(Test Bank) Advanced Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children

McCance,Huether, 1

Medicine

Test Bank

1st Edition

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Test Bank for Advanced Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children, The downloadable file consists of 510 pages, and the total size of the file is 2.57 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): McCance, Huether

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TESTBANK PATHOPHYSIOLOGY THEBIOLOGICBASISFORDISEASEINADULTSANDCHILDREN 8thEdition KathrynL.McCance,SueE.Huether2 Contents Chapter01:CellularBiology...........................................................................................................................4 Chapter02:AlteredCellularandTissueBiology:EnvironmentalAgents....................................................18 Chapter03:TheCellularEnvironment:FluidsandElectrolytes,AcidsandBases.......................................31 Chapter04:GenesandGeneticDiseases....................................................................................................44 Chapter05:Genes,Environment-Lifestyle,andCommonDiseases...........................................................55 Chapter06:EpigeneticsandDisease...........................................................................................................63 Chapter07:InnateImmunity:InflammationandWoundHealing..............................................................68 Chapter08:AdaptiveImmunity...................................................................................................................83 Chapter09:AlterationsinImmunityandInflammation.............................................................................95 Chapter10:Infection.................................................................................................................................108 Chapter11:StressandDisease..................................................................................................................117 Chapter12:CancerBiology........................................................................................................................124 Chapter13:CancerEpidemiology..............................................................................................................137 Chapter14:CancerinChildren..................................................................................................................143 Chapter15:StructureandFunctionoftheNeurologicSystem.................................................................148 Chapter16:Pain,TemperatureRegulation,Sleep,andSensoryFunction................................................159 Chapter17:AlterationsinCognitiveSystems,CerebralHemodynamics,andMotorFunction................174 Chapter18:DisordersoftheCentralandPeripheralNervousSystemsandtheNeuromuscularJunction ..................................................................................................................................................................188 Chapter19:NeurobiologyofSchizophrenia,MoodDisorders,andAnxietyDisorders............................199 Chapter20:AlterationsofNeurologicFunctioninChildren......................................................................206 Chapter21:MechanismsofHormonalRegulation....................................................................................213 Chapter22:AlterationsofHormonalRegulation......................................................................................222 Chapter23:ObesityandDisordersofNutrition........................................................................................234 Chapter24:StructureandFunctionoftheReproductiveSystems...........................................................239 