(Test Bank) Invitation to Psychology

9780135179420, Wade,Tavris,Sommers,Shin, 8

Psychology

Test Bank

8th Edition

• $15.00 $50.00

---

Description

Test Bank for Invitation to Psychology, The downloadable file consists of 1116 pages, and the total size of the file is 6.38 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Wade, Tavris, Sommers, Shin

---

---

Study Note Preview

Invitation to Psychology 8e - Wade/Tavris/Sommers/Shin TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE Chapter 1 WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? Topic / Learning Objective Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It POP QUIZ 1 Multiple Choice 1-4,6- 9 5,10 POP QUIZ 2 Multiple Choice 1-6,8,10 7,9 Psychology, Pseudoscience, and Popular Opinion 1.1.A Define psychology, describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective, and differentiate it from pseudoscience and common sense. 1.1.B Discuss some of the early perspectives and individ uals that were influential forerunners of modern psychology. 1.1.C List and describe four major perspectives in psychology. 1.1.D Describe the roles that psychologists play in research, practice, and the community. Multiple Choice 1,5,7,8,10,11,13,1 4,16,17,19 -21, 23,33 2,12,24,26,30,32 9,18,22,27- 29,34 3,4,6,15,25,3 1 True/False 1-16, 19,21,23- 28 17,18,20,22 Short Answer 6 3-5,7 1,2 Essay 1-3 Integrative Essay 1 Thinking Critically and Scientifically About Psychology 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision -making. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. Multiple Choice 40,42 35,49 38,41,43- 46,52- 54 36,37,39,47,4 8,50,51 True/False 29,32 30,31,33- 38,40 39 Short Answer 9 8 10,11 Essay 4 5,6 Integrative Essay Doing Research: Moving from Questions to Data 1.3.A Describe the ways participants are selected for psychological studies and how the method of selection can influence interpretations of a study’s outcomes. 1.3.B Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using different descriptive methods such as case studies, observatio nal methods, tests, and surveys. Multiple Choice 55,58,60,64,69,70 56,61- 63,73,74 57,59,66- 68, 71,72 65 True/False 41-43,47- 53 44-46 Short Answer 12 13,14 Essay 7 Integrative Essay (Continued on next page) Invitation to Psychology 8e - Wade/Tavris/Sommers/Shin 2 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 201 5 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Topic / Learning Objective Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships 1.4.A Illustrate with an example how the correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. 1.4.B Explain why a correlation between two variables does not establish a causal relationship between those variables. Multiple Choice 75,76,88,91,92,95 82,84 -87,90,9 3 77,81,94 78-80,83,89,96 True/False 54,55 -63,65 64 Short Answer 15,16 Essay 8 9 Integrative Essay Experiments: Hunting for Causes 1.5.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each. 1.5.B Explain how random assignment helps create conditions in an experiment, and explain the difference between an experimental group and a control group. 1.5.C Discuss the methodological advantages, limitations, and ethical considerations related to expe rimental research design. Multiple Choice 97,98,100,105, 106,127,128 99,101,112,113, 116,123 -125, 130,134,135 102-104,107 - 111,114,115, 117-120,126, 129,132,133 121,122,131 True/False 66-74, 76,77,79 - 84 78 75 Short Answer 17-19 Essay Integrative Essay Evaluating the Findings 1.6.A Explain how descriptive statistics can be used to compare the performance of two groups of research participants. 1.6.B Explain what a statistically significant research result does and does not mean. 1.6.C Describe why openness and replication are important qualities of the scientific enterprise. Multiple Choice 136,138,141 - 143,145 -147 144,150 137,139,140,148 149 True/False 85-88 89,90 Short Answer 20 Essay 10 Integrative Essay Invitation to Psychology 8e - Wade/Tavris/Sommers/Shin 3 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 201 5 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Name __________________________________________________________ Chapter 1 – Pop Quiz 1 1. Psychology is defined as the discipline concerned with a. the study of all physical stimuli that affect human sensations and perceptions. b. behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external environment. c. the study of humankind and the importance of culture in explaining the diversity in human behavior. d. maladaptive huma n behaviors and cognitions that are incorporated into a person’s self -worth during childhood. 2. _______________ established the first psychological laboratory in 1879. a. Sigmund Freud b. John Locke c. William James d. Wilhelm Wundt 3. Which mod ern psychological perspective focuses on how people reason, remember, understand language, and solve problems? a. the learning perspective b. the cognitive perspective c. the sociocultural perspective d. the psychodynamic perspective 4. In almost all states, a _______________ is required to obtain a license to practice clinical psychology. a. doctorate b. master’s degree c. medical degree d. certificate from a psychoanalytic institute 5. Critical thinking requires a. creativity for creating alternative explanations. b. treating all theories as equally valid. c. low tolerance for uncertainty. d. emotional reasoning. 6. Research methods that depict behavior, but do not necessarily yield causal explanations, are called a. experimen tal methods. b. blind studies. c. significance tests. d. descriptive methods. 7. Assessment instruments that are designed to tap unconscious feelings or motives are called a. objective tests. b. projective tests. c. double -blind tests. d. single -blind tests. 