(Test Bank) Introduction to Criminology, Why Do They Do It?

Schram, 3

Criminology & Criminal Justice

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Test Bank CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY Multiple Choice 1. A crime that is considered “an act which is not inherently immoral, but becomes so because its commission is expressly forbidden by positive law” is called ______. a. mala in se b. mala prohibita c. illegal d. civil wrongs Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Easy 2. A crime that is considered “an act inherently and essentially evil, that is immoral in its nature and injurious in its consequence, without any regard to the fact of its being noticed or punished by the law of the state” is called ______. a. mala in se b. mala prohibita c. illegal d. civil wrongs Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Prostitution is illegal in most jurisdictions in the United States. However, prostitution is legal, and licensed, in most counties of Nevada. This type of crime would be considered ______. a. mala in se b. mala prohibita c. illegal d. civil wrongs Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Easy Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 4. ______ are not necessarily against the law but are considered atypical and may be deemed immoral rather than illegal. a. mala in se b. mala prohibita c. Deviant acts d. Civil wrongs Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Easy 5. ______ defined criminology as the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon, which includes the process of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting toward the breaking of laws. a. Hirschi b. Gottfredson c. Durkheim d. Sutherland Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice? Difficulty Level: Easy 6. ______ often refers to the various criminal justice agencies and institutions, such as police, courts, and corrections, that are interrelated and work together toward common goals. a. Victimology b. Restorative justice c. Criminal justice d. Jurisprudence Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice? Difficulty Level: Easy 7. A ______ of crime views the formal system of laws, as well as the enforcement of those laws, as incorporating societal norms for which there is a broad normative consensus. a. conflict perspective b. symbolic interactionism c. consensus perspective d. traditionalism perspective Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 8. The ______ maintains that there is conflict between various societal groups with different interests, and it is often resolved when the group in power achieves control. a. conflict perspective b. symbolic interactionism c. consensus perspective d. rational choice theory Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 9. The structure of the criminal justice system is often presented as ______. a. police and corrections b. police and courts c. police, courts, and corrections d. police, victims, and courts Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy 10. ______ are designated as lower courts, and they do not have power that extends to the overall administration of justice; thus, they do not try felony cases and do not have appellate authority. a. Courts of limited jurisdiction b. Courts of general jurisdiction c. Courts of appellate jurisdiction d. The Supreme Court Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 11. ______ are designated as major trial courts. They have the power and authority to try and decide any case, including appeals from a lower court. a. Courts of limited jurisdiction b. Courts of general jurisdiction c. Courts of appellate jurisdiction d. The Supreme Court Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 12. ______ are designated as appeals courts. They are limited in their jurisdiction decisions on matters of appeal from lower courts and trial courts. a. Courts of limited jurisdiction b. Courts of general jurisdiction c. Courts of appellate jurisdiction d. The Supreme Court Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 13. According to conflict perspective, conflict is often resolved when the group in power achieves ______. a. control b. a truce c. defeat d. values Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 14. The general purpose of the criminal justice system includes all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. control crime b. prevent crime c. community support d. provide and maintain justice Ans: C Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy 15. The term criminal justice generally refers to all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. corrections b. military c. police d. courts Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy 16. The term criminology was first coined by ______. a. Raffaele Garafalo b. Paul Topinard c. Edwin Sutherland d. Joanne Belknap Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice? Difficulty Level: Medium 17. The federal court system is a three-tiered model including all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. U.S. Small Claims Court b. U.S. Supreme Court c. U.S. District Courts d. U.S. Courts of Appeals Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 18. In 2002, President George W. Bush created the ______ in an effort to protect and defend the United States from terrorist threats. a. Drug Enforcement Administration Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. Department of Homeland Security c. Federal Bureau of Investigation d. U.S. Secret Service Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Law Enforcement Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Historically, the primary objective of processing juveniles was to determine ______. a. guilt b. innocence c. what was in the best interest of the child d. if their parents had any responsibility Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 20. ______ is generally reserved for those convicted of more serious crimes with longer sentences who may be housed in a supermax, maximum, medium, or minimum security prison, based on security concerns. a. Jail b. Probation c. Parole d. Prison Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 21. ______ is a criterion of causality that requires a change in a predictor variable (X) to be consistently associated with some change in the explanatory variable (Y). a. Causation b. Spuriousness c. Validity d. Correlation Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Three Requirements for Determining Causality Difficulty Level: Medium 22. ______ is a relatively new area of criminology. a. Policing b. Victimology c. Research methods d. Statistical analysis Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Victimology Difficulty Level: Easy 23. ______ is given by the state/government, and restitution is given by the offender, typically as part of the sentence given. a. Compensation b. Restorative justice c. Victim impact statements d. Jurisdiction Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Compensation and Restitution Difficulty Level: Medium 24. In 1983, the ______ was established by the U.S. Department of Justice to implement recommendations from the President’s Task Force on Victims of Crime. a. Department of Victimology and Statistics b. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention c. Department of Justice and Measurements d. Office of Compensation and Restitution Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Child Abuse and Neglect Difficulty Level: Medium 25. The ______ task force program assists state and local enforcement in preventing and investigating technology-based sexual exploitation. a. Central Intelligence Agency Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. Department of Homeland Security c. Internet Crimes Against Children d. Federal Bureau of Investigation Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Child Abuse and Neglect Difficulty Level: Medium 26. The American colonists followed the common law doctrine from England, which held that juveniles ______ years or older could be treated the same as adult offenders. a. 7 b. 12 c. 14 d. 18 Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 27. The U.S. corrections systems include several residential sanctions, such as ______, work release programs, and study release programs. a. prisons b. halfway houses c. jails d. house arrest Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Medium 28. The United States has a three-tiered federal court system. The middle tier includes ______ circuit courts of appeal. a. 3 b. 13 c. 50 d. 94 Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 29. The U.S. corrections systems include several non-residential sanctions, such as ______, electronic monitoring, and day reporting centers. a. jails b. prisons c. halfway houses d. house arrest Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 30. The concept of parens patriae led the juvenile justice system to focus on determining what was in the best interests of the child. As a result, juvenile offenders in the United States ______. a. have always enjoyed the same due process rights as adults b. did not obtain due process rights until after the Civil War c. did not obtain due process rights until the 1960s. d. still have no recognized due process rights according to the Supreme Court Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 31. In the 1967 case In re Gault, the Supreme Court determined that juvenile defendants were entitled to certain due process guarantees, such as the right to be notified of charges, the right to counsel, the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses, and the right ______. a. against self-incrimination b. to guaranteed bail after arraignment c. to formally protest excessive fines d. to free speech during court hearings Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 32. In the juvenile justice system, a trial is called a/an ______. a. commitment b. adjudication hearing c. delinquent act d. detention Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Juveniles are usually confined to facilities called ______ on a short-term basis while awaiting trial. a. prisons b. jails c. detention centers d. work camps Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Certain state statutes exclude certain juvenile offenders from juvenile court jurisdiction, such as when a juvenile has been tried and convicted as an adult on a previous occasion. These provisions are called ______. a. statutory exclusions b. concurrent jurisdictions c. detention hearings d. waiver provisions Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 35. A ______ is the authority to waive juvenile court jurisdiction and transfer the case to criminal court. a. disposition hearing b. temporal ordering c. judicial waiver d. jurisdiction Ans: C Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy 36. ______ is attained by explaining a phenomenon, such as criminal activity, in the simplest way possible. a. Temporality b. Parsimony c. Criminology d. Exclusivity Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Five Characteristics of Good Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 37. What is the trait that indicates how much of a given phenomenon a theory attempts to explain? a. testability b. correlation c. causation d. scope Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Five Characteristics of Good Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 38. ______ is the extent to which a theory can be empirically and scientifically evaluated for accuracy. a. Testability b. Correlation c. Causation d. Scope Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Five Characteristics of Good Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 39. ______ is the extent to which a theoretical model is supported by scientific research. a. Parsimony b. Scope Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. Testability d. Empirical validity Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Five Characteristics of Good Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 40. The extent to which concepts and propositions of a theory make sense in terms of face value, consistency, and existing knowledge is called ______. a. logical consistency b. parsimony c. causality d. testability Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Five Characteristics of Good Theories Difficulty Level: Easy True/False 1. Some acts are moving from being deemed deviant to being declared illegal, such as using a cell phone while driving or smoking cigarettes in public. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Easy 2. There is one definition of what crime is, and it is the same in all countries. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Easy 3. While most mala in se activities are also considered highly deviant, this is not necessarily the case for mala prohibita acts. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Easy Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 4. Criminology is the scientific study of crime. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice? Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Joanne Belknap states she prefers to use the terms crime processing, criminal processing, and criminal legal system, instead of the term criminal justice, given that “the processing of victims and offenders [is] anything but ‘just.’” Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice? Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Criminologists, such as Richard Quinney, William Chambliss, and Austin Turk, maintain that criminological theory has not placed enough emphasis on explaining criminal behavior. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The main goals of the criminal justice system are to control crime, to prevent crime, and to provide and maintain justice. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Unlike the court system, law enforcement doesn’t include various organizational levels at the federal, state, and local levels. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Law Enforcement Difficulty Level: Easy 9. An offender can be placed on probation, incarcerated, or transferred to some type of community-based corrections facility. Ans: T Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 10. An offender may have to comply with both general and specific conditions of probation. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 11. The Postal Service and the Forest Service have no police power. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Law Enforcement Difficulty Level: Hard 12. According to the text, journalists play a key role in examining crime by exploring what is happening in criminal justice and revealing injustices as well as new forms of crime. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice? Difficulty Level: Medium 13. The question “Why are some behaviors defined as criminal while others are not?” is considered part of the conflict perspective. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 14. The United States has one judicial system. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Courts Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 15. The U.S. Supreme Court has unlimited jurisdiction. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Studies show that victim impact statements in death penalty cases have virtually no impact on sentencing when the case involves a victim of low socio-economic status. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Victim Impact Statements Difficulty Level: Medium 17. In the field of criminology, it is fairly easy to establish causality. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Three Requirements for Determining Causality Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Deviant acts are always considered atypical, and are universally illegal. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Easy 19. The term criminology was first coined by the Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo in 1885. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice? Difficulty Level: Easy 20. The consensus perspective of crime is currently the prevailing explanation of criminal behavior that is accepted by most social scientists. Ans: F