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Martin/uni00A0Caon Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and Physiology 2000 Multiple Choice Questions Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and Physiology Martin Caon Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and Physiology 2000 Multiple Choice Questions Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com . ISBN 978-981-10-2331-6 ISBN 978-981-10-2332-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2332-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016955049 © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #22-06/08 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Martin Caon School of Health Sciences Flinders University Bedford Park , South Australia , Australia v Pref ace Two thousand multiple choice questions that could be asked of a student of introduc- tory human anatomy and physiology are presented in 40 categories. It is assumed that users of these questions are teachers or students who have completed at least part of an anatomy and physiology course that might be offered in the fi rst year of a university degree programme. It is also assumed that they would have access to one of the anatomy and physiology textbooks (or similar) listed in the bibliography below. Each category has an Introduction containing a summary of useful knowl-edge pertinent to that category of question. However not all possible information is provided within these Introductions, so a textbook is indispensable. The summary Introductions are composed with vocabulary that may be unfamiliar to the beginning student but which should be known in order to understand the questions. You will need to look up the meaning of many unfamiliar words as your studies progress. All questions have been used at least once, during the author’s teaching career, in end of semester examinations of a university fi rst year undergraduate introductory anatomy and physiology course or a physical science course for health science stu-dents to support their anatomy and physiology study. Consequently they refl ect the author’s choice of content. Students enrolled in the courses for which these ques-tions were written include nursing, midwifery, paramedic, physiotherapy, occupa-tional therapy, nutrition and dietetics, health science students, exercise science students and students taking the course as an elective. Often, the students did not have an extensive background in science from their secondary schooling. Some knowledge of physical science is required to understand physiology; hence, physical science questions are included. Students without some background knowledge in chemistry and physics will fi nd such questions challenging and will need to work a little harder to develop their background knowledge. The boundary between chem-istry and biochemistry is not distinct; nevertheless, chemistry is implicit in physiol-ogy. Furthermore, the physics of the body becomes physiology so gradually that sometimes the boundary between the two is only noticed after it has been crossed. Some questions were diffi cult to categorise and may span two (or more) catego- ries. Furthermore, in order to answer some questions, you may need knowledge drawn from other “sections” of anatomy different from the name of the section in vi which the question appears. This is not a bad thing as it emphasises the connected nature of human anatomy and physiology. Each question is unique (there are no duplicates). However, many questions will be examining the same (or similar) material albeit with a differently worded question or different choice of answers. If the questions are to be used to compile an examination, then care should be taken to exclude questions that are too similar to already selected ones. On the other hand, if the questions are to be used for instruction or study purposes, I would suggest including several similar questions in consecutive order to emphasise the point and to give the student practice. Advice to the Exam Candidate The correct choice of answer for each question is provided. Accompanying the cor-rect choice is a justifi cation for the choice or an explanation of the correct answer and sometimes of why the other choices are incorrect. The degree of diffi culty var- ies, but not by intentional design. The perception of diffi culty depends on that part of science that the question examines, the level of scientifi c background brought to the course by the student and their level of studious preparation for the examination. There is only one best correct answer for each of the multiple choice questions among the four choices presented. However, there may be more than one correct answer. You must choose the best one. In an examination, never leave a question unanswered. If you cannot decide on an answer, guess at it (after eliminating any choices that you deem to be incorrect). That is, you will be rewarded for the ability to decrease the number of choices from which you are guessing, from 4 to 3 or 2. In marking multiple choice questions, I suggest that that one mark be allocated for a correct answer and that a quarter of a mark be deducted for a wrong answer or an unanswered question. Deducting a quarter mark will reduce the score that would be gained by selecting an answer from the four choices purely at random (i.e. guess-ing), from about 25 % to about 6 %. Not to deduct a quarter mark is, in my opinion, unsound. Be aware of questions that are asked in the negative. That is, those that have NOT true; or FALSE; or INCORRECT; or EXCEPT one, in the stem. In this case you are seeking a statement