8. A _______________ is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another. a. relationship coefficient b. meta -analysis c. Bayesian statistic d. correlation Invitation to Psychology 8e - Wade/Tavris/Sommers/Shin 4 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 201 5 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9. Which variable does a researcher manipulate when conducting an experiment? a. control variable b. confounding variable c. independent variable d. dependent variable 10. A result that is significant at the .05 level indicates that a. the result was obtained purely by chance and is not real. b. the probability that the result is due to real differences between groups is .05. c. there is a positive relationship between variables. d. the probability that the result occurred by chance is low, and therefore the result is probably real. Invitation to Psychology 8e - Wade/Tavris/Sommers/Shin 5 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 201 5 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 – Pop Quiz 1 Answer Key 1. b Rationale: Psychology is the discipline concerned with understanding behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external environment. The other choices are only a part of psychology. ( Remember the Facts , Easy, LO 1.1.A, APA 1.1, 1.2) 2. d Rationale: Wilhelm Wundt is referred to as the founder of modern, scientific psychology because he established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig in 1879. ( Remember the Facts , Easy, LO 1.1.B, APA 1.1, 1.2) 3. b Rationale: The cognitive perspective focuses on understanding the processes the mind uses to know and understand the world. ( Remember the Facts , Moderate, LO 1.1.C, APA 1.1, 1.2, 2.2) 4. a Rationale: Most U.S. states require a doctoral degree to be licensed as a psychologist. (Remember the Facts , Easy, LO 1.1.D, APA 1.1, 1.2, 5.5) 5. a Rationale: Critical thinking includes the ability to be creative and constructive, the ability to come up with alter native rationales for events, think of implications of research findings, and apply new knowledge to social and personal problems. It does not mean that all opinions are created equal and that everybody’s beliefs are as good as anyone else’s. ( Understand t he Concepts , Easy, LO 1.2.A, APA 1.1, 2.1, 2.2) 6. d Rationale: This is a definition of descriptive research techniques. ( Remember the Facts , Easy, LO 1.3.B, APA 1.1, 1.2, 2.4) 7. b Rationale: Projective tests purport to determine a person’s unconscious feelings and motives. (Remember the Facts , Easy, LO 1.3.B, APA 1.1, 1.2) 8. d Rationale: This is a definition of correlation. A correlation is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another. ( Remember the Facts , Easy, LO 1.4.A, APA 1.1, 1.2, 2.4) 9. c Rationale: The independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter. The dependent variable gets affected by the experimenter’s manipulation of the independent variable. ( Remember the Facts , Easy, LO 1.5.A, APA 1.1, 1.2, 2.4) 10. d Rationale: A .05 level of significance means that there is less than 5 percent probability that the results were due to chance. If, however, the significance test shows that the p value is greater than .05, many researchers would have little confidence i n the study’s result. ( Understand the Concepts , Difficult, LO 1.6.B, APA 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4) Invitation to Psychology 8e - Wade/Tavris/Sommers/Shin 6 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 201 5 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Name __________________________________________________________ Chapter 1 – Pop Quiz 2 1. Compared to “pop psychology,” psychology a. is based on empir ical evidence. b. is less complex. c. addresses only human behavior. d. is narrower in the issues it addresses. 2. Which classic pseudoscientific theory that related bumps on the head to personality traits did not disappear until well into the twenti eth century? a. introspection b. functionalism c. phrenology d. behaviorism 3. The first psychological laboratory was officially established by Wilhelm Wundt in a. America. b. Holland. c. Germany. d. Russia. 4. A _______________ is a medical doctor who diagnoses and treats mental disorders and takes a more biological approach than other psychotherapists. a. psychiatrist b. psychoanalyst c. LCSW d. MFCC 5. Which strategy is one of the critical -thinking guide lines described in the textbook? a. don’t overthink; go with your gut reaction b. define your terms c. accept all opinions as equally valid d. simplify as much as possible 6. The tendency to look for information that supports one’s own belief is calle d a. the principle of falsifiability. b. confirmation bias. c. denialism. d. cognitive inertia. 7. Which advantage is true of case studies? a. Case studies produce a more detailed picture of an individual than other methods do. b. The information produced in a case study is easy to interpret. c. Data collected during a case study can be easily generalized to other individuals. d. Case studies a re less susceptible to researcher bias than other methods. 8. A numerical measure of the relationship between two variables is known as a. correlation. b. the association coefficient. c. association. d. arbitrage. Invitation to Psychology 8e - Wade/Tavris/Sommers/Shin 7 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 201 5 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9. Which pairs of variables would illustrate a negative correlation? a. ocean temperature and the number of people at the beach b. adult shoe size and IQ scores c. the price of a car and the mileage on the odometer d. height and weight 10. A variable that is predicted to be affected by an experimenter’s manipulations in experimental research is called a(n) a. extraneous variable. b. dependent variable. c. confounding variable. d. independent variable. Invitation to Psychology 8e - Wade/Tavris/Sommers/Shin 8 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 201 5 