(Test Bank) Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence

Berger, 11

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11th Edition

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Page 1 Test Bank for Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence, 11e Kathleen Stassen Berger (All Chapters Answers at the end of each chapter) Chapter 1 1. List in order and explain each of the five basic steps of the scientific method. 2. Define nature and nurture and give an example of each. Also, describe the nature –nurture debate. 3. Describe the perspective that most modern developmentalists take on the nature –nurture debate. Provide an example of a research topic that illustrates this perspective. 4. Define a critical period and a sensitive period. Explain the difference between t he two periods, and give an example of each. 5. Explain Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological -systems theory and describe his five systems. 6. Define cohort, explain its effects, and give an example of one. 7. Describe culture and explain why researchers who are interested in human development study different cultures. 8. Define and discuss the term plasticity as it relates to human development. What factors influence plasticity in development? Offer at least one example of plasticity that has operated or is operating in your own life. 9. Name and define the three main research designs for studying age -related changes. Explain the problems associated with each. Page 2 10. Imagine that you are interested in the relationship between age and reading ability for children at 8 and 12 years old. Brie fly define a cross -sectional research design and summarize how you could test this relationship using that design. 11. Define correlation and give an example. Can one determine cause and effect from correlations? Explain why or why not. 12. What prac tices must be built into a research study to protect participants? 13. What are ethics and why are ethical standards so important to scientific research? 14. The science of human development seeks to understand _____ people —all kinds of people, everywhere, of every age —change over time. 15. In order to minimize subjective opinions and personal biases when conducting research, it is important to employ the __ ___ method. 16. A hypothesis is a specific prediction that can be _____ with empirical evidence. 17. Empirical evidence refers to _____. 18. In scientific research, repeating a study with different participants is known as _____. 19. The term that refers to the traits inherited at conception is _____. 20. Tim told his friend that he is tall because he inherited “tall” genes from his dad. Tim was claiming that _____ was responsible for his height. 21. _____ refers to environmental influences on traits. 22. The combination of all environmental influences that affect a developing person is called _____. Page 3 23. The science of the interaction between nature and nurture is known as _____. 24. A _____ period of development is a time in which something must or must not occur to ensure normal development. 25. A _____ period of development is a time in which a particular development occurs easily. 26. Thalidomide only caused birth defects if a pregnant woman ingested the drug during the _____ period of prenatal development. 27. Tanner's friends do well in school, but Tanner has never really done well in school. They decide to meet once a week to stud y, and soon Tanner is doing better in school. Within the ecological -systems perspective, the influence of Tanner's friends on Tanner's school performance comes from the _____. 28. A(n) _____ is a group of people born at about the same time that experien ce the same historical events and cultural shifts. 29. A person's income and level of education is part of his or her _____ status. 30. The system of shared ideas, beliefs, and patterns of behavior is known as _____. 31. Two people from different cultures may value the need for achievement or success differently because of the _____ of each culture. 32. The human tendency to assume that people unlike us are inferior is called the _____ error. 33. People of a specific _____ group share certain attributes such as national origin, religion, and language. 34. Our text suggests that the word _____ is a s ocial construction that should be eliminated from our scientific vocabulary. Page 4 35. Development is divided into three domains: biosocial, _____, and psychosocial. 36. Human traits can be molded, and yet people maintain a certain durability of identity. This indicates that development is _____. 37. The approach called _____ refers to the idea that human development is an ongoing and ever-changing interaction. 38. _____ observation requires researchers to record behaviors systematically and objectively. 39. Dr. Clady counts how many times an infant kicks her legs when lying on her back in her crib. Dr. Clady is using the method of _____. 40. Researchers who wa nt to establish that one variable causes another must use a research design called a(n) _____. 41. Differences between the experimental group and the _____ group are examined in experiments. 42. A(n) _____ is a quick way to collect data from a large number of people. 43. Dr. Paul is curious whether a tendency toward aggression changes with age. He gathers a group of 5 -year-old children and administers a test to assess their aggressive tendencies. He then retests the children when they are 10 years old and again when they are 15 years old. This type of research is known as _____. 44. Cross -sequen tial research can be thought of as a mix between a cross -sectional design and a(n) _____ design. 45. As children get older, they tend to sleep fewer hours. This relationship is an example of a(n) _____ correlation. Page 5 46. _____ research data can be categorized, ranked, or numbered. 47. Research that asks open -ended questions is known as _____. 48. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) determines whether a research project follows certain _____ guidelines. 