that is wrong in order to answer the question. Do not be intimi-dated by arithmetical calculations. The calculation itself will be simple. Deciding what to add, multiply or divide with what, is the tricky part. Some questions have been paraphrased from those published in the third edition of the book Human Science: Matter and Energy in the Human Body (Caon, M., & Hickman, R. (2003), Crawford House Australia Publishing, Belair South Australia), and are used with the authors’ permission. Bedford Park, SA, Australia Martin Caon Prefacevii Bibliography Textbooks suitable for use in an introductory anatomy and physiology course. Later editions may exist, and earlier editions will suffi ce: Caon, M. & Hickman, R. (2003) Human Science: Matter and Energy in the Human Body 3rd ed, Crawford House Australia Publishing, Belair South Australia. ISBN 0863332552 Marieb, E.N & Hoehn K.N. (2015) Human Anatomy & Physiology 10th ed, Pearson Martini, F.H., Nath, J.L. & Bartholomew, E. F. (2015) Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology 10th ed, Pearson McKinley, M.P. Oloughlin, V .D. & Bidle T.S. (2013) Anatomy & Physiology An Integrative Approach, McGraw Hill Patton, K.T. & Thibodeau, G.A. (2016) Anatomy & Physiology 9th ed, Elsevier Saladin, K.S. (2012) Anatomy & Physiology: The unity of form and function 6th ed, McGraw Hill Tortora, G.J. & Derrickson, B. (2012) Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 13th ed, Wiley Van De Graff, K.M. & Fox, S.I. (1999) Concepts of human Anatomy & Physiology 5th ed, WCB VanPutte, C. Regan, A. Russo, A. & Seeley, R. (2016?) Seeley’s Anatomy & Physiology 11th ed, McGraw Hill Prefaceix Contents 1 Organisation of the Body ........................................................................ 1 2 Cells and Tissues ..................................................................................... 7 2.1 Cells and Tissues ........................................................................... 7 2.2 Cell Cycle (Mitosis and Protein Synthesis) ................................... 27 3 Measurement, Errors and Data ............................................................. 35 4 Chemistry for Physiology ....................................................................... 43 4.1 Atoms and Molecules .................................................................... 43 4.2 Solutions ........................................................................................ 52 4.3 Diffusion and Osmosis ................................................................... 61 4.4 Tonicity, Moles and Osmoles ......................................................... 69 4.5 Acids, Bases and Buffers ............................................................... 79 4.6 Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules ...................................... 93 5 Integument ............................................................................................... 105 6 Homeostasis ............................................................................................. 119 7 Skeleton and Joints ................................................................................. 125 8 Muscles ..................................................................................................... 143 9 Gastro-Intestinal System ........................................................................ 161 10 Endocrine System .................................................................................... 191 11 Renal System ........................................................................................... 211 12 Cardiovascular System ........................................................................... 237 12.1 Blood .............................................................................................. 237 12.2 Heart .............................................................................................. 250 12.3 Blood Vessels ................................................................................. 262 12.4 Pressure: The Physics of Pressure ................................................. 274 x 12.5 Pressure Applied to the Cardiovascular System ............................ 286 12.6 Blood Pressure and Its Control ...................................................... 297 13 Respiratory System ................................................................................. 315 13.1 Anatomy and Physiology ............................................................... 315 13.2 Pressure Applied to the Respiratory System ................................. 335 14 Nervous System ....................................................................................... 347 14.1 Cells and Action Potential ............................................................. 347 14.2 Brain and Spinal Cord Anatomy .................................................... 360 14.3 Autonomic System, Neurotransmitters, Refl exes .......................... 377 14.4 Special Senses (Eye & Ear) ........................................................... 389 14.4.1 Eye ................................................................................... 389 14.4.2 Ear .................................................................................... 397 15 Reproductive System .............................................................................. 405 16 Waves, Light Waves, Sound Waves, Ultrasound (The Physics Of) ...................................................................................... 419 16.1 Waves ............................................................................................. 