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 – Pop Quiz 2 Answer Key 1. a Rationale: Psycho logy (the science you’re learning about in this course), as opposed to pop psychology, is strongly based on empirical evidence. ( Remember the Facts , Easy, LO 1.1.A, APA 1.1, 1.2) 2. c Rationale: Phrenology is a pseudoscientific theory that relates bumps o n the head to personality traits. Enthusiasm for phrenology did not disappear until the twentieth century. ( Remember the Facts , Easy, LO 1.1.B, APA 1.1, 1.2, 2.1) 3. d Rationale: Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory in Germany. ( Remember the Facts , Easy, LO 1.1.B, APA 1.1, 1.2) 4. a Rationale: A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who has done a three -year residency in psychiatry to learn how to diagnose and treat mental disorders. ( Remember the Facts , Easy, LO 1.1.D, APA 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 5.5) 5. b Rationale: Defining terms is one of the critical thinking guidelines. Vague or poorly defined terms in a question can lead to misleading or incomplete answers, or cause terrible misunderstandings. (Remember the Facts , Easy, LO 1.2 .A, 1.9, APA 1.1, 1.2) 6. b Rationale: Confirmation bias occurs when people look for and accept evidence that supports their pet theories and assumptions and ignore or reject evidence that contradicts their beliefs. (Remember the Facts , Easy, LO 1.2.A, 1. 9, APA 1.1, 1.2, 2.4) 7. a Rationale: Case studies illustrate psychological principles in a way that abstract generalizations and descriptive statistics never can, and they produce a more detailed picture of an individual than other methods do. However, t hey can also be biased, difficult to interpret, and their results do not always generalize to other individuals. ( Understand the Concepts , Moderate, LO 1.3.B, APA 1.1, 2.1, 2.2) 8. a Rationale: This is the definition of correlation. ( Remember the Facts , Easy, LO 1.4.A, APA 1.1, 2.4) 9. c Rationale: There is a negative relationship between the price of a car and its mileage. The more miles driven, the less a car is typically worth. ( Understand the Concepts , Moderate, LO 1.4.A, APA 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.4) 10. b Rationale: A dependent variable is a variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by manipulations of the independent variable. ( Remember the Facts , Easy, LO 1.5.A, APA 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.4) Invitation to Psychology 8e - Wade/Tavris/Sommers/Shin 9 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 201 5 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Psychology is a __________ that explores behavior and mental processes. a. philosophical discipline b. scientific discipline c. medical field d. pseudoscience Answer: b Topic: What Psychology Is and Is Not Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: LO 1.1.A Define psychology, describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective, and differentiate it from pseudoscience and common sense. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Rationale: Psychology can be defined generally as the scientific discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external environment. 2. Empirical findings are those that __________. a. rely on observation, experimentation, or measurement b. characterize an entire set of research data c. are conducted in a field setting outside of a laboratory d. compare subjects of different ages at a given time Answer: a Topic: What Psychology Is and Is Not Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.1.A Define psychology, describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective, and differentiate it from pseudoscience and common sense. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe ke y concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Empirical means relying on or derived from observation, experimentation, or measurement. 3. Which conclusion regarding scientific psychological findings is CORRECT? a. They are always in opposition to popular psychology. b. They are always in opposition to conventional thinking and “common sense.” c. Experiments must be conducted in a laboratory. d. They can confirm or expand existing beliefs and knowledge. Answer: d Topic: What Psychology Is and Is Not Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.1.A Define psychology, describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective, and differentiate it from pseudoscience and common sense. APA Ob jective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Psychological findings need not be surprising or counterintuitive in order to be important. Sometimes they validate common sense beliefs and then explain or ext end them. 4. Consulting which source would provide the most accurate view of psychology? a. listening to a radio call -in show facilitated by a therapist b. searching the Internet to see what the popular opinion is on when to begin toilet training an infant c. reading a self -help book written by a pastoral counselor about how to get over a breakup d. reading a newspaper article on the causes of bullying, which describes some of the current empirical research evidence Answer: d Topic: What Psychology Is and Is Not Skill Level: Analyze It Invitation to Psychology 8e - Wade/Tavris/Sommers/Shin 10 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 201 5 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.1.A Define psychology, describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective, and differentiate it from pseudoscience and common sense. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Real psychology bears little relation to popular psychology and its pseudoscientific relatives found on the Internet, on television, and in thousands of self -help books. It is based on scientific research and empirical evidence. 