49. What does the science of human development seek to understand? A) the meaning of life B) theories that have not been subjected to scientific testing C) the works of Freud, Piaget, and Erikson D) how and why people change over time 50. Dr. Furth is curious about whether a specific brain chemical can be suppressed if a patient is given a la rge dose of vitamin E. Dr. Furth's question demonstrates the _____ step in the scientific method. A) first B) second C) third D) fourth 51. Dr. Hernandez predicts that a certain drug will help patients with schizophrenia. Her prediction is called _____. A) a conclusion B) empirical evidence C) a hypothesis D) a result 52. A researcher designed and conducted an experiment to determine whether 350 mg of a certain drug would help patients with bipolar disorder. By designing and conducting this experiment, the researcher _____. A) drew conclusions B) demonstrated proof C) tested the hypothesis D) confirmed the results Page 6 53. Dr. Henderson is curious to know more about how children develop over time. To avoid relying on opinion or personal bias, Dr. Henderson should _____. A) use the scientific method to collect data and establish facts B) have the children undergo psychoanal ysis C) talk with many children's parents D) read Dr. Spock's book, Baby and Child Care 54. The first step in the scientific method involves _____. A) posing a question B) conducting research C) supporting or refuting a hypothesis D) developing a hypothesis 55. The second step in the scientific method involves _____. A) posing a question B) conducting research C) developing a hypothesis D) sharing the results 56. The third step in the scientific method involves _____. A) posing a question B) conducting research C) sharing the results D) developing a hypothesis 57. The fourth step in the scientific method involves _____. A) posing a question B) conducting research C) developing a hypothesis D) supporting or refuting a hypothesis 58. Empirical evidence is based on _____. A) theories and speculation B) observation, experience, or experiment C) inferences rooted in personal biases D) opinions generated by several groups of people Page 7 59. After posing a question, a researcher using the scientific method _____. A) draws conclusions B) runs an experiment C) selects a group of participants D) develops a hypothesis 60. The final step in the five steps of the scientific method is to _____. A) test a hypothesis B) pose a question C) conduct research D) report the results 61. What is a researcher's first step when designing a research study on children's language acquisition? A) recruit children and their parents as participants in the study B) develop a hypothesis on the way language is acquired in children C) pose a research question about language acquisition D) draw conclusions on the way children acquire language 62. A hypothesis is a(n) _____. A) experiment B) prediction that can be tested C) conclusion drawn from research D) replication of a scientific study 63. What is replication of a study? A) the repetition of a study using different participants B) the repetition of a study using the same participants C) designing a new study based on information from a previous study D) designing a new study using new ideas and information 64. Dr. Kong conducts a study in which he finds that smoking is correlated with an increased risk of high blood pressure. He publishes his results, and Dr. Meco reads the report about the study. Then Dr. Meco does the same study using different participants in another city. Dr . Meco's work is an example of _____. A) scientific controversy B) replication C) ethics D) observation Page 8 65. Dr. Seldor does a study in which she finds that alcohol consumption is correlated with an increased risk of diabetes. She publishes her results, and Dr. Al -Jaher reads the report about the study. Then Dr. Al -Jaher does the same study using different participants in another nation. Dr. Al -Jaher's work is an example of _____. A) scientific controversy B) replication C) empirical evidence D) a hypothesis 66. Parents who spend a great deal of time and money trying to find the best school for their children believe in the importance of _____ as it relates to development. A) nurture B) replication C) nature D) classical conditioning 67. The term for all of the environmental influences that affect development after conception is _____. A) proteins B) nurture C) nature D) amino acids 68. In the science of human development, “nature” refers to _____. A) the genes that people inherit B) environmental influences C) patterns of development D) developmental differences 69. In the science of human development, “nurture” refers to _____. A) universal traits B) biological traits C) environmental influences D) unique traits 70. Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of _____. A) nature and nurture acting separately B) primarily nature C) nature and nurture acting together D) primarily nurture Page 9 71. Dr. Towne believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. West believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. They are on different sides of the _____ debate. A) nature versus nurture B) intell igent design versus evolution C) genes versus development D) traits versus conditioning 72. Susie , who is 5 years old, is the tallest person in her kindergarten class. When her teacher asked her how she got so tall, Susie said proudly, “My mom and dad are tall, and I eat good food!” Susie's statement reflects that she understands that human developmen t comes from _____. A) heredity B) the environment C) learning D) environment and heredity combined 73. Which is an example of the influence of nature? A) having a mother who smoked during pregnancy B) having the gene for epilepsy C) eating a healthy diet D) living in a loud neighborhood 74. The impact of any good or bad experience depends on _____. A) nature B) nurture C) nature and nurture D) neither nature nor nurture 75. Even though Chris has genetic markers that put him at higher risk for a particular disease, he never shows any signs of the disorder. What factor explains this? A) genes B) environment C) epigenetics D) rearing Page 10 76. Brooke and her half -brother Colton were raised in an impoverished home, where they were often left home alone while both parents worked more than one minimum -wage job to support the family. Despite this upbringing, Brooke has developed into a happy, health y adult, while Colton has developed into a depressed alcoholic. Even though they shared an upbringing, their different outcomes indicate that they had _____. A) epigenetics B) differential susceptibility C) different nurture D) different environments 77. Even though Aaron eats well and exercises regularly, by age 70 he developed type 2 diabetes. Clement, on the other hand, eats fast food regularly and rarely exercises. At 70 years of age, his blood sugar levels remain in the normal range. What might accoun t for the differences in their outcomes? A) differential