(Test Bank) Psychology

Myers,Dewall, 13

Psychology

Test Bank

13th Edition

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Test Bank for Psychology, The downloadable file consists of 685 pages, and the total size of the file is 4.16 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Myers, Dewall

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TEST BANK FOR PSYCHOLOGY 13TH EDITION DAVID G. MYERS NATHAN C. DEWALL TABLE OF CONTENTS Prologue The Story of Psychology Thinking Critically With Psychological Science The Biology of Mind Consciousness and the Two -Track Mind Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity Developing Through the Life Span Sensation and Perception Learning Memory Thinking and Language Intelligence What Drives Us: Hunger, Sex, Friendship, and Achievement Emotions, Stress , and Health Social Psychology Personality Psychological Disorders Therapy CHAPTER 1: THINKING CRITICALLY WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. If results are statistically significant but have a small effect size, the results may lack practical significance. lack a cause -effect relationship. represent a negative relationship. represent a neutral relationship. In one study, introductory psychology students were fitted with electronically activated recorders so that researchers could sample their daily activities. The researchers were employing a scientific method known as naturalistic observation. the double -blind procedure. experimentation. the case study. Studies conducted in the late 1990s in which the researcher concluded that children who were administeredthe MMR vaccination developed autism were withheld from the public intentionally. accurate. never published by academic journals. discovered to be fraudulent. Seven members of a boys' club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of cookies: $2, $9, $8, $10, $4, $9, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings the median is greater than the mean and greater than the mode. the median is less than the mean and less than the mode. the median is greater than the mean and less than the mode. the median is less than the mean and greater than the mode. Professor Valetta believes that identical twins have similar levels of intelligence largely because they sharecommon genes. His idea is best described as a(n) theory. replication. naturalistic observation. operational definition. The idea that "people's emotions and personal beliefs often override their acceptance of objective facts" is expressed in the dictionary definition of false news. post-truth. powerful examples. repetition. Name: Class: Date: chapter 1 Professor Terrance has conducted a study that examined the relationship betw een level of physical activity and academic performance among children. He is most likely to use to determine if a relationship exists. meta -analysis preregistration a correlation coefficient experimental research The tendency to perceive order in random events often leads to overestimating the value of common sense. operational definitions. informed consent. the double -blind procedure. Dr. Carlson wants to conduct a research study that will examine the sexual behaviors of college students. Before she can begin data collection she must submit her research proposal to her institution's review board. the APA. the BPS. her department chair for review. Approximately what percentage of the cases represented by the normal curve fall between 3 and +3 standard deviations from the mean? 34 68 95 d. 100 Unconscious gut feelings, or , provide(s) a sharp contrast to explicit, conscious reasoning. theory chance -based explanation common sense naturalistic observation The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testable assumptions. correlations. predictions. variables. Several weeks after a political election, voters often exaggerate their ability to have predicted the election outcome. This best illustr ates Name: Class: Date: chapter 1 the placebo effect. random assignment. wording effects. hindsight bias. Repeating the essence of a previous research study to verify whether its findings extend to a new group of research participants and to different circumstances is called replication. random sampling. naturalistic observation. the double -blind procedure. What was the Oxford English Dictionary 's word of the year in 2017? false news preregistration post-truth repetition Neither the researchers nor the participants in a study of a weight -loss pill know which participants have actually received a drug designed to help weight loss and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of naturalistic observat ion. random sampling. the double -blind procedure. replication. Which of the following correlations between self -esteem and physical appearance would enable you to most accurately predict physical appearance from knowledge of level of self -esteem? a. +.60 b. +.01 c. –.10 d. –.06 When we ask, for example, how closely related are the intelligence scores of fraternal twins, we are asking how strongly two are related. experimental groups control groups variables scatterplots When you read a bar graph, it is most important for you to mentally transform the data into a normal curve. Name: Class: Date: chapter 1 identify the value of the standard deviation. note the range and size of the scale values. identify the correct measure of central tendency . Professor Martinez believes that because attractive people are more sensitive, more successful, and more socially skilled, handsome men will be more successful in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of informed consent. the placebo effect. a hypothesis. a confounding variable. Dr. McClusky conducted a study in which he compared academic achievement among middle school students who either played video games at least one hour each day or did not play video games for at least onehour each day. The average scores used for academic achievement were reliable for both groups and the difference between the two groups was relatively large. This means that the results he found can be considered reliable. valid. statistically significant. correlated. Surveys indicate that people are less likely to support "affirmative action" than "preferential treatment." These survey results best illustrate the importance of random sampling. wording effects. the placebo effect. naturalistic observation. Statisticians Persi Diaconis and Frederick Mosteller commented, "But with a large enough sample, any outrageous thing is likely to happen." What were they referring to? hindsight bias overconfidence scientific inquiry perceiving patterns in random events Potential research participants are told enough about an upcoming study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. This illustrates the practice of seeking a representative sample. informed consent. an operational definition. a placebo effect. Name: Class: Date: chapter 1 In a psychological experiment, the experimental factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the variable. dependent independent control experimental When people generalize from a few vivid but unrepresentative cases, they are falling prey to operational definitions. hypothesizing. hindsight bias. sampling bias. What do the parallel research findings of "Eighty percent of prisoners in the United States were spanked as children" and "Seventy -five percent of college students in the United States were spanked as children" demonstrate? The survey method leads to causal result s. Correlation does not prove causation. Experimental designs cannot be replicated. These statements do not demonstrate any problem. Jenn earned a 72 on her first psychology exam, a 70 on the second exam, and a 71 on the third exam. Whatcan be said about her exam scores? They are a reliable representation of her performance in the class. She needs to take more exams in order to determine a reliable representation of her class performance. They do not represent her class performance. They demonstrate differences in variability and reliability. The mean of a distribution of scores is the most frequently occurring score. arithmetic average of all the scores. least frequently occurring score. score exceeded by 50 percent of all the scores. When investigators gather data and then seek to identify patterns in the data that can be used to guide theories in the field, they are engaging in research. exploratory confirmatory correlational replication Name: Class: Date: chapter 1 Which measure of variation is affected most by a few extreme scores? standard deviation mean median range Correlational research is most useful for purposes of explanation. prediction. control. replication. samples are better than samples. Significant; variable Representative; unrepresentative Variable; representative Significant; unrepresentative Gamblers often throw dice gently for low numbers and hard for high numbers. This most directly illustrates an illusion of control. a scatterplot. random assignment. regression toward the mean. If psychologists discovered that older parents have smarter children than younger parents, this would demonstrate that intelligence is inherited. older parents provide their children with greater educational opportunities than do younger parents. the age of parents and children is positively correlated. all of these statements are correct. Who is(are) most likely to hold biased views? Samantha, who is a Republican James, who is a Democrat Steven, who is not affiliated with any major political party Both Stephanie, who is a Republican, and Derek, who is a Democrat The ethics codes of the APA and Britain's BPS urge researchers to avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research. forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test. avoid the manipulation of independent variables in research involving human participants. Name: Class: Date: chapter 1 explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed. Approximately what percentage of the cases represented by the normal curve fall between –1 and +1 standard deviations from the mean? 16 34 68 95 One research team studied the ups and downs of human moods by counting positive and negative words in504 million Twitter messages from 84 countries. The researchers' method best illustrates the use of experimentation. naturalistic observation. case studies. a survey. To assess the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented students about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. In this research, the dependent variable was insults or compliments. physical appearance. interpersonal attraction. feelings of self-esteem. Dr. Johnson has used a to display the results of his study on the correlation between college student stress and academic performance. bar graph scatterplot table normal curve Testing hypotheses and refining theories is central to debriefing. regression toward the mean. the scientific method. informed consent. The most reliable way of testing whether a newly introduced method of psychological therapy is truly effective is to use survey research. naturalistic observation. correlational research. chapter 1 experimental research. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the experimental method? lack of feasibility lack of control of variables reduced generalizability ethical limitations on manipulation of variables Dr. Cast has found that children who watch more television are more likely to be overweight. Which conclusion can he reach? Watching television causes obesity. Children who are obese like to watch television. Watching increased amounts of television is correlated with obesity. He cannot come to any conclusion. Which of the following is NOT an example of animal research guidelines, as discussed in the text? informed consent companions for social animals humane care minimize discomfort describes, after the fact, what has happened better than it predicts what will happen. Theory Chance -based explanation Common sense Naturalistic observation The relief of pain following the taking of an inactive substance that is perceived to have medicinal benefits illustrates random assignment. hindsight bias. debriefing. the placebo effect. Professor Z is studying the effect of exposure to sexual content on sexual thoughts. She assigns students to one of two conditions. In the first condition, participants are exposed to explicit sexual content and then given a word -completion task, which inv olves filling in the letter missing from each word. Based on the letter added, the word could be of a sexual nature or not. For instance, b_d could be completed as "bed," indicating sexual thought, or as "bad," which has no sexual connotation. In the secon d condition, participants are not exposed to explicit sexual content but are assigned the same word -completion task. The dependent variable is sexual thought. the word -completion task. chapter 1 exposure to explicit sexual content. random assignment. Dr. Dundon has researched the effects of video watching for the past four years and has repeatedly found that teenagers who report exposure to increased sexual content in the videos are also more likely to report engaging in unprotected sex, having sex with several partners, and consuming alcohol or drugs prior to having sex. What does this mean? Exposure to sexual content in the media causes risky sexual behaviors. College students who engage in risky sexual behaviors are drawn to sexually explicit media. Exposure to sexual content in the media is correlated with risky sexual behaviors. Dr. Dundon cannot come to a conclusion. Dr. Stanley is conducting a research study to validate the socioemotional selectivity theory in late adulthood. He is conducting research. exploratory confirmatory correlational replication Dr. Smith is conducting a research study on people's belief in real and false information. He is likely to findthat participants are more likely to believe false information if it is told to them by an