(Test Bank) Understanding Biology

9781259592416, Mason,Johnson,Losos, 2

Biology

Test Bank

2nd Edition

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Test Bank for Understanding Biology, The downloadable file consists of 2337 pages, and the total size of the file is 9.66 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Mason, Johnson, Losos

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Study Note Preview

1 Understanding Biology 2nd Edition Mason Test Bank Understanding Biology, 2e (Mason) Chapter 1 The Science of Biology 1) Science is subdivided into specific areas of study termed disciplines. These divisions are artificial but are helpful to narrow the massive scope of scientific knowledge to a manageable amount. Given what you know about each, which scientific division is likely to present the best answer to a question about how fluid dynamics affect blood pressu re in mammals? A) biochemistry – study of chemical reactions needed for life function, usually at the cellular level B) bioinformatics – use of technology to study and store biological data C) biophysics – study of biological processes through physics D) biology – study of life Answer: C Explanation: Clarify Question • What is the key concept addressed by the question? The question is about the differences between different divisions of biological research. • What type of thinking is required? This question is asking for you to apply your understanding to identify which areas of research would focus on the movement of fluids. • What key words does the question contain and what do they mean? o Fluid dynamics refers to the physics of how fluids (liquids) move. Gather Content • What do you know about different divisions of biology? How does it relate to the question? o Bioinformatics is the study of biological data like sequences using computers o Biology is a very broad area of research covering all areas of the study of life o Biochemistry is the study of biological molecules smaller than a cell o Biophysics is the study of how biological molecules move using the laws of physics Consider Possibilities • What other information is related to the question? Which information is most useful? • In which disciplines are the properties of fluids likely to be studied? o The study of the movement of fluids like blood are not sequence or structural data an d not biological molecules, thus bioinformatics and biochemistry are not good answers. o Biology is a very broad heading, and not the best answer. Choose Answer • Given what you now know, what information and/or problem solving approach is most likely to produce the correct answer? The best answer is biophysics because the movement of fluids are well described using the laws of physics. 2 Reflect on Process • Did your problem -solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result? o This question asked you to apply the definitions different areas of biology to determine which might study fluid dynamics. If you got the correct answer, great job! If you got an incorrect answer, where did the process break down? Did you think that fluid dynamics were part of a cell or represented by large data sets? Did you not know that the movement of fluids was an area of study in physics? Section: 01.05 Topic: A Few Important Concepts Form the Core of Biology Learning Objective: 01.05.01 Describe five unifying concepts of biology as a science. Bloom's: 3. Apply Gradable: automatic 2) Based on hierarchical levels of biological organization, which represents the broadest level? A) endocrine system B) three -toed sloths C) school of piranhas D) Amazon Basin E) jaguars, giant anteaters, macaws, capybaras Answer: D Section: 01.02 Topic: Biology Is the Science of Life Learning Objective: 01.02.02 Describe the hierarchical nature of living systems. Bloom's: 2. Understand Gradable: automatic 3) Experiments are carried out to test a hypothesis by changing one variable at a time and including an unchanged variable termed a(n) A) experimental variable. B) altered variable. C) control. D) stable variable. Answer: C Section: 01.03 Topic: Science Is Based on Both Observation and Reasoning Learning Objective: 01.03.02 Illustrate how experimentation can be used to test hypotheses. Bloom's: 1. Remember Gradable: automatic 3 4) The method of reasoning that uses construction of general principles by careful examination of many specific cases is called A) deductive reasoning. B) theoretical reasoning. C) hypothetical reasoning. D) inductive reasoning. E) experimental reasoning. Answer: D Section: 01.03 Topic: Science Is Based on Both Observation and Reasoning Learning Objective: 01.03.01 Distinguish between deductive and inductive reasoning. Bloom's: 1. Remember Gradable: automatic 5) Dr. Ratard was trying to determine the cause of a mysterious epidemic affecting fish in the gulf of New