(Test Bank) Sociology A Down-to-Earth Approach

Henslin, 14

Sociology

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14th Edition

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iii Copyright © 2019, 2017, and 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CONTENTS Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective 1 Chapter 2 Culture 15 Chapter 3 Socialization 30 Chapter 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction 45 Chapter 5 How Sociologists Do Research 59 Chapter 6 Societies to Social Networks 74 Chapter 7 Bureaucracy and Formal Organizations 89 Chapter 8 Deviance and Social Control 104 Chapter 9 Global Stratification 120 Chapter 10 Social Class in the United States 135 Chapter 11 Sex and Gender 150 Chapter 12 Race and Ethnicity 165 Chapter 13 Aging and the Elderly 180 Chapter 14 The Economy 195 Chapter 15 Politics 210 Chapter 16 Marriage and Family 225 Chapter 17 Education 239 Chapter 18 Religion 254 Chapter 19 Medicine and Health 269 Chapter 20 Population and Urbanization 284 Chapter 21 Collective Behavior and Social Movements 299 Chapter 22 Social Change and the Environment 314 1 Copyright © 2019, 2017, and 2014 by Pearson Ed ucation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Multiple -Choice Questions TB_Q1.1.1 The __________ perspective emphasizes the social contexts in which people live. a. societal b. sociological c. natural sciences d. ethnocentric Answer: b. sociological Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Explain why both history and biography are essential for the sociological perspective. Topic/Concept: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.1.2 A group of people who share a culture and a territory is known as a(n) _____ _____. a. global group b. extended family group c. society d. global village Answer: c. society Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Explain why both history and biography are essential for the sociological perspective. Topic/Concept: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.1.3 The corners in life that people occupy because of their place in a society are referred to as __________. a. social location b. social affiliation c. social empowerment d. dominant groups Answer: a. social location Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Explain why both history and biography are essential for the sociological perspective. Topic/Concept: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.1.4 Our a ncestors __________. a. lived in a global village b. perceived the world beyond their communities only dimly c. lived in big cities d. bought all their food even though they raised and sold crops Answer: b. perceived the world beyond their communities onl y dimly 2 Copyright © 2019, 2017, and 2014 by Pearson Ed ucation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Explain why both history and biography are essential for the sociological perspective. Topic/Concept: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q1.2.5 __________ is the study of society and human behavior. a. Natural science b. Science c. Psychology d. Sociology Answer: d. Sociology Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Know the focus of each social science. Topic/Concept: Sociology and the Other Sciences Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.2.6 Xavier is doing research in organic chemistry. He is a chemist, but in a broader sense, he is a(n) __________. a. social scientist b. natural scientist c. biologist d. anthropologist Answer: b. natural scientist Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Know the focus of each social science. Topic/Concept: Sociology and the Other Sciences Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q1.2.7 Human relationships are examined by __________. a. the social sciences b. natural science c. all science d. mathematics Answer: a. the social sciences Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Know the focus of each social science. Topic/Concept: Sociology and the Other Sciences Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concep ts TB_Q1.2.8 The social science closely related to sociology, which traditionally focuses on tribal peoples, is __________. a. economics b. political science c. psychology d. anthropology 3 Copyright © 2019, 2017, and 2014 by Pearson Ed ucation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Answer: d. anthropology Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Know the focus of each social science. Topic/Concept: Sociology and the Other Sciences Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.2.9 __________ focuses on politics and government. a. Political science b. Anthropology c. Psychology d. Economics Answer: a. Political science Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Know the focus of each social science. Topic/Concept: Sociology and the Other Sciences Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.2.10 Which of the social scienc es concentrates on a single social institution? a. Economics b. Anthropology c. Psychology d. Sociology Answer: a. Economics Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Know the focus of each social science. Topic/Concept: Sociology and the Other Sciences Difficulty Level : Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.2.11 Judy is a Ph.D. candidate currently studying divorce rates in Western Europe. She is likely a sociologist rather than an anthropologist because __________. a. sociologists must have an advanced degree b. “ant hropologist” is just the outdated term for “sociologist” c. she is focusing mainly on industrialized and postindustrialized societies d. she is focusing mainly on primitive societies Answer: c. sociologists focus mainly on industrialized and postindustrialized societies Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Know the focus of each social science. Topic/Concept: Sociology and the Other Sciences Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q1.2.12 After a sociologist has been able to gene ralize from