419 16.2 Light Waves ................................................................................... 424 16.3 Sound ............................................................................................. 429 16.4 Ultrasound ...................................................................................... 432 17 Ionising Radiation ................................................................................... 437 17.1 Medical Imaging with X-Radiation ............................................... 437 17.2 Radioactivity, Radiotherapy, Nuclear Medicine, Radiation Safety ............................................................................. 445 18 Electricity ................................................................................................. 465 19 Biomechanics ........................................................................................... 475 20 Energy and Heat ..................................................................................... 493 Contents1 © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 M. Caon, Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and Physiology , DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2332-3_1 Chapter 1 Organisation of the Body A large part of beginning the study of anatomy and physiology is learning the spe- cialised words that are used. This new terminology may seem daunting but the chal-lenge lies in its unfamiliarity rather than its diffi culty of comprehension. You must expect to encounter a lot of new words and be prepared to learn them over the course of your study. Many of the words contain information as the words are con-structed with a prefi x and a suffi x or a stem that identifi es the word as referring to a specifi c part of anatomy or physiology. This sometimes makes the words rather long or unusual. You should know what the anatomical position of the body is and in what direc- tion the transverse, sagittal & coronal planes of the body lie. Directional terms such as: proximal/distal; deep/superfi cial; superior/inferior; lateral/medial; anterior/pos- terior; caudal/cephalic allow the location of one anatomical feature to be placed relative to another. The dorsal and ventral body cavities are located on different sides of the body and contain different organs. For ease of communication, the abdomen is divided into nine regions: right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypo-chondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric (or pubic), left inguinal regions. You should know the difference between physiology and anatomy and the defi nitions of metabolism, anabolism and catabolism. 1. Which of the listed terms is described by: “All the chemical processes that take place in the organelles and cytoplasm the cells of the body”? A. Metabolism B. Cellular respiration C. Homeostasis D. Physiology Answer is A: The quoted statement is a defi nition of metabolism 2 2. Which major organ lies deep to the right hypochondriac region? A. The stomach B. The spleen C. The liver D. The duodenum Answer is C: hypochondriac = below the rib cartilage; liver is located mostly on the right side. 3. Which plane of the body divides it into dorsal and ventral regions? A. Transverse B. Axial C. Coronal D. Sagittal Answer is C: dorsal and ventral = front and back – a coronal section so divides the body into these sections. 4. To which of the following does the “tissue level” of structural organisation refer? A. atoms, ions, molecules and electrolytes B. mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum C. nephron, alveolus, villus, lobule D. muscle, nervous, connective, epithelial Answer is D: the listed structures are the four major tissue types. 5. The directional term “superior” in anatomy means which of the following? A. cephalic B. ventral C. caudal D. dorsal Answer is A: cephalic refers to the head region. While superior refers to being closer to the head than is the other anatomical structure in question. 6. Which of the following is the best defi nition of physiology? A. The microscopic study of tissues and cells B. The study of how the body works. C. All the chemical processes that take place in the organelles of the body’s cells. D. The body’s automatic tendency to maintain a relatively constant internal environment. Answer is B: physiology is indeed the study of how the (healthy) body functions. 1 Organisation of the Body3 7. The “anatomical position” could be described as which of the following? A. Lying down prone B. Lying down supine C. Standing displaying the ventral surface of the body D. Standing with arms and legs abducted Answer is C: this is the best answer. Standing is required, as is having the arms hanging parallel to the sides, with palms facing forward. 8. Which choice best describes the location of the majority of the musculo- skeletal system? A. It is in the dorsal cavity B. It is in the ventral cavity C. It is in the abdomino-pelvic cavity D. It is not located in a body cavity Answer is D: the musculo-skeletal system is located in the arms and legs, and surrounding, but outside of the abdomino-pelvic, thoracic and the dorsal cavities. 9. Which of the following is/are the contents of the ventral cavity? A. heart and lungs B. brain and spinal cord C. viscera D. gut, kidneys, liver, pancreas, spleen, bladder, internal reproductive organs. Answer is C: this is the best answer. It is a collective term for all organs in the thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavities. 