5. In contrast to modern psychologists, ancient scholars explored human nature primarily through __________. a. empirical evidence b. experimentation c. trained introspection d. insights inferred from anecdotes Answer: d Topic: The Birth of Modern Psychology Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.1.B Discuss some of the early perspectives and individuals that were influential forerunners of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Unlike modern psychologists, scholars of the past did not rely heavily on empirical evidence. Often their observations were based simply on anecdotes or descriptions of individual cases. 6. Many great thinkers from history were interested in questions that today would be called “psychological.” What did these thinkers have in common with modern psychologists? a. to offer classes or self -study programs for people who want to overcome their deficiencies b. to compare anecdotal evidence to first -hand observation of individual cases c. to use empirical evidence to determine fundamental truths about the human condition d. the desire to describe, predict, understand, and modify human behavior to increase human knowledge and happiness Answer: d Topic: The Birth of Modern Psychology Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.1.B Discuss some of the early perspectives and individuals that were influential forerunners of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Many of the great thinkers of history, from Aristotle to Zoroaster, raised questions that today would be called psychologic al. Like today’s psychologists, they wanted to describe, predict, understand, and modify behavior in order to add to human knowledge and increase human happiness. 7. __________ had inferred that the brain is the ultimate source of all pleasures and sorrow s long before it was empirically verified, and he is now known as the founder of modern medicine. a. Hippocrates b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Anaximander d. John Locke Answer: a Topic: The Birth of Modern Psychology Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.1.B Discuss some of the early perspectives and individuals that were influential forerunners of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Invitation to Psychology 8e - Wade/Tavris/Sommers/Shin 11 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 201 5 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Rationale: Hippocrates, know n as the founder of modern medicine, observed patients with head injuries and inferred that the brain must be the ultimate source of our pleasures as well as sorrows. 8. Which 17th -century philosopher argued that the mind works by associating ideas arisin g from experience, an idea that continues to influence many psychologists today? a. Immanuel Kant b. Rene Descartes c. Sigmund Freud d. John Locke Answer: d Topic: The Birth of Modern Psychology Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Obj ective: 1.1.B Discuss some of the early perspectives and individuals that were influential forerunners of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: The forerunners of modern psy chology often had insights and made observations that were verified by later work. 9. Armando, a business owner, sought the help of a friend to find out which employees were likely to be loyal and honest if hired. The friend examined the bumps on the heads of all applicants and gave Armando a list of the employees he should hire. Armando’s friend applied the discredited techniques of a(n) __________. a. sociologist b. alchemist c. psychiatrist d. phrenologist Answer: d Topic: The Birth of Modern Psychology Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.1.B Discuss some of the early perspectives and individuals that were influential forerunners of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content doma ins Rationale: Phrenology is a discredited theory that sought to relate bumps on the head to personality traits. 10. Who established the first psychological laboratory in 1879? a. Sigmund Freud b. John Locke c. William James d. Wilhelm Wundt Answer: d Topic: The Birth of Modern Psychology Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.1.B Discuss some of the early perspectives and individuals that were influential forerunners of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key conce pts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Rationale: Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. 11. The research method used by Wi lhelm Wundt, in which volunteers were taught to carefully observe, analyze, and describe their own sensations and emotional reactions, is called __________. a. trained introspection b. experimentation c. conceptual proliferation Invitation to Psychology 8e - Wade/Tavris/Sommers/Shin 12 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 201 5 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. d. armchair psychology Answer: a Topic: The Birth of Modern Psychology Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.1.B Discuss some of the early perspectives and individuals that were influential forerunners of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Rationale: Trained introspection was the research method popularly used by Wilhelm Wundt in which volunteers were taugh t to carefully observe, analyze, and describe their own sensations and emotional reactions. The goal of trained introspection was to break down behavior into its most basic elements, much as a chemist might break down water into hydrogen plus oxygen. 12. __________ wanted to understand how specific behaviors and mental processes help a person or animal adapt to the environment, so they looked for the underlying causes and consequences of these behaviors and processes. a. Rationalists b. Structuralists c. Fundament alists d. Functionalists Answer: d Topic: The Birth of Modern Psychology Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.1.B Discuss some of the early perspectives and individuals that were influential forerunners of mode rn psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Rationale: Functionalism emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and was inspi red by Darwin’s theory of how species adapt to their environment. 