Chapter25:AlterationsoftheFemaleReproductiveSystem...................................................................249 Chapter26:AlterationsoftheMaleReproductiveSystem.......................................................................259 Chapter27:SexuallyTrANSmittedInfections.........................................................................................265 Chapter28:StructureandFunctionoftheHematologicSystem..............................................................2733 Chapter29:AlterationsofErythrocytes,Platelets,andHemostaticFunction..........................................283 Chapter30:AlterationsofLeukocyteandLymphoidFunction.................................................................293 Chapter31:AlterationsofHematologicFunctioninChildren...................................................................300 Chapter32:StructureandFunctionoftheCardiovascularandLymphaticSystems................................311 Chapter33:AlterationsofCardiovascularFunction..................................................................................324 Chapter34:AlterationsofCardiovascularFunctioninChildren...............................................................338 Chapter35:StructureandFunctionofthePulmonarySystem.................................................................346 Chapter36:AlterationsofPulmonaryFunction........................................................................................356 Chapter37:AlterationsofPulmonaryFunctioninChildren......................................................................373 Chapter38:StructureandFunctionoftheRenalandUrologicSystems..................................................381 Chapter39:AlterationsofRenalandUrinaryTractFunction...................................................................391 Chapter40:AlterationsofRenalandUrinaryTractFunctioninChildren.................................................401 Chapter41:StructureandFunctionoftheDigestiveSystem...................................................................409 Chapter42:AlterationsofDigestiveFunction...........................................................................................421 Chapter43:AlterationsofDigestiveFunctioninChildren........................................................................432 Chapter44:StructureandFunctionoftheMusculoskeletalSystem........................................................441 Chapter45:AlterationsofMusculoskeletalFunction...............................................................................453 Chapter46:AlterationsofMusculoskeletalFunctioninChildren.............................................................466 Chapter47:Structure,Function,andDisordersoftheIntegument..........................................................475 Chapter48:AlterationsoftheIntegumentinChildren.............................................................................486 Chapter49:Shock,MultipleOrganDysfunctionSyndrome,andBurnsinAdults.....................................494 Chapter50:Shock,MultipleOrganDysfunctionSyndrome,andBurnsinChildren.................................502TestBank-Pathophysiology:TheBiologicBasisforDiseaseinAdultsandChildren(8th)4 Chapter01:CellularBiology MULTIPLECHOICE 1.Whichstatementbestdescribesthecellularfunctionofmetabolicabsorption? a.Cellscanproduceproteins. b.Cellscansecretedigestiveenzymes. c.Cellscantakeinandusenutrients. d.Cellscansynthesizefats. ANS:C Inmetabolicabsorption,allcellstakeinandusenutrientsandothersubstancesfromtheir surroundings.Theremainingoptionsarenotinclusiveintheirdescriptionsofcellularmetabolic absorption. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 2.Whereismostofacell’sgeneticinformation,includingRNAandDNA,contained? a.Mitochondria b.Ribosome c.Nucleolus d.Lysosome ANS:C Thenucleuscontainsthenucleolus,asmalldensestructurecomposedlargelyofRNA,mostof thecellularDNA,andtheDNA-bindingproteins,suchasthehistones,whichregulateits activity.Themitochondriaareresponsibleforcellularrespirationandenergyproduction. Ribosomes’chieffunctionistoprovidesitesforcellularproteinsynthesis.Lysosomesfunction astheintracellulardigestivesystem. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 3.Whichcomponentofthecellproduceshydrogenperoxide(H2O2)byusingoxygentoremove hydrogenatomsfromspecificsubstratesinanoxidativereaction? a.Lysosomes b.Peroxisomes c.Ribosomes d.Endosome ANS:BTestBank-Pathophysiology:TheBiologicBasisforDiseaseinAdultsandChildren(8th)5 Peroxisomesaresonamedbecausetheyusuallycontainenzymesthatuseoxygentoremove hydrogenatomsfromspecificsubstratesinanoxidativereactionthatproducesH2O2,whichisa powerfuloxidantandpotentiallydestructiveifitaccumulatesorescapesfromperoxisomes. RibosomesareRNA-proteincomplexes(nucleoproteins)thataresynthesizedinthenucleolus andsecretedintothecytoplasmthroughporesinthenuclearenvelopecallednuclearpore complexes.LysosomesaresaclikestructuresthatoriginatefromtheGolgicomplexandcontain morethan40digestiveenzymescalledhydrolases,whichcatalyzebondsinproteins,lipids, nucleicacids,andcarbohydrates.Anendosomeisavesicalthathasbeenpinchedofffromthe cellularmembrane. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 4.Whichcellcomponentiscapableofcellularautodigestionwhenitisreleasedduringcellinjury? a.Ribosome b.Golgicomplex c.Smoothendoplasmicreticulum d.Lysosomes ANS:D Thelysosomalmembraneactsasaprotectiveshieldbetweenthepowerfuldigestiveenzymes withinthelysosomeandthecytoplasm,preventingtheirleakageintothecytoplasmicmatrix. Disruptionofthemembranebyvarioustreatmentsorcellularinjuryleadstoareleaseofthe lysosomalenzymes,whichcanthenreactwiththeirspecificsubstrates,causingcellularself- digestion.Thechieffunctionofaribosomeistoprovidesitesforcellularproteinsynthesis.The Golgicomplexisanetworkofflattened,smoothvesiclesandmembranesoftenlocatednearthe cellnucleus.Thesmoothendoplasmicreticulumisinvolvedinsteroidhormoneproductionand removingtoxicsubstancesfromthecell. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 5.WhichcAMP-mediatedresponseisrelatedtoantidiuretichormone? a.Increasedheartrateandforceofcontraction b.Secretionofcortisol c.Increasedretentionofwater d.Breakdownoffat ANS:C Antidiuretichormoneleadstoincreasedretentionofwaterinthebody.Epinephrinecauses increasesinheartrateandforceofcontraction.IncreasedcortisolsecretionisduetoACTH. Breakdownoffatisduetoglucagon. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 6.DuringwhichphaseofthecellcycleisDNAsynthesized? a.G1 b.S c.G2 d.MTestBank-Pathophysiology:TheBiologicBasisforDiseaseinAdultsandChildren(8th)6 ANS:B Thefourdesignatedphasesofthecellcycleare:(1)theG1phase(G=gap),whichistheperiod betweentheMphase(M=mitosis)andthestartofDNAsynthesis;(2)theSphase(S= synthesis),duringwhichDNAissynthesizedinthecellnucleus;(3)theG2phase,duringwhich RNAandproteinsynthesisoccurs,theperiodbetweenthecompletionofDNAsynthesisandthe nextphase(M);and(4)theMphase,whichincludesnuclearandcytoplasmicdivision. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 7.WhatorganiccompoundfacilitatestrANSportationacrosscellmembranesbyactingas receptors,trANSportchannelsforelectrolytes,andenzymestodriveactivepumps? a.Lipids b.Proteases c.Proteins d.Carbohydrates ANS:C Proteinshaveseveralfunctions,includingactingasreceptors,trANSportchannelsfor electrolytes,andenzymestodriveactivepumpsLipidshelpactasthe“glue”holdingcell membranestogether.Proteasescausethebreakdownofprotein.Carbohydratesareinvolvedin cellularprotectionandlubricationandhelpproduceenergyviaoxidativephosphorylation. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 8.Understandingthevariousstepsofproteolyticcascadesmaybeusefulindesigningdrugtherapy forwhichhumandiseases? a.Cardiacandvasculardisorders b.Autoimmuneandmalignantdisorders c.Gastrointestinalandrenaldisorders d.Endocrineandgastrointestinaldisorders ANS:B Understandingthevariousstepsinvolvedinthisprocessiscrucialfordesigningdrug interventions.Dysregulationofproteasesfeaturesprominentlyinmanyhumandiseases, includingcancer,autoimmunity,andneurodegenerativedisorders.Cardiac,vascular, gastrointestinal,renal,andendocrinedisordersdonotinvolvethisprocess. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 9.Whichstructurepreventswater-solublemoleculesfromenteringcellsacrosstheplasma membrane? a.Carbohydratechains b.Glycoproteinchannels c.Membranechannelproteins d.Lipidbilayer ANS:DTestBank-Pathophysiology:TheBiologicBasisforDiseaseinAdultsandChildren(8th)7 Thebilayer’sstructureaccountsforoneoftheessentialfunctionsoftheplasmamembrane.Itis impermeabletomostwater-solublemolecules(moleculesthatdissolveinwater)becausethe water-solublemoleculesareinsolubleintheoilycoreregion.Thebilayerservesasabarrierto thediffusionofwaterandhydrophilicsubstanceswhileallowinglipid-solublemolecules,suchas oxygen(O2)andcarbondioxide(CO2),todiffusethroughitreadily.Carbohydratechains, glycoproteinchannels,andmembranechannelproteinsdonotpreventwater-solublemolecules fromenteringcellsacrossthecellmembrane. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 10.Astudentasksforanexplanationoftheabsoluterefractoryperiodoftheactionpotential.What responsebytheprofessorisbest? a.Astrongerthannormalimpulsewillevokeanotherresponse. b.Nostimulusisabletoevokeanotherresponseatthistime. c.Multiplestimulicanproducemorerapidactionpotentials. d.ThehyperpolarizedstatemeANSaweakerstimulusproducesaresponse. ANS:B Duringtheabsoluterefractorystateoftheactionpotential,nostimulusisabletoevokeanother responsefromthecell.Astrongerthannormalimpulsemaygeneratearesponseintherelative refractoryperiod.Thisperiodoftimeisnotrelatedtothenumberofstimuli.Ahyperpolarized statemeANSastrongerthannormalstimuluswouldbeneededtogeneratearesponse. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 11.Whichformofcellcommunicationisusedtocommunicatewithinthecellitselfandwithother cellsindirectphysicalcontact? a.Proteinchannel(gapjunction) b.Plasmamembrane-boundsignalingmolecules c.HormonesecretionsuchasneurotrANSmitters d.Extracellularchemicalmessengerssuchasligands ANS:B Cellscommunicateinthreemainways;theydisplayplasmamembrane-boundsignaling moleculesthataffectthecellitselfandothercellsindirectphysicalcontactwithit,theyaffect receptorproteinsinsidethetargetcell,andtheyformproteinchannels(gapjunctions)that directlycoordinatetheactivitiesofadjacentcells.NeurotrANSmittersarereleasedbyneurons andcrossthesynapticclefttocommunicatewiththecellstheyinnervate.Ligandsareinvolved inbindingprocesses. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 12.WhichmodeofchemicalsignalingusesbloodtotrANSportcommunicationtocellssome distanceaway? a.Paracrine b.Autocrine c.NeurotrANSmitter d.HormonalTestBank-Pathophysiology:TheBiologicBasisforDiseaseinAdultsandChildren(8th)8 ANS:D Chemicalsignalingcanbeclassifiedintothreecategories:(1)local-chemicalmediator,(2) hormone,and(3)neurotrANSmitter.Hormonesarereleasedbyonesetofcellsandtravel throughtissuesorthebloodstreamtoanothersetofcellswheretheyproducearesponsebythose cells.Inparacrinesignaling,cellssecretelocalchemicalmediatorsthatarequicklyabsorbed, destroyed,orimmobilized.Paracrinesignalingrequiresclosemembrane-to-membranecontact. Paracrinesignalingusuallyinvolvesdifferentcelltypes;however,cellsalsomayproducesignals thatthey,themselves,respondto,whichiscalledautocrinesignaling.NeurotrANSmittersare releasedbyneuronsandcrossthesynapticclefttocommunicatewiththecellstheyinnervate. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 13.Whichmodeofchemicalsignalinguseslocalchemicalmediatorsthatarequicklytakenup, destroyed,orimmobilized? a.Paracrine b.Autocrine c.NeurotrANSmitter d.Hormone ANS:A Inparacrinesignaling,cellssecretelocalchemicalmediatorsthatarequicklytakenup, destroyed,orimmobilized.Autocrinesignalingoccurswhenthetargetcellsproducesignalsthat theythemselvesrespondto.NeurotrANSmittersarereleasedbyneuronsandcrossthesynaptic clefttocommunicatewiththecellstheyinnervate.Hormonesarereleasedbyonesetofcellsand travelthroughtissuesorthebloodstreamtoanothersetofcellswheretheyproducearesponseby thosecells. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 14.NeurotrANSmittersaffectthepostsynapticmembranebybindingtowhichstructure? a.Lipids b.Ribosomes c.Amphipathiclipids d.Receptors ANS:D Ineachtypeofchemicalsignaling,thetargetcellreceivesthesignalbyfirstattachingtoits receptors.Theotheroptionsdonotcorrectlydescribethisprocess. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 15.Howdocellsreceivecommunicationfromtheextracellularfluidsurroundingthem? a.Proteinchannel(gapjunction) b.Plasmamembrane-boundsignalingmolecules(involvingreceptors) c.HormonesecretionsuchasneurotrANSmitters d.Chemicalmessengerssuchasligands ANS:DTestBank-Pathophysiology:TheBiologicBasisforDiseaseinAdultsandChildren(8th)9 SignaltrANSductioninvolvesincomingsignalsorinstructionsfromextracellularchemical messengers(ligands)thatareconveyedtothecell’sinteriorforexecution.Theotheroptionsdo notcorrectlydescribehowcellsreceivecommunicationfromthesurroundingextracellularfluid. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 16.Whichmoleculeprovidesthesecondmessengernecessaryforextracellularcommunicationtobe activated? a.Guanosinetriphosphate(GTP) b.Adenosinemonophosphate(AMP) c.Adenosinetriphosphate(ATP) d.Guanosinediphosphate(GDP) ANS:B Thetwomajorsecond-messengerpathwaysarecyclicAMP(cAMP)andcalcium(Ca++).GTP, ATP,andGDParenotmajorsecond-messengerpathways.GTPandGDPare“middlemen”or intermediaries.NutrientsaretrANSformedintoenergyintheformofATP. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 17.Underanaerobicconditions,whatprocessprovidesenergyforthecell? a.Oxidativephosphorylation b.Glycolysis c.Lactolysis d.PassivetrANSport ANS:B Glycolysisprovidesenergytothecellswhenoxygendeliveryisinsufficientordelayed. Oxidativephosphorylationistheprocessbywhichenergyproducedfromnutrientsis trANSferredtoATP.Lactolysisisthebreakdownoflactose.PassivetrANSportisthe movementofwaterandsmall,nonelectricallychargemoleculesacrossplasmamembranes. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 18.Whatisthemechanismbywhichtheenergyproducedfromcarbohydrates,proteins,andlipidsis trANSferredtoadenosinetriphosphate(ATP)? a.Anaerobicglycolysis b.Oxidativecellularmetabolism c.Oxidativephosphorylation d.Tricarboxylicacidphosphorylation ANS:C Oxidativephosphorylationoccursinthemitochondriaandisthemechanismbywhichtheenergy producedfromcarbohydrates,fats,andproteinsistrANSferredtoATP.Glycolysisprovides energytothecellswhenoxygendeliveryisinsufficientordelayed.Oxidativecellular metabolismandtricarboxylicacidphosphorylationarenotinvolvedintrANSferringenergyto ATP. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:RememberingTestBank-Pathophysiology:TheBiologicBasisforDiseaseinAdultsandChildren(8th)10 19.PassivetrANSportisbestdescribedwithwhichstatement? a.Beingdrivenbyosmosis,hydrostaticpressure,anddiffusion b.InvolvingreceptorsthatcanbindwithsubstancesbeingtrANSported c.BeingcapableoftrANSportingmacromolecules d.Requiringenergygeneratedbythecell ANS:A Waterandsmallelectricallyunchargedmoleculesmoveeasilythroughporesintheplasma membrane’slipidbilayer.Thisprocess,calledpassivetrANSport,naturallyoccursthroughany semipermeablebarrier.Itisdrivenbyosmosis,hydrostaticpressure,anddiffusion,allofwhich dependonthelawsofphysicsanddonotrequirelife.Theotheroptionsdonotcorrectlydescribe passivetrANSport. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 20.WhichisthebestexampleofactivetrANSport? a.Movementacrossamembraneduetodifferencesinsoluteconcentration b.Movementrequiringtheexpenditureofmetabolicenergy c.Movementoftwomoleculessimultaneouslyinonedirection d.Movementoftwomoleculessimultaneouslyinoppositedirections ANS:B ActivetrANSportrequiresalife,biologicactivity,andtheexpenditureofmetabolic energy.Movementduesimplytodifferencesinconcentrationgradientsiscalledpassive trANSport.Movementoftwomoleculesinthesamedirectioniscalledsymport,while movingtwomoleculesinoppositedirectionsiscalledantiport. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 21.WhichmethodoftrANSportusestrANSmembraneproteinswithreceptorswithahigh degreeofspecificityforthesubstancebeingtrANSported? a.Active b.Mediated c.TrANSmembranous d.Passive ANS:B MediatedtrANSport(passiveandactive)involvesintegralortrANSmembraneproteins withreceptorshavingahighdegreeofspecificityforthesubstancebeingtrANSported. ActiveandpassivetrANSportareoppositeswithactivetrANSportrequiringtheuseof energyandpassivetrANSportrelyingonosmosis,hydrostaticpressure,anddiffusionand notenergy. TrANSmembranousmeANS“acrossmembranes.” PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 22.Themovementoffluidacrossthearterialendofcapillarymembranesintotheinterstitialfluid surroundingthecapillaryisanexampleofwhichfluidmovementprocess? a.HydrostaticpressureTestBank-Pathophysiology:TheBiologicBasisforDiseaseinAdultsandChildren(8th)11 b.Osmosis c.Diffusion d.ActivetrANSport ANS:A Hydrostaticpressureisthemechanicalforceofwaterpushingagainstcellularmembranes. Osmosisisthemovementofwater“down”aconcentrationgradient,thatis,acrossa semipermeablemembranefromaregionofhigherwaterconcentrationtoaregionoflowerwater concentration.Diffusionisthemovementofasolutemoleculefromanareaofgreatersolute concentrationtoanareaoflessersoluteconcentration.ActivetrANSportrequiresalife, biologicactivity,andtheexpenditureofmetabolicenergy. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 23.Astudentaskswhyosmolalityispreferredoverosmolarityasthemeasurementofosmotic activityintheclinicalassessmentofindividuals.Whatresponsebytheprofessorismost accurate? a.Plasmacontainssodiumandchloride,whichinfluencethevolumeofsolution. b.Volumeaffectsperfusionmorethantheweightofsolutes. c.Moreoftheweightofplasmaisinfluencedbysolutesratherthanbywater. d.Osmoticactivitydependsontheconcentrationofsolutespresentinplasma. ANS:C Osmolalityisameasureofthenumberofmilliosmolesperkilogram(mOsm/kg)ofwater,orthe concentrationofmoleculesperweightofwater.Osmolarityisameasureofthenumberof milliosmolesperliter(mOsm/L)ofsolution,ortheconcentrationofmoleculespervolumeof solution.Osmolalityisameasureofthenumberofmilliosmolesperkilogram(mOsm/kg)of water,ortheconcentrationofmoleculesperweightofwater.Osmolarityisameasureofthe numberofmilliosmolesperliter(mOsm/L)ofsolution,ortheconcentrationofmoleculesper volumeofsolution.Inplasma,lessoftheplasmaweightiswater;thereforetheoverall concentrationofparticlesisgreater.Theosmolalitywillbegreaterthantheosmolaritybecause ofthesmallerproportionofwater.Osmolalityisthusthepreferredmeasureofosmoticactivity inclinicalassessmentofindividuals. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 24.Apatientwhohasdiarrheareceivesa3%salinesolutionintravenouslytoreplacethesodiumand chloridelostinthestool.Whateffectwillthisfluidreplacementhaveoncells? a.Becomehydrated b.Swellorburst c.Shrink d.Divide ANS:CTestBank-Pathophysiology:TheBiologicBasisforDiseaseinAdultsandChildren(8th)12 Ahypertonicsolutionhasaconcentrationofgreaterthan285to294mOsm/kg.Anexampleofa hypertonicsolutionis3%salinesolution.Watercanbepulledoutofthecellsbyahypertonic solution;thereforethecellsshrink.Anisotonicsolutionwillcausethecellstobecomemore hydratedwithoutdisruptingtheosmolalityofeitherintracellularorextracellularfluid.Hypotonic solutionscancausecellstoswellorburst.Nosolutionsleadtocelldivision. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 25.ThetrANSportofglucosefromthebloodtothecellisaccomplishedbywhichprocess? a.Hydrostaticpressure b.Activediffusion c.Passiveosmosis d.MediatedtrANSport ANS:D MediatedtrANSportisthemeANSbywhichglucoseistrANSportedfromthebloodtothe cells.ThisprocessusestrANSportproteins.Hydrostaticpressureistheforceofwaterpushing againstacellmembrane.Diffusionisapassiveprocess,notactive.Osmosisisthemovementof water“down”aconcentrationgradient,thatis,acrossasemipermeablemembranefromaregion ofhigherwaterconcentrationtoaregionoflowerwaterconcentrationandisapassiveprocess. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 26.WhattrANSportspotassiumandsodiumacrossplasmamembranes? a.Passiveelectrolytechannels b.Coupledchannels c.Adenosinetriphosphatase(ATPase)enzyme d.Diffusion ANS:C TheexactmechanismforthetrANSportofNa+andK+acrossthemembraneisuncertain. OneproposalisthatATPaseenzymeinducesthetrANSporterproteintoundergoseveral conformationalchanges,causingNa+andK+tomoveshortdistances(seeFigure1-29).The remainingoptionsdonotcorrectlydescribethemeANSbywhichK+andNa+are trANSported. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 27.Whatoccursduringexocytosis? a.Macromoleculescanbesecretedacrosseukaryoticcellmembranes. b.Allsubstancesaresecretedintothecellularmatrix. c.Norepairsintheplasmamembranecantakeplace. d.Solutemoleculesflowfreelyintoandoutofthecell. ANS:A Ineukaryoticcells,secretionofmacromoleculesalmostalwaysoccursbyexocytosis.The remainingoptionsdonotcorrectlydescribeexocytosis. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:RememberingTestBank-Pathophysiology:TheBiologicBasisforDiseaseinAdultsandChildren(8th)13 28.Thecellularuptakeofthenutrientcholesteroldependsonwhichprocess? a.Receptor-mediatedexocytosis b.Antiportsystem c.Receptor-mediatedendocytosis d.PassivetrANSport ANS:C Thecellularuptakeofnutrients,suchascholesterol,forexample,dependsonreceptor-mediated endocytosis.NutrientsarenottrANSportedviatheotheroptions. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 29.Whatcausestherapidchangeintherestingmembranepotentialtoinitiateanactionpotential? a.Potassiumgatesopen,andpotassiumrushesintothecell,changingthemembrane potentialfromnegativetopositive. b.Sodiumgatesopen,andsodiumrushesintothecell,changingthemembrane potentialfromnegativetopositive. c.Sodiumgatesclose,allowingpotassiumintothecelltochangethemembrane potentialfrompositivetonegative. d.Potassiumgatesclose,allowingsodiumintothecelltochangethemembrane potentialfrompositivetonegative. ANS:B Whenarestingcellisstimulatedthroughvoltage-regulatedchannels,thecellmembranes becomemorepermeabletoNa+.AsNa+movesintothecellthemembranepotentialdecreases,or movesforward,fromanegativevalue(inmillivolts)tozero.TheNa+gatesopen,andNa+rushes intothecell,causingthemembranepotentialtoreducetozeroandthenbecomepositive (depolarization).Theremainingoptionsdonotcorrectlydescribethechangethatinitiatesan actionpotential. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 30.Theactionofplatelet-derivedgrowthfactoristostimulatetheproductionofwhichcells? a.Platelets b.Epidermalcells c.Connectivetissuecells d.Fibroblastcells ANS:C Differenttypesofcellsrequiredifferentfactorstostimulateproliferation;forexample,platelet- derivedgrowthfactorstimulatestheproductionofconnectivetissuecells.Platelet-derived growthfactordoesnotstimulateproductionofplatelets,epidermalcells,orfibroblasts. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 31.Whatroledocytokinesplayincellreproduction? a.Providegrowthfactorfortissuegrowthanddevelopment b.Blockprogressofcellreproductionthroughthecellcycle c.RestraincellgrowthanddevelopmentTestBank-Pathophysiology:TheBiologicBasisforDiseaseinAdultsandChildren(8th)14 d.Providenutrientsforcellgrowthanddevelopment ANS:A Growthfactors,alsocalledcytokines,stimulateanincreaseincellmassorcellgrowthby promotingthesynthesisofproteinsandothermacromoleculesandinhibitingtheirdegradation. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 32.Whatistheprocessofcellularreproduction? a.Theprocessoftentakesmonthsoryearstocomplete. b.Cellularreproductiontypicallyhasashortinterphase. c.Twodiploidcells,calleddaughtercells,havebeenformed. d.Theprocessinvolvestheinteractionofmaleandfemalecells. ANS:C Duringtelophase,thefinalstageofcellularreproduction,twoidenticaldiploidcells,called daughtercells,hasbeenformedfromtheoriginalcell.Theprocessoccurshundredsoftimesa second.Interphaseisthelongestphaseofthecellcycle.Maleandfemalecellsdonotinteractin cellularreproduction;eachcellisresponsibleforreproducingitself. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 33.Whichstatementistrueabouteukaryoticcells? a.Theylackdistinctnucleus. b.Theycontaincompartmentscalledorganelles. c.Theylackanencasingnuclearmembrane. d.Theyaresmallerthanthetypicalprokaryotecell. ANS:B Eukaryoticcellshaveacharacteristicsetofmembrane-boundintracellularcompartmentscalled organellesthatincludeawell-definednucleusencasedinanuclearmembrane.Eukaryoticcells arealsolargerthanprokaryotes. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 34.Whichstatementistrueaboutphagocytosis? a.Phagocytosisisanexampleofexocytosis. b.Phagocytosisisdependentonsmallvesicles. c.Phagocytosisinvolvestheingestionofbacteria. d.Phagocytosisfocusesonsolutemolecules. ANS:C Phagocytosisistheengulfmentoflargeparticlesinphagocyticcells.Phagocytosisisanexample ofendocytosis,notexocytosisanddoesnotfocusonsolutes. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 35.Amusclecellpossesseswhichspecializedfunction? a.MovementTestBank-Pathophysiology:TheBiologicBasisforDiseaseinAdultsandChildren(8th)15 b.Conductivity c.Secretion d.Respiration ANS:A Acellhasthepotentialtodifferentiationandtogaintheabilitytoperformoneofeight specializedfunctions.Musclecellscangenerateforcesthatproducemotion.Nervescellsare capableofconductivity.Cellsoftheadrenalgland,testis,andovarycansecrete.Respirationisa functionthatallcellspossess. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 36.Whenamucousglandcellcreatesanewsubstancefrompreviouslyabsorbedmaterial,this processisknownaswhichspecializedcellularfunction? a.Excretion b.Metabolicabsorption c.Reproduction d.Secretion ANS:D Certaincells,suchasmucousglandcells,cansynthesizenewsubstancesfromsubstancesthey absorbandthensecretethenewsubstancestoserveelsewhereasneeded.Excretionoccurswhen cellsridthemselvesofwasteproducts.Reproductionistheprocessofformingnewcells. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 37.Allcellsarecapableofwhatprocess? a.Excretion b.Movement c.Conductivity d.Continuousdivision ANS:A Allcellshavethecapacitytoexcrete,thusallowingthemtoridthemselvesofwasteproducts resultingfromthemetabolicbreakdownofnutrients.Musclecellshavethepropertyof movement.Conductivityisapropertyofnervecells.Many,butnotall,cellsarecapableof reproduction. PTS:1 DIF:CognitiveLevel:Remembering 38.Whatisthebestdescriptionofcellcyclearrest? a.ThecellcycleisstoppedduetodamagedDNA. b.Programmedcelldeathissuppressed. c.Macromoleculedegradationisinhibited. d.Productionofgrowthfactorsishalted. ANS:A