10. Which of the stated relationships is correct? A. the heart is inferior to the clavicle B. the shoulder is distal to the carpals C. the phalanges are proximal to the metacarpals D. the eye is medial to the eyebrows Answer is A: The heart is indeed below (inferior) to the clavicle. All other choices are wrong. 11. Which of the following is/are the contents of the dorsal body cavity? A. heart and lungs B. brain and spinal cord C. viscera D. gut, kidneys, liver, pancreas, spleen, bladder, internal reproductive organs. Answer is B: dorsal refers to the back, the cavity enclosed by the skull and vertebrae. 1 Organisation of the Body4 12. Which of the stated relationships is correct? A. the heart is superior to the large intestine B. the shoulder is distal to the metacarpals C. the phalanges are proximal to the carpals D. the eye is medial to the nose Answer is A: the heart is indeed above (superior) to the intestine. All other answers are wrong. 13. What is the study of how body parts function called? A. histology B. physiology C. homeostasis D. metabolism Answer is B: physiology refers to function 14. Which of the following correctly describes the two named body parts? A. the elbow is proximal to the shoulder B. the phalanges are distal to the carpals C. the ribs are proximal to the sternum D. the elbow is distal to the knee Answer is B: phalanges (fi nger bones) are indeed further from the trunk along the arm, than are the carpals (wrist bones) 15. Which one of the following statements is correct? A. the diaphragm separates the brain and spinal cord B. the ventral cavity contains the male and female reproductive system C. the abdomino-pelvic cavity contains the spinal cord. D. the dorsal cavity contains the brain and spinal cord Answer is D: dorsal means back and that is the cavity with spinal cord and brain. B is incorrect as the genitalia are outside the ventral cavity. 16. Complete the sentence correctly: “Cervical vertebrae are…… A. superior to the rib cage. B. inferior to the thoracic vertebrae. C. located between the thoracic and sacral vertebrae. D. fused into a single bone called the sacrum. Answer is A: cervix refers to “neck”. The cervical vertebrae are in the neck hence are above (superior) to the rib cage. 17. The dorsal body cavity contains which of the following organs? A. The brain. B. The brain and spinal cord. 1 Organisation of the Body5 C. The brain, spinal cord and heart. D. The brain, spinal cord, heart and kidneys. Answer is B: Dorsal refers to the back and is opposite to ventral. Only the brain and spinal cord occupy the dorsal cavity. All other answers are incorrect. 18. What does the process known as anabolism refer to? A. the use of energy for producing chemical substances. B. the breaking down phase of metabolism. C. all the chemical process that take place in the organelles of the cells. D. the supply of nutrients to the body’s cells. Answer is A: anabolism refers to the process of constructing/building mole- cules (think anabolic steroids). B refers to catabolism. C refers to metabolism. 19. To what does the term “hypochondriac” refer? A. A condition of having too few chondria. B. The region of abdomen inferior to the ribs. C. A person who often complains of an ailment. D. Having insuffi cient cartilage in the knees. Answer is B: In this case “hypo-” means below, while “-chondr” refers to the cartilage joining the ribs to the sternum (the costal cartilages). The regions of the abdomen immediately inferior to these rib cartilages (on the left and right sides of the body) is what is being referred to 20. If a medical image displays internal anatomy in mid-sagittal section, which of the following describes the section? A. A vertical section through the nose and umbilicus that divides the body into right and left halves. B. A cross-section through the midriff at about the level of the liver. C. A cross-section through the upper chest at about the level of the shoulders. D. A vertical section through the midpoint of the clavicle and through either the right or left thigh. Answer is A: A Sagittal section divides the body into left and right portions. A mid sagittal section means that the dividing line is in the vertical mid line of the body so that the halves are equal. 21. Which of the following best describes the “anatomical position”? A. Standing vertically, arms held horizontally, legs apart so that the tips of the head, hands and feet lie on an imaginary circle, drawn around the body. B. Standing “to attention”, with hands held so that thumbs are ventral while the fi fth digit is dorsal. 1 Organisation of the Body6 C. Standing “at ease” with hands clasped behind your back while adjacent and dorsal to the sacrum. D. Standing vertically, arms parallel and lateral to the ribs with hands inferior to the elbows and supinated. Answer is D: The anatomical position is achieved when standing with feet comfortably apart while displaying the ventral surface of the head, body and forearms to the same direction (forwards). 22. Which term describes the location of the adrenal glands with reference to the kidneys? A. proximal B. distal C. superior D. inferior Answer is C: The adrenal glands are on the cephalic side of the kidneys. Being closer to the head, they are termed “superior to the kidneys”. 23. Which of the following terms is NOT used to identify a region of the abdomen? A. left hypochondriac B. hypogastric C. epigastric D. right sacral Answer is D: Right sacral is not a region on the anterior surface of the abdomen. 24. What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? A. The mediastinum B. The diaphragm C. The peritoneum D. The pylorus Answer is B: The muscular diaphragm physically separates these two ventral cavities. 1 Organisation of the Body