his or her findings, the next goal is to __________. a. publish the study b. predict what is likely to happen based on those findings c. prove prior research has been inaccurate d. question the findings Answer: b. predict what is likely to ha ppen based on those findings 4 Copyright © 2019, 2017, and 2014 by Pearson Ed ucation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Know the focus of each social science. Topic/Concept: Sociology and the Other Sciences Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.2.13 The first goal of science involves __________. a. contradicting previous research b. trying to make sense of something c. proving why “common sense” is right d. sticking with the individual case rather than the broader group or situation Answer: b. trying to make sense of something Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Know the focus of each social science. Topic/Concept: Sociology and the Other Sciences Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.3.14 Auguste Comte is credited as being the founder of __________. a. sociology b. economics c. modern science d. political science Answer: a. sociology Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.3.15 Using ____ ______, Comte applied the scientific method to the social world. a. negativism b. positivism c. natural science d. anthropology Answer: b. positivism Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.3.16 The __________ uses objective, systematic observations to test theories. a. naturalistic method b. commonsense method c. scientific method d. research -free tec hnique Answer: c. scientific method Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Sociology 5 Copyright © 2019, 2017, and 2014 by Pearson Ed ucation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.3.17 The phrase “surviva l of the fittest” was coined by __________. a. Charles Darwin b. Herbert Spencer c. Auguste Comte d. Karl Marx Answer: b. Herbert Spencer Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Soc iology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.3.18 Karl Marx believed that __________ was the most relevant factor in history. a. democracy b. communism c. reconciliation d. class conflict Answer: d. class conflict Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.3.19 The __________, according to Marx, were the workers who were oppr essed by those who owned the means of production. a. capitalists b. communists c. proletariat d. fascists Answer: c. proletariat Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.3.20 Durkheim’s concept of __________ refers to how much people are tied to their social groups. a. social integration b. revolution c. conflict theory d. religion Answer: a. social integration Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6 Copyright © 2019, 2017, and 2014 by Pearson Ed ucation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. TB_Q1.3.21 The __________ examined by sociologists are s ocietal characteristics or events that happen over and over. a. individual motivations b. patterns of behavior c. nonsocial forces d. rationales Answer: b. patterns of behavior Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to M ax Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.3.22 According to Max Weber, the key factor in society is __________. a. economics b. politics c. religion d. tradition Answer: c. religion Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.4.23 Max Weber said that sociology should be __________. a. class conscious b. biased c. guided by personal values d. value free Answer: d. value free Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Summarize the arguments in the debate about values in sociological research. Topic/Concept: Values in Sociological Research Difficulty Lev el: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.4.24 Constance, a sociologist, found a piece of research performed by another sociologist intriguing. It looked at the impact of learning new activities on the aging process. When she read the results, w hich were reported in a journal she read, she saw that the number of people studied had been very small. But the report itself was well written and enthusiastic. Much as Constance was excited by the findings, she wondered if bias might have affected them. Things looked just a little bit too good. The way to check this would be to __________ the study. a. demand that the author defend b. denounce c. replicate d. ask colleagues about Answer: c. replicate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Summarize the arguments in the debate about values in sociological research. Topic/Concept: Values in Sociological Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 7 Copyright © 2019, 2017, and 2014 by Pearson Ed ucation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. TB_Q1.5.25 What does the German word Verstehen mean? a. To explain b. To investigate c. To understa nd d. To reject Answer: c. To understand Learning Objective: LO 1.5 State what Verstehen is, and why it is valuable. Topic/Concept: Verstehen and Social Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.5.26 __________ meanings are what individuals ascribe to their own life circumstances and behaviors. a. Subjective b. Subjunctive c. Objective d. Obstructive Answer: a. Subjective Learning Objective: LO 1.5 State what Verstehen is, and why it is valuable. Topic/Concept: Verstehen and So cial Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.5.27 Rather than Verstehen , Durkheim focused on societal patterns, which he called __________. a. nicht Verstehen b. social facts c. research into dreams d. emotion Answer: b. social facts Learning Objective: LO 1.5 State what Verstehen is, and why it is valuable. Topic/Concept: Verstehen and Social Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.5.28 More babies are delivered on Tuesdays than on any other day for the convenience of the __________. a. doctors b. patients c. babies d. midwives Answer: a: doctors Learning Objective: LO 1.5 State what Verstehen is, and why it is valuable. Topic/Concept: Verstehen and Social Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.6.29 When did sociology first take root in the United States? 