(Test Bank) Prescotts Microbiology

Willey, 10

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Test Bank

10th Edition

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Test Bank for Prescotts Microbiology, The downloadable file consists of 1448 pages, and the total size of the file is 8.77 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Willey

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Prescotts Microbiology 10th Edition Willey Test Bank Chapter 01 The Evolution of Microorganisms and Microbiology True / False Questions 1. Extant microorganisms are organisms from the fossil record that are no longer present on Earth today. FALSE ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.01.04 Determine the type of microbe (e.g., bacterium, fungus, etc.) when given a description of a newly discovered microbe Learning Outcome: 01.02.01 Propose a time line of the origin and history of microbial life and integrate support ing evidence into it Section: 01.02 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms Fill in the Blank Questions 2. All cellular organisms can be placed into one of three , which include the Bacteria, Archaea, and the Eukarya . domains ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.01.04 Determine the type of microbe (e.g., bacterium, fungus, etc.) when given a description of a newly discovered microbe Section: 01.02 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms 3. Archaea are cellular organisms that have unique cell membrane . lipids ASM Objective: 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including brig ht field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron). ASM Objective: 02.03 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g. f lagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critical capabilities. ASM Topic: Module 02 Cell Structure and Function Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.01.04 Determine the type of microbe (e.g., bacterium, fungus, etc.) when given a descrip tion of a newly discovered microbe Learning Outcome: 01.02.02 Design a set of experiments that could be used to place a newly discovered cellular microbe on a p hylogenetic tree based on small subunit (SSU) rRNA sequences Section: 01.01 Topic: Archaea True / False Questions 4. Microbiologists study a variety of organisms, but all are considered either Bacteria or Archaea . FALSE ASM Objective: 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each other. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutr al or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.01.01 Differentiate the biological entities studied by microbiologists from those studied by other biologists Section: 01.01 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms 5. All eukaryotes have a membrane -delimited nucleus. TRUE ASM Objective: 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including brig ht field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron). ASM Objective: 02.04 While microscopic eukaryotes (for example, fungi, protoz oa and algae) carry out some of the same processes as bacteria, many of the cellular properties are fundamentally different. ASM Topic: Module 02 Cell Structure and Function Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.01.01 Differentiate the biologica l entities studied by microbiologists from those studied by other biologists Learning Outcome: 01.01.04 Determine the type of microbe (e.g., bacterium, fungus, etc.) when given a description of a newly discovered microbe Section: 01.01 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms 6. Viruses are not generally studied by microbiologists because they are not classified as living organisms. FALSE ASM Objective: 02.05 The replication cycles of viruses (lytic and lysogenic) differ among viruses a nd are determined by their unique structures and genomes. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutr al or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 02 Cell Structure and Function ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.01.01 Differentiate the biological entities studied by microbiologists from those studied by other biolo gists Section: 01.01 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms 7. Viruses constitute the fourth domain of life in current biological classif ication schemes. FALSE ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.01.02 Explain Carl Woese’s contributions in establishing the three -domain system for classifying cellular life Section: 01.01 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms Multiple Choice Questions 8. Protists contain all of the following forms of life EXCEPT A. protozoa. B. fungi. C. slime molds. D. algae. ASM Objective: 02.04 While microscopic eukaryotes (for example, fungi, protozoa and algae) carry out some of the same process es as bacteria, many of the cellular properties are fundamentally different. ASM Objective: 05.01 Microorganisms are ubiquitous and live in diverse and dynamic ecosystems. ASM Topic: Module 02 Cell Structure and Function ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.0 1.01 Differentiate the biological entities studied by microbiologists from those studied by other biologists Section: 01.01 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms 9. Cells with a relatively complex morphology that have a true membrane -delimited nucleus are called A. prokaryotes. B. eukaryotes. C. urkaryotes. D. nokaryotes. ASM Objective: 01.01 Cells, organelles (e.g. mitochondria and chloroplasts) and all major metabolic pathways evolved from ear ly prokaryotic cells. ASM Objective: 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron). ASM Objective: 02.04 While microscopic eukaryotes (for example, fungi, protozoa and algae) carry out some of the same processes as bacteria, many of the cellular properties are fundamentally different. ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution ASM Topic: Module 02 Cell Structure and Function Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.01.01 Differentiate the biological entities studied by microbiologists from those studied by other biolo gists Learning Outcome: 01.01.04 Determine the type of microbe (e.g., bacterium, fungus, etc.) when given a description of a newly discovered microbe Section: 01.01 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms 10. Cells with a relatively simple cell morphology that do not have a true membrane -delimited nucleus are called A. prokaryotes. B. eukaryotes. C. urkaryotes. D. nokaryotes. ASM Objective: 01.01 Cells, organelles (e.g. mitochondria and chloroplasts) and all major metabolic pathways evolved from ear ly prokaryotic cells. ASM Objective: 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron). ASM Objective: 02.04 While microscopic eukaryotes (for example, fungi, protozoa and algae) carry out some of the same process es as bacteria, many of the cellular properties are fundament ally different. ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution ASM Topic: Module 02 Cell Structure and Function Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.01.01 Differentiate the biological entities studied by microbiologists from those studied by other biolo gists Learning Outcome: 01.01.04 Determine the type of microbe (e.g., bacterium, fungus, etc.) when given a description of a newly discovered microbe Section: 01.01 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms 11. The ribosomal RNA studies that led to the division of prokaryotic organisms into the Bacteria and the Archaea were begun by A. Pasteur. B. Woese. C. Needham. D. Watson. ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 02.03 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g. flagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critical capabilities. ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution ASM Topic: Module 02 Cell Structure and Function Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.01.02 Explain Carl Woese’s contributions in establishing the three -domain system for classifying cellular life Section: 01.01 Topic: Archaea Topic: Bacteria Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms 12. Proteins function in modern cells as A. catalysts. B. hereditary information. C. structural elements. D. both catalysts and structural elements. ASM Objective: 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including brig ht field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron). ASM Objective: 03.01 Bacteria and Archaea exhibit extensive, and often unique , metabolic diversity (e.g. nitrogen fixation, methane production, anoxygenic photosynthesis). ASM Topic: Module 02 Cell Structure and Function ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.02.01 Propose a time li ne of the origin and history of microbial life and integrate supporting evidence into it Section: 01.02 Topic: Bacterial Cellular Morphology 13. RNA serves to convert the information stored in DNA to . A. carbohydrates B. protein C. lipids D. RNA ASM Objective: 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including brig ht field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron). ASM Objective: 03.01 Bacteria and Archaea exhibit extensive, and often unique, metabolic diversity (e.g. nitrogen fixation, m ethane production, anoxygenic photosynthesis). ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the proce sses of replication, transcription, and translation differ in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes. ASM Topic: Module 02 Cell Structure and Function ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.02.01 Propose a time line of the origin and history of microbial life and integrate supporting evidence into it Section: 01.02 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms True / False Questions 14. The earliest microbial fossils that have been found are dated from approximately 4.5 million years ago. FALSE ASM Objective: 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including brig ht field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron). ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution ASM Topic: Module 02 Cell Structure and Function Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.02.01 Propose a time line of the origin and history of microbial life and integrate supporting evidence into it Section: 01.02 Topic: Bacteria Multiple Choice Questions 15. Which of the following distinguish the field of microbiology from other fields of biology? A. The size of the organism studied. B. The techniques used to study organisms regardless of their size. C. Both the size of the organism studied and the techniques employed in the study of organisms. D. Neither the size of the organism studied nor the techniques employed in the study of organisms regardless of their size. ASM Objective: 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including brig ht field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron). ASM Objective: 02.04 While microscopic eukaryotes (for example, fungi, protozoa and algae) carry out some of the same process es as bacteria, many of the cellular properties are fundamentally different. ASM Objective: 03.01 Bacteria and Archaea exhibit extensive, and often unique, metabolic diversity (e.g. nitrogen fixation, m ethane production, anoxygenic photosynthesis). ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g., in bio film formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance). ASM Objective: 05.01 Microorganisms are ubiquitous and live in diverse and dynamic ecosystems. ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g. in biogeochemical cycles and plant and / or animal microbiota). ASM Topic: Module 02 Cell Structure and Function ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems ASM Topic: Mo dule 06 Impact of Microorganisms Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.04.01 Construct a concept map, table, or drawing that illustrates the diverse nature of microbiology and how it has improved human conditions Section: 01.02 Section: 01.03 Section: 01.04 Topic: History of Microbiology 16. Who of the following developed a set of criteria that could be used to establish a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease? A. Fracastoro B. Koch C. Pasteur D. Lister ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutr al or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Cohn, Beijerinck, von Behring, Kitasato, Metchnikoff, and Winogradsky Learning Outcome: 01.03.02 Outline a set of experiments that might be used to decide if a particular microbe is the causative agent of a disease Section: 01.03 Topic: Bacteria Topic: History of Microbiology 17. Who of the following was the first to observe and accurately describe microorganisms? A. Pasteur B. Lister C. van Leeuwenhoek D. Tyndall ASM Objective: 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including brig ht field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron). ASM Objective: 02.04 While microscopic eukaryotes (for example, fungi, protozoa and algae) carry out some of the same process es as bacteria, many of the cellular properties are fundamentally different. ASM Topic: Module 02 Cell Structure and Function Bloom s Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Cohn, Beijerinck, von Behring, Kitasato, Metchnikoff, and Winogradsky Section: 01.03 Topic: History of Microbiology 18. Who of the following provided the evidence needed to discredit the concept of spontaneous generation? A. Pasteur B. Koch C. Semmelweiss D. Lister ASM Objective: 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each other. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutr al or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 0 1.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Cohn, Beijerinck, von Behring, Kitasato, Metchnikoff, and Winogradsky Section: 01.03 Topic: History of Microbiology 19. The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material is called A. biogenesis. B. cell theory. C. spontaneous generation. D. germ theory. ASM Objective: 05.01 Microorganisms are ubiquitous and live in diverse and dynamic ecosystems. ASM Objective: 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each other. ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, K och, Cohn, Beijerinck, von Behring, Kitasato, Metchnikoff, and Winogradsky Section: 01.03 Topic: History of Microbiology 20. The concept that human and animal diseases are caused by microorganisms is called the A. cell theory. B. germ theory. C. causative theory. D. disease theory. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutr al or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Cohn, Beijerinck, von Behring, Kitasato, Metchnikoff, and Winogradsky Learning Outcome: 01.03.02 Outline a set of experiments that might be used to decide if a particular microbe is the causative agent of a disease Section: 01.03 Topic: History of Microbiology 21. Whose work on spontaneous generation first demonstrated the existence of a very heat - resistant form of bacteria that are called endospores? A. Schwann B. Redi C. Tyndall D. Pasteur ASM Objective: 02.03 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g. flagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critical capabilities. ASM Objective: 05.01 Microorganisms are ubiquitous and live in diverse and dynamic ecosystems. ASM Topic: M odule 02 Cell Structure and Function ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Cohn, Beijerinck, von Behring, Kitasato, Metchnikoff, and Winogradsky Section: 01.03 Topic: History of Microbiology 22. Antiseptic surgery was pioneered by A. Pasteur. B. Lister. C. Jenner. D. Kitasato. ASM Objective: 03.04 The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by physical, chemical, mechanical, or biological methods. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutr al or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Cohn, Beijerinck, von Behring, Kitasato, Metchnikoff, and Winogradsky Section: 01.03 Topic: History of Microbiology 23. Studies by Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato demonstrated that inactivated toxins can induce the synthesis of antitoxins in the blo od of rabbits. These antitoxins (antibodies) are the basis of A. humoral immunity. B. cell-mediated immunity. C. antibiotic immunity. D. phagocyte -mediated immunity. ASM Objective: 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each other. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutr al or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems Blooms Level: 1. Remember Section: 01.03 Topic: History of Microbiology 24. The first surgical antiseptic to be used was A. iodine. B. ethanol. C. phenol. D. None of the choices are correct. ASM Objective: 03.04 The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by physical, chemical, mechanical, or biological methods. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutr al or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Cohn, Beijerinck, von Behring, Kitasato, Metchnikoff, and Winogradsky Section: 01.03 Topic: History of Microbiology 25. Old cultures of bacteria that have lost their ability to cause disease are said to be A. impotent. B. virulent. C. pathogenic. D. attenuated. ASM Objective: 03.04 The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by physical, chemical, mechanical, or biological methods. ASM Objective: 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each other. ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Cohn, Beijerinck, von Behring, Kitasato, Metchnikoff, and Winogradsky Section: 01.03 Topic: History of Microbiology 26. Who is credited with developing and documenting the first vaccination procedure against smallpox? A. Koch B. Pasteur C. Jenner D. Lister ASM Objective: 03.04 The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by physical, chemical, mechanical, or biological methods. ASM Objective: 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each other. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms , cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate t he importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Cohn, Beijerinck, von Behring, Kitasato, Metchnikoff, and Winogradsky Section: 01.03 Topic: History of Microbiology 27. Who is credited with developing a vaccine against chicken cholera? A. Koch B. Pasteur C. Jenner D. Lister ASM Objective: 03.04 The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by physical, chemical, mechanical, or biological methods. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutr al or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Cohn, Beijerinck, von Behring, Kitasato, Metchnikoff, and Winogradsky Section: 01.03 Topic: History of Microbiology 28. Who of the following first discovered that some blood leukocytes could engulf disease - causing bacteria? A. von Behring B. Meister C. Metchnikoff D. Ivanowski ASM Objective: 03.04 The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by physical, chemical, mechanical, or biological methods. ASM Objective: 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each other. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms , cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Cohn, Beijerinck, von Behring, Kitasato, Metchnikoff, and Winogradsky Section: 01.03 Topic: History of Microbiology 29. The use of enrichment cultures and selective media was pioneered by A. Beijerinck. B. Jenner. C. Pasteur. D. von Behring. ASM Objective: 03.03 The survival and growth of any microorganism in a given environment depends on its metabolic characteris tics. ASM Objective: 03.04 The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by physical, chemical, mechanical, or biological methods. ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Cohn, Beijerinck, von Behring, Kitasato, Metchnikoff, and Winogradsky Section: 01.03 Topic: History of Microbiology True / False Questions 30. Fanny Hesse first suggested that agar be used to solidify microbiological media. TRUE ASM Objective: 03.04 The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by physical, chemical, mechanical, or biological methods. ASM Objective: 06.03 Humans utilize and harness microorganisms and their products. ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways ASM Top ic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Cohn, Beijerinck, von Behring, Kitasato, Metchnikoff, and Winogradsky Section: 01.03 Topic: History of Microbiology 31. M. J. Berkeley demonstrated that the great potato blight of Ireland was caused by a fungus. TRUE ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutr al or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Cohn, Beijerinck, von Behring, Kitasato, Metchnikoff, and Winogradsky Section: 01.03 Topic: History of Microbiology 32. Invisible living creatures were thought to exist and cause disease long before they were ever observed. TRUE ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutr al or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 01.03.01 Evaluate the importance of the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Cohn, Beijerinck, von Behring, Kitasato, Metchnikoff, and Winogradsky Section: 01.03 Topic: History of Microbiology