, what else helped these first humans adapt to their new environment? A. Domestication of animals B. Multiple uses of fire C. Access to iron D. Surplus labor 3. The period summarized in the passage is referred to by which of the following terms? A. Paleolithic Era B. Neolithic Era C. Little Ice Age D. Big Geography Questions 1-3 refer to the following passages. “Let a woman modestly yield to others; let her respect others; let her put others first, herself last. Let a woman retire late to bed, but rise early to her duties. Let her not refuse to perform domestic duti es, whether easy or difficult. Let her live in purity and quietness. To guard carefully her chastity; in every motion to exhibit modesty, his is womanly virtue.” Ben Zhao, unofficial imperial historian to Emperor He (89-105 CE), Lessons for Women “In childhood a female must be subject to her father, in youth to her husband, and when her lord is dead, to her sons; a woman must never be independent. A virtuous wife who after the death of her husband constantly remains chaste, reaches heaven, though she h ave no son. But a woman who from desire to have offspring violates her duty toward her dead husband, brings on herself disgrace in this world, and loses her place with her husband in heaven. By violating her duty toward her husband, a wife is disgraced in the world, after death she enters the womb of a jackal.” The Laws of Manu, India, 100 BCE -200 CE 1. The message of both of these passages reinforces which of the following? A. The universalizing effect of Buddhism B. Monotheism C. Daoist teachings of balance D. Patriarchy 2. The second passage references which of the following Hindu beliefs? A. Reincarnation B. Monotheism C. The divinity of Jesus D. Animism 3. The first passage supports which of the following ideals of Confucianism? A. Enforcement of vedic beliefs B. Ancestor veneration C. Filial piety D. A centralized government supported by a bureaucracy Questions 1-3 refer to the following image. The Great Wall, China, 221-207 BCE. 1. Which of the following caused the emperor of China to order the construction of the object in the image? A. Religious beliefs B. Increased trade along the Silk Road C. Security issues along China’s borders D. The spread of Buddhism 2. Which of the following empires built the object in the image? A. Han B. Zhou C. Gupta D. Qin 3. Which of the following was necessary to build this object? A. A strong imperial government B. Monotheistic religious beliefs C. Trans -Saharan caravan routes D. Innovations in maritime technologies Questions 1-3 refer to the map below. Map of the Roman Empire at its greatest extent 1. Which of the following threatened the empire pictured in the map? A. Buddhism B. Christianity C. Judaism D. Confucianism 2. Which of the following trade routes connected the empire, shown in the map, to the east? A. Eurasian Silk Road B. Trans -Saharan caravan routes C. Indian ocean sea lanes D. Mediterranean sea lanes 3. Which of the following was a contributing factor in the decline of the empire depicted in the map? A. Climate change B. The failure of the Roman Republic C. A challenge from the Gupta Empire D. Administrative difficultie s Questions 1-3 refer to the following passage. “The varna system was just one of the mechanisms developed to regulate relations between different groups. Within the broad class divisions, the population was further subdivided into numerous jati, or birth groups. Each jati had its proper occupation, duties, and rituals. Individuals who belonged to a given jati lived with members of their group, and ate only with members of the group. Elaborate rules governed their interactions with members of othe r groups. Members of higher status groups feared pollution from contact with lower individuals and had to develop elaborate rituals of purification to remove any taint.” The Earth and Its Peoples, 6th edition, pp 168-169 1. The social system described in this passage was central to which of the following religions? A. Vedic religions B. Buddhism C. Judaism D. Shamanism 2. Which of the following challenged the social system described in the passage? A. Nomadic invaders B. High taxes on the peasantry C. Buddhism D. Daoist beliefs about balance and nature 3. Which of the following was the consequence of the divisions described in the passage? A. An increase in trade along Indian Ocean sea routes B. A monastic life for Brahmins C. The development of a rigid caste system that contributed to political roles in India D. The spread of Confucianism into India via the Silk Road Questions 1-3 refer to the following chart. 1. The empires in the chart shaped which distinctive trade route? A. Trans -Atlantic B. Indian Ocean C. Mediterranean Sea D. Baltic Sea 2. Which of the following empires borrowed heavily from the empires in this chart? A. Han B. Roman C. Mauryan D. Gupta 3. Which of the following is evidenced from the chart? A. Early empires did not stress education B. The Persian and Greek empires did not have contact with each other C. Greece only focused on democracy D. Early empires built powerful military machines Questions 1.1 to 1.3 refer to the table below. 