expert. told to them in front of a group of people. shared with them on multiple occasions. shared with them anonymously. Professor O'Malley displays on a scatterplot the relationship between students' exam sco res and their success at obtaining gainful employment. The points on the scatterplot are most likely clustered in a pattern that resembles a U-shaped curve. extends from the upper left to the lower right. resembles a bell-shaped curve. extends from the lower left to the upper right. The case study is a research method in which a single individual or group is studied in great depth. a representative sample of people are questioned regarding their opinions or behaviors. organisms are carefully observed in a laboratory environment. an investigator manipulates one or more variables that might affect behavior. Which of the following is NOT a contributor to why, according to Tom Gilovich (1991), people "know what isn't so"? increase in false news Name: Class: Date: chapter 1 repetition limited powerful examples group identification Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking? hindsight bias overconfidence discerning hidden values creativity Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group? The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior. The research participants are exposed to all the different experimental treatments. The research participants are exposed to the most favorable levels of experimental treatment. The experimental treatment is absent. Your professor reports that on the last exam the lowest score was 52 and the highest score was 98. What isthe range for the test scores? 75 b. 150 c. 46 d. 52 To le arn about the gaming habits of all the children attending Eastchester High School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n) population. representative sample. independent variable. control condition. Which of the following provides the best guidance on the significance of an observed difference betweentwo research samples? a skewed distribution percentile scores inferential statistics bar graphs A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two factors, is called a replication. scatterplot. control group. Name: Class: Date: chapter 1 correlation coefficient. In their research on people's perception of how prisoners accused of terrorism are questioned, Dr. Pedersen and Dr. MacDonald have found that people are more approving of "enhanced interrogation" than "torture." This finding demonstrates which of the follo wing? survey naturalistic observation wording effects case study In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem -solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of naturalistic observation. survey research. a case study. an experiment. Dr. Packwood is examining Twitter messages among men and women as part of her research project. This isan example of how modern technology has improved research using the case study. naturalistic observation. correlations. an experiment. To understand the anxiety experienced by his 30 -year-old client, Dr. Vince, a clinical psychologist, carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social -cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used? the survey the case study experimentation naturalistic observation Observing and recording behavior is the main purpose behind _ research. descriptive correlational experimental longitudinal A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment is called a wording effect. correlation coefficient. placebo effect. Name: Class: Date: chapter 1 confounding variable. Statistical reasoning can help us to generalize correctly from a range to a standard deviation. standard deviation to a mean. sample to a population. bar graph to a skewed distribution. Suppose that people who see a lot of violent movies are also more likely to be aggressive. This relationship would NOT necessarily indicate that watching violent movies influences aggressive behavior because we most readily notice associations that confirm our beliefs. association does not prove causation. sampling extre me cases leads to false generalizations. the sample may have been randomly selected. As the size of a representative sample increases, the of that sample is most likely to decrease. range mean standard deviation median Although Danielle' s history class is sometimes longer or shorter than usual, on average each class is 55 minutes. If the lengths of these classes form a normal curve, which statistic would enable Danielle to estimate the probability that any single class will last somewhere between 52 and 58 minutes? range median correlation coefficient standard deviation For which of the following distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate measure of central tendency than the mean? a. 10, 22, 8, 9, 6 b. 12, 6, 8, 5, 4 c. 12, 15, 12, 9, 12 d. 23, 7, 3, 27, 16 Seven members of a Girl Scout troop report the following individual earnings from their sale of candy: $4, $1, $7, $6, $8, $2, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings the mean is less than the mode and equal to the median. the mean is equal to the mode and greater than the median. the mean is greater than the mode and greater than the median. the mean is less than the mode and less than the median. Name: Class: Date: chapter 1 Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned to that group by chance. to the group in which participants are representative of people in general. in a way that ensures that the independent variable will affect the dependent variable. to the group in which participants all have similar personalities. Assessing how well one variable predicts another variable is to as detecting cause -effect relationships between different variables is to . naturalistic observation; case studies descriptive methods; correlational methods a control group; an experimental group correlational research; experimental research If a set of standardized test scores is normally distributed, having a mean of 65 and a standard deviation of15, approximately 68 percent of the group members receive scores somewhere between 65 and 75. 65 and 80. 55 and 75. 45 and 80. When a mean is reported on a TV news broadcast, it is most important for readers to determine whether it is statistically significant. consider whether it is distorted by a few extreme cases. be sure that it represents a standard deviation. assume that it is the midpoint of a normal curve. The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of on feelings and behaviors. the double -blind procedure random sampling positive expectations regression toward the mean Which research method provides the best way of assessing whether aerobic exercise boosts mental alertness? the case study the survey naturalistic observation the experiment To better understand how patients recover from brain damage after an automobile accident, Dr. Thomas carefully observes and questions Michael, who was in an automobile accident over a year ago and suffered