susceptibility B) cultural differences C) sex differences D) cohort differences 78. Differential susceptibility means that certain people have genes that _____. A) make them more vulnerable to particular experiences B) contribute similarly to a specific developmental outcome C) do not impact development within the context of particular experiences D) have an unknown impact on individuals 79. The tragic case of Brenda /David revealed that some sex differences are mainly a result of _____. A) upbringing B) culture C) nurture D) epigenetics 80. By the age of 1, most babies raised in English -speaking households have lost the ability to distinguish the sounds of the two Ts in the Hindi language. This loss of ability that accompanies increasing ability illustrates the concept that development is ___ __. A) multidirectional B) multicontextual C) multicultural D) multidisciplinary Page 11 81. The human fetus develops fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days after conception but cannot develop fingers and toes before or after that time. This is an example of _____. A) a sensitive period B) a critical period C) discontinuity D) continuity 82. Which example clearly illustrates a critical period? A) a child learning to walk B) a child learning a second language before age 4 C) a fetus developing fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days in utero D) a child learning to ride a bike between 5 and 6 years of age 83. Which example clearly illustrates a sensitive period? A) a child being born blind B) an egg being fertilized C) a fetus developing fingers and toes D) a child learning to speak a second language 84. Between 1957 and 1961, many pregnant women took thalidomide to alleviate morning sickness; this drug disrupted a(n) _____ period of prenatal development. A) sensitive B) critical C) early D) late 85. During her pregnancy, a woman in Honduras worked in a field that had been treated with pesticides. When her son was born, she was horrified to find that he had no limbs. Her pesticide exposure must have occurred during a(n) _____ period of prenatal develop ment. A) critical B) early C) late D) sensitive Page 12 86. Bobby was not taught to read until he was an adolescent. When he did learn to read, i t was much harder for him to learn, and it took him longer to learn to read than it would have during his early - to middle -childhood years. Bobby had a hard time learning to read because he did not learn to do so during the _____ period. A) critical B) early C) late D) sensitive 87. Which developmentalist was the first to emphasize the role of context on development? A) Vygotsky B) Piaget C) Bronfenbrenner D) Skinner 88. Which term is associated with Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological -systems approach? A) mastosystems B) microsystems C) extrasystems D) intrasystems 89. In Bronfenbrenner's ecological -systems approach, the _____ refers to the interactions among systems. A) macrosystem B) exosystem C) microsystem D) mesosystem 90. What term did Bronfenbrenner use to describe the impact of the specific time in history on a person's development? A) macrosystem B) exosystem C) microsystem D) chronosystem Page 13 91. Dorothy was born during the Great Depression. Within the context of the ecological -systems approach, knowing this fact allows one to know about her _____. A) chronosystem B) exosystem C) microsystem D) macrosystem 92. Dwayne was born to a single mother living in Chicago. Within the context of the ecological -systems approach, knowing this fact allows one to know something about his _____. A) chronosystem B) exosystem C) microsystem D) macrosystem 93. Dr. Kilbey is studying the impact of exosystems on human development. Which of these would she be most interested in examining? A) cultural values and economic processes B) family and peer groups C) medical centers and religious institutions D) the development of the skeletal structure in children 94. The ecological -systems approach was proposed by _____. A) Maslow B) Baltes and Baltes C) Bronfenbrenner D) Skinner 95. In Bronfenbrenner's ecological -systems model, a hospital in the community is an example of which system? A) the ecosystem B) the microsystem C) the health -care system D) the exosystem Page 14 96. In Bronfenbrenner's ecological -systems model, family and peers are part of a person's _____. A) microsystem B) exosystem C) macrosystem D) social system 97. A person's macrosystem includes _____. A) political processes B) the peer group C) school and church D) historical setting 98. Within Bronfenbrenner's ecological -systems approach, he called the historical context that affects other systems the _____. A) ecosystem B) chronosystem C) mesosystem D) macrosystem 99. Bettie belongs to one cohort; Zahara belongs to another. The only required difference between these two women is _____. A) membership in community groups B) socioeconomic status C) age D) ethnic or racial group 100. High school classmates are part of the same _____. A) social construction B) network C) socioeconomic status D) cohort 101. The people in which of the following groups can be defined as members of the same cohort? A) women who are pilots B) men with learning disabilities C) citizens of the United States D) current middle school students Page 15 102. Jamal, Wei, Liam, and Vladimir were all born and raised in England. Which statement is true? A) They could share the same ethnicity. B) They come from different ethnic groups. C) They could share the same culture. D) They come from different cultures. 103. Jack observed his coworker Jane crying when she was called into the boss's office. Jack thinks that crying at work is a sign of weakness that makes women unfit for employment in his industry. Jack is displaying _____. A) critical thinking B) a social construction C) work culture orientation D) the difference -equals -deficit error 104. People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who usually share the same language and religion are called a(n) _____. A) race B) ethnic group C) socioeconomic group D) exosystem 105. According to the text, race is _____. A) part of the microsystem B) a social construction C) defined by heritage D) multidirectional 106. Some social scientists believe that focusing on _____ exaggerates minor differences between people. A) skin color B) diversity C) genetic analysis D) culture 107. Social scientists are convinced, b ased on genetic analysis, that race is a(n) _____. A) biological difference B) culture C) social construction D) ethnicity