1.1 In the earliest timeframe above, where would the largest concentrations of humans be located? (A) The Middle East (B) Sub-Saharan Africa (C) South Asia (D) The Americas 1.2 The development that most accounts for world population growth to 5000 B.C.E. would be (A) the elimination of predators (B) the development of animism (C) the development of agriculture (D) the development of standing armies 1.3 Most historians subscribe to which theory explaining early human migration? (A) Humanity spread while all the continents were still connected. (B) The Candlelabra theory which suggests that the human species developed independently in several different parts of the world. (C) The Out of Africa theory, suggesting that humanity began in East Africa and spread to the rest of the world. (D) The first region to be populated by humans was the Middle East and the last region was the Americas. Questions 2.1 to 2.3 refer to the passage below. “Within four thousand years of its introduction, agriculture had dramatically transformed the face of the earth. Human beings multiplied prodigiously, congregated in densely populated quarters, placed the surrounding lands under cultivation, and domesticated several species of animals. . . . Like the transition from foraging to agricultural societies, the development of cities and complex societies organized around urban centers was a gradual process rather than a well -defined event. Because of favorable location, some Neolithic villages and towns attr acted more people and grew larger than others. Over time, some of those settlements evolved into cities.” Jerry Bentley and Herbert Ziegler, Traditions and Encounters , 4e World Population to 5,000 B.C.E. Year Population 1,000,000 B.C.E. 100,000 300,000 B.C.E. 1,000,000 25,000 B.C.E. 3,300,000 10,000 B.C.E. 4,000,000 5,000 B.C.E. 5,000,000 2.1 What would be the most important factor determining a “favorable location” in the evolution of a village into a city? (A) Natural barriers to prevent foreign invasion (B) A plentiful supply of timber (C) A hinterland (surrounding countryside) filled with animals to be hunted (D) A predictable supply of drinking water 2.2 A major difference between a village and a city in Neolithic times was (A) cities possessed greater specialization of labor (B) cities tended to be on higher ground for defensive reasons (C) villages were more democratic and cities were more autocratic (D) religion was more important in villages 2.3 Which of the following would MOST characterize “complex societies” during Neolithic times? (A) specialization of labor (B) stone tools (C) matriarchal societies (D) slash and burn farming Questions 3.1 to 3.2 refer to the map below. 3.1 This pestle for mashing taro found in Papua, New Guinea and believed to be 8000 years old indicates that (A) the region had developed a settled agricultural community (B) it is likely the region still relied on a nomadic lifestyle (C) the region must have a trade relationship with Hawaii (D) the culture must have developed the ability to smelt iron 3.2 Which of the following characteristics would the people of this region have to display to demonstrate the emergence of Neolithic technology? (A) Stone tools (B) The control of fire (C) Possession of the wheel (D) Farming implements Questions 4.1 and 4.2 refer to the map below. 4.1 The last Ice Age depicted above would have delayed human habitation of (A) Siberia (B) western Europe (C) Australia (D) the Americas 4.2 Using the map as well as information from the chapter, which region of the world would develop the most concentrated prehistoric effort at animal domestication? (A) the northern reaches of the western hemisphere (B) Oceania (C) Sub-Saharan Africa (D) Southwest Asia Questions 1.1 to 1.3 refer to the table below. COMPARING EARLY FORMS OF GOVERNMENT Civilization Form of Government Leading Individual or Body Characteristics Relationship Between Government and Religion Egypt: Middle Kingdom Dynasty, highly centralized Pharaoh Hierarchy of appointed officials under the pharaoh Pharaoh was seen as both a ruler and a god Greece: Athens City-State Direct democracy, highly centralized • The Assembly (all citizens) • Council of 500 (chosen by lottery) • Courts (magistrates chosen by lottery) Males over 18 were considered citizens, and they could participate in government Religion was separate from government but influential China: Han Dynasty Dynasty, centralized Emperor with advice from others Officials chosen by Emperor based on skill and knowledge following Confucian ideas Religion was mostly separate from functions of government Rome: Republic Republic, centralized Emperor and senate Citizens elect senators Religion was separate from government but influential 1.1 In which civilization would local autonomy be the most prized? (A) Egypt (B) Greece (C) China (D) Rome 1.2 Which civilization had the greatest impact on the development of Roman government? (A) Egypt (B) Greece (C) Persian (D) Han 1.3Which civilization most practiced separation of church and state? (A) Egypt (B) Greece (C) China (D) Rome . Questions 2.1 to 2.3 refer to the map below.