13. __________ founded the field of psychoanalysis. a. Sigmund Freud b. William James c. Wilhelm Wundt d. E. B. Titchener Answer: a Topic: The Birth of Modern Psychology Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.1.B Discuss some of the early perspectives and individuals that were influential forerunners of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology , 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Rationale: Sigmund Freud was the founder of the field of psychoanalysis. Wilhelm Wundt is referred to as the founder of modern, scientific psychology, William James advocated functionalism, and E. B. Titchener was a student of Wundt’s. 14. Which early school of thought in psychology emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind? a. phrenology b. structuralism c. functionalism d. psychoanalysis Answer: d Topic: The Birth of Modern Psychology Invitation to Psychology 8e - Wade/Tavris/Sommers/Shin 13 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 201 5 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.1.B Discuss some of the early perspectives and individuals that were influential forerunners of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Rationale: Psychoanalysis is a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes unconscious mo tives and conflicts. 15. Which statement best represents the acceptance of women and members of underrepresented groups into the field of psychology? a. Women and members of underrepresented groups were welcomed into psychology from the very beginning. b. Wome n and members of underrepresented groups have still not successfully engaged in the field of psychology. c. It took decades of challenging many biases for women and members of underrepresented groups to find a place in psychology. d. After universities accepted women into their Ph.D. programs, they were readily accepted into the profession. Answer: c Topic: Major Perspectives in Psychology Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.1.C List and describe four major perspectives in psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Women and people of color had to work very hard to overcome the biases inherent in the early history of psychology. 16. A recent survey of the 50 Most Influential Living Psychologists contained __________ women and __________ people of color. a. 13; 0 b. 5;10 c. 15; 8 d. 0; 0 Answer: a Topic: Major Perspectives in Psycholog y Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.1.C List and describe four major perspectives in psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Like many disciplines, the early track re cord of psychology was bleak when it came to diversity. The field has come a long way since then, and yet, more work remains to be done. 17. The __________ perspective is an approach to psychology that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts. a. biological b. learning c. cognitive d. sociocultural Answer: a Topic: Major Perspectives in Psychology Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.1.C List and describe four major perspectives in psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Invitation to Psychology 8e - Wade/Tavris/Sommers/Shin 14 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 201 5 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Rationale: The biological perspective focuses on how bodily events affect actions, feelings, and thoughts. Biological psychologists study how these physical events interact with events in the external environment to produce perceptions, memories, emotions, and vulnerability to mental disorder. 18. Xiao ling is a teenager who is grumpy all of the time and fights with her mother often. Her mother beli eves it is because of her raging hormones. Xiao ling’s mother is taking a __________ approach to explaining Xiao ling’s behavior. a. sociocultural b. biological c. learning d. cognitive Answer: b Topic: Major Perspectives in Psychology Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.1.C List and describe four major perspectives in psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: Th e biological perspective focuses on how bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts. 19. Compared to the others, which modern psychological specialty most resembles functionalism? a. social psychology b. social -cognitive learning theory c. evolutionary psychology d. behavioral learning theory Answer: c Topic: Major Perspectives in Psychology Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.1.C List and describe four major perspectives in psychology. APA Objective : 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: One popular specialty within the biological perspective is evolutionary psychology, which follows in the footsteps of function alism by focusing on how genetically influenced behavior that was functional or adaptive during our evolutionary past may be reflected in many of our present behaviors, mental processes, and traits. 20. The __________ perspective of psychology focuses on how the environment and experience affect an individual’s actions . a. cognitive b. learning c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic Answer: b Topic: Major Perspectives in Psychology Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.1.C List and describe four major perspectives in psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: The learning perspective is concerned with how the environmen t and experience affect the behavior of human beings (and other animals). Within this perspective, behaviorists focus on the environmental rewards and punishments that maintain or discourage specific behaviors.