8 Copyright © 2019, 2017, and 2014 by Pearson Ed ucation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. a. the middle of the eighteenth century b. the late nineteenth century c. the middle of the twentieth century d. the early twenty -first century Answer: b. the late nineteenth century Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.6.30 Why do women not figure more prominently among early sociologists? a. There were no early female sociologists. b. Once sociology became a recognized academic discipline, men in academic positions decided that women eng aged in social reform were not legitimate sociologists. c. In no field has sexism been more evident than in sociology. d. The field of sociology seemed neither rigorous enough nor relevant enough to attract women. Answer: b. Once sociology became a recogn ized academic discipline, men in academic positions decided that women engaged in social reform were not legitimate sociologists. Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective anal ysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.6.31 The work of W. E. B. Du Bois, an African American, __________. a. was recognized as an important part of the foundations of sociology from the earliest times b. has been completely ignored until the present c. was rejected by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) d. is recognized as important by contemporary sociologists Answer: d. is recogniz ed as important by contemporary sociologists Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: D ifficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.6.32 W. E. B. Du Bois __________. a. was primarily a novelist b. collected and interpreted the work of others rather than making original contributions c. became a revolutionary Marxist and moved to Ghana d. had the good fortune to grow up in an era virtually free of racism Answer: c. became a revolutionary Marxist and moved to Ghana Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9 Copyright © 2019, 2017, and 2014 by Pearson Ed ucation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. TB_Q1.6.33 Early sociologist and social reformer Jane Addams __________. a. fought against the American Civil Liberties Union b. won th e Nobel Peace Prize c. married W. E. B. Du Bois d. never joined the American Sociological Society Answer: b. won the Nobel Peace Prize Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.6.34 Talcott Parsons was influential in __________. a. shifting sociology from reform to theory b. warnin g Americans about the power elite c. developing concrete models for social change d. shifting sociology from theory to reform Answer: a. shifting sociology from reform to theory Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Trace the development of sociology in North Americ a, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.6.35 Perhaps ahead of the times, __________ warned of the dangers of t he coalescing interests of the top leaders of business, politics, and the military. a. Talcott Parsons b. Ernest Burgess c. Jane Addams d. C. Wright Mills Answer: d. C. Wright Mills Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.6.36 Who is the audience for basic sociology? a. Policy makers b. Clients c. Fellow sociologists and anyone interested d. All social and natural scientists Answer: c. Fellow sociologists and anyone interested Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension betwee n objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America 10 Copyright © 2019, 2017, and 2014 by Pearson Ed ucation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.6.37 Pure sociologists analyze some aspect of society to __________. a. make changes in the world b. ga in knowledge for its own sake c. solve problems for the betterment of society d. get grants for their departments Answer: b. gain knowledge for its own sake Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.6.38 __________ harnesses the sociological perspective for the public good. a. Basic sociology b. Exp erimental sociology c. Classical sociology d. Public sociology Answer: d. Public sociology Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.7.39 In __________, symbols are the key to understanding how we look at the world and communicate with each other. a. functional analysis b. symbolic interac tionism c. conflict theory d. order theory Answer: b. symbolic interactionism Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Topic/Concept: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.7.40 One of the sociologists who developed symbolic interactionism is __________. a. George Herbert Mead b. Auguste Comte c. Robert Merton d. Herbert Spencer Answer: a. George Herbert Mead 11 Copyright © 2019, 2017, and 2014 by Pearson Ed ucation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Topic/Concept: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.7.41 Applying s ymbolic interactionism, as divorce became more common, divorce became __________, a. more stigmatized b. a symbol of failure c. associated with new beginnings d. a symbol of success Answer: c. associated with new beginnings Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Expl ain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Topic/Concept: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q1.7.42 Charles was studying symbolic interactionism in his sociology class. Charles was surprised to find that sociologists who took this viewpoint thought that having love as the central reason for people to get married __________. a. prevents spouses from blaming each other b. actually may cause a weakening of the marriage c. makes divorce all but impossible d. actually may cause a strengthening of the marriage Answer: b. actually may cause a weakening of the marriage Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactio nism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Topic/Concept: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q1.7.43 In the eyes of __________, society consists of connected parts working together as a whole. a. symbolic interactionists b. conflict theorists c. functionalists d. George Herbert Mead Answer: c. functionalists Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Topic/C oncept: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.7.44 Robert Merton would say negative results of people’s actions are __________. a. functions 12 Copyright © 2019, 2017, and 2014 by Pearson Ed ucation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. b. dysfunctions c. latent functions d. balancing functions Answer: b. dysfunctions Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Topic/Concept: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Leve l: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.7.45 Who was the founder of conflict theory? a. Robert Merton b. George Herbert Mead c. Max Weber d. Karl Marx Answer: d. Karl Marx Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Topic/Concept: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.7.46 Face -to-face interaction is the focus of analysis in __________. a. symbolic interactionism b. conflict theory c. any sociological viewpoint d. functional analysis Answer: a. symbolic interactionism Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Topic/Concept: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.7.47 __________ operates at the microsociological level. a. Symbolic interactionism b. Functional analysis c. Anthropology d. Conflict theory Answer: a. Symbolic interactionism Learn ing Objective: LO 1.7 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Topic/Concept: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13 Copyright © 2019, 2017, and 2014 by Pearson Ed ucation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. TB_Q1.7.48 In ________ __, the focus is on the struggle for scarce resources by different groups in society. a. functional analysis b. classical sociology c. conflict theory d. symbolic interactionism Answer: c. conflict theory Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Topic/Concept: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.8.49 Technological breakthroughs have enabled people to commu nicate, trade, and travel much more freely; the resultant erosion of what were once more impermeable national boundaries is known as __________. a. conflict theory b. globalization c. Verstehen d. focusing on the macro level Answer: b. globalization Learn ing Objective: LO 1.8 Explain how research versus reform and globalization are likely to influence sociology. Topic/Concept: Trends Shaping the Future of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.8.50 Capitalism becom ing the world’s dominant economic system is known as __________. a. the globalization of capitalism b. symbolic interactionism c. increasing isolationism d. the advance of democracy Answer: a. the globalization of capitalism Learning Objective: LO 1.8 Explain how research versus reform and globalization are likely to influence sociology. Topic/Concept: Trends Shaping the Future of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Essay Questions TB_Q1.2.51 : How do sociologists differ fr om psychologists? Feedback: The difference is in the focus. Psychologists study what goes on within individuals. Sociologists study factors external to individuals. Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Know the focus of each social science. Topic/Concept: The Socio logical Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 14 Copyright © 2019, 2017, and 2014 by Pearson Ed ucation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. TB_Q1.3.52: Very broadly, where did Weber believe that capitalism was more likely to flourish? Feedback: Max Weber believed that religion was the main force in social change. He thou ght that Roman Catholicism encouraged followers to hold on to traditional ways. He also believed the Protestant belief system encouraged change. Weber compared the extent of capitalism in Roman Catholic and Protestant countries and found capitalism more ad vanced in the latter. Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.4.53: Give two ways that social research can be used. Because which of the two is preferable is under debate, do you have a preference? What is it, and why? Feedback: Some think that social research should be used by anyone for any purpose. Others think that social research should be used to improve so ciety. The second of these is the opinion held by the majority of sociologists today. Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Summarize the arguments in the debate about values in sociological research. Topic/Concept: Values in Sociological Research Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.7.54 : Discuss feminists and conflict theory. Feedback: Marx used conflict theory to examine conflict between capitalists and workers. Many feminists look at conflict between men and women in the same way: historica l inequalities, contemporary inequalities, global inequalities. Not all feminists employ conflict theory. Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Topic/Concept: Theoretical P erspectives in Sociology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.8.55 : Describe the three historical phases of sociology. Feedback: A tension between social reform and social analysis runs through sociology’s history. First phase: main purpose — to improve society; time —origins until the 1920s. Second phase: main purpose —to develop abstract knowledge; time —from the 1920s until the 1960s. Third phase: main purpose —to seek ways to apply sociological research findings; time —from the 1960s to the present. Learning Objective: LO 1.8 Explain how research versus reform and globalization are likely to influence sociology. Topic/Concept: Trends Shaping the Future of Sociology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It