Mexico. His proposal that the deaths were caused by an organism called a protist is considered a(n) A) experiment. B) hypothesis. C) conclusion. D) theory. E) data set. Answer: B Section: 01.03 Topic: Science Is Based on Both Observation and Reasoning Learning Objective: 01.03.02 Illustrate how experimentation can be used to test hypotheses. Bloom's: 2. Understand Gradable: automatic 6) After Darwin concluded his voyage on the Beagle , he proposed that the process of natural selection was a mecha nism for A) artificial selection. B) evolution. C) sexual selection. D) speciation. E) overpopulation of finches on the Galapagos Islands. Answer: B Section: 01.04 Topic: The Study of Evolution Is a Good Example of Scientific Inquiry Learning Objective: 01.04.02 Identify important observations made by Darwin on the Beagle. Bloom's: 1. Remember Gradable: automatic 4 7) A scientific theory is A) a suggested explanation that accounts for observations. B) a way to organize how we think about a problem. C) a concept that is supported by experimental evidence that explains the facts in an area of study. D) a way to understand a complex system by reducing it to its working parts. Answer: C Section: 01.03 Topic: Science Is Based on Both Observation and Reasoning Learning Objective: 01.03.03 Discuss how scientists use models to describe, explain, and test theories. Bloom's: 2. Understand Gradable: automatic 8) Although a computer is not alive, it shares which fundamental property of life? A) energy utilization B) cellular organization C) homeostasis D) reproduction E) heredity Answer: A Section: 01.02 Topic: Biology Is the Science of Life Learning Objective: 01.02.01 Describe five fundamental properties of life. Bloom's: 2. Understand Gradable: automatic 5 9) A yellow jacket, an insect in the order hymenoptera, stung you. Then a wasp, an insect in hymenoptera, stung you as well. A hornet, an insect in hymenoptera, stung you last. It is an observable pattern that all insects in this order must have stingers. The type of reasoning this represents is A) inductive reasoning. B) deductive reasoning. C) reductionism. D) comparative reasoning. Answer: A Explanation: Clarify Question • What is the key concept addressed by the question? o The question asks about different types reasoning. • What type of thinking is required? o You are being asked to apply definitions of different types of reasoning to a specific example. Gather Content • What do you know about different types of reasoning? What other information is related to the question? o Inductive reasoning uses data to create a hypothesis o Deductive reasoning draws conclusions from existing observations or definitions o Reductionism is breaking down something into its component parts to study the m individually. Choose Answer • Given what you now know, what information is most likely to produce the correct answer? o Because you were making the observations yourself by being stung, this is inductive reasoning. o This is not reductionist as you are not breaking down a larger concept into component parts. Reflect on Process • Did your problem -solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result? o This question asked you to apply your understanding of different types of reasoning. If you got the correct answer, great job! If you got an incorrect answer, where did the process break down? Did you confuse the definitions of deductive and inductive reasoning? Did you think that a larger concept was being broken into smaller components? Section: 01.03 Topic: Science Is Based on Both Observation and Reasoning Learning Objective: 01.03.01 Distinguish between deductive and inductive reasoning. Bloom's: 3. Apply Gradable: automatic 10) Darwin hypothesized that Galapagos finches 6 A) had beaks that were adapted to allow them to eat local foods. B) had migrated from South America at least 14 times to account for the variation in species. C) were hybrids of South American and African finches. D) looked the same but had learn ed different behaviors that allowed them to eat different foods. Answer: A Section: 01.04 Topic: The Study of Evolution Is a Good Example of Scientific Inquiry Learning Objective: 01.04.02 Identify important observations made by Darwin on the Beagle. Bloom's: 2. Understand Gradable: automatic 11) A suggested explanation that might be true and is subject to testing by further observations is a(n): A) experiment. B) generality. C) hypothesis. D) scientific principle. E) theory. Answer: C Section: 01.03 Topic: Science Is Based on Both Observation and Reasoning Learning Objective: 01.03.02 Illustrate how experimentation can be used to test hypotheses. Bloom's: 1. Remember Gradable: automatic 7 12) Based on the literature, you hypothesize that students in traditional biology lectures will have the same grades as students in o nline biology lectures. You decide to test your hypothesis by comparing grades of students in traditional and online biology lectures over a semester. As a result of the experiment, you observe that the grades in the traditional lectures and the grades in the online lectures are not significantly different. What do these observations allow you to do? A) reject the hypothesis B) accept the hypothesis without further question C) develop a scientific theory D) reject the null hypotheses Answer: D Explanation: Clarify Question • What is the key concept addressed by the question? The question is about hypotheses. • What type of thinking is required? This question is asking to apply your knowledge of a hypothesis to interpret the results of an experiment. • What key words does the question contain and what do they mean? o You hypothesize that students in traditional biolo gy lectures will have the same grades as students in online biology lectures o the grades in the traditional lectures and the grades in the online lectures are not significantly different Gather Content • What do you know about hypotheses?How does it relate to the question? Can you accept or reject a hypothesis? A null hypothesis is the opposite of your hypothesis. In this case it would be that the scores of the two groups of students will be different. Consider Possibilities • What other information is related to the question? Which information is most useful? • Do you accept a hypothesis or reject a null hypothesis? o Your results support your hypothesis, so you do not reject the hypothesis. Choose Answer • Given what you now know, what information and/or problem solving approach is most likely to produce the correct answer? The correct answer is to reject the null hypothesis which is the opposite of what you wrote in your hypothesis. 8 Reflect on Process • Did your problem -solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result? o This question asked you to apply the definition of a hypothesis to a specific example. If you got the correct answer, great job! If you got an incorrect answer, where did the process break down? Did you think that you could accept your hypothesis instead of rejecting the null hypothesis? Section: 01.03 Topic: Science Is Based on Both Observation and Reasoning Learning Objective: 01.03.02 Illustrate how experimentation can be used to test hypotheses. Bloom's: 3. Apply Gradable: automatic 13) Your microwave will not turn on, and you speculate that a circuit breaker in the house has been tripped. In scientific terminology, the steps you would take to figure this out would be described as A) forming conclusions from the results of experiments. B) developing an observation based on a hypothesis. C) developing a hypothesis based on an observation. D) testing a prediction generated from a hypothesis. Answer: C Section: 01.03 Topic: Science Is Based on Both Observation and Reasoning Learning Objective: 01.03.02 Illustrate how experimentation can be used to test hypotheses. Bloom's: 2. Understand Gradable: automat ic 9 14) A student poses the question: How does the presence of dissolved salt affect the freezing point of water? To answer this question, the student set up two conditions. In the first condition, the student added salt to water in a container and referred to this condition as the variable. In the second condition, the student did not add any salt to water in a second container and referred to this condition as the control. The student took both containers and attempted to freeze the water at various temperatures to assess the freezing point. Would this be a valid experiment? A) Yes, because there is more than one variable. B) Yes, because there is one variable and a control C) No, because there is not more than one variable D) No, because there is only one variable and a control Answer: B Explanation: Clarify Question • What is the key concept addressed by the question? o The question asks about the design of an experiment. • What type of thinking is required? o You are being asked to analyze the validity of an experimental design. Gather Content • What do you know about the design of an experiment? What other information is related to the question? o In an experiment, you need a control as a base line and then change a single independent variable to see if affects the dependent variable. Choose Answer • Given what you now know, what information is most likely to produce the correct answer? o The experiment does have a single variable, the amount of salt added. It also has a control which is a sample with no salt added. o This would be a valid experiment because it has a control and only one variable was changed. Reflect on Process • Did your problem -solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result? o This question asked you to analyze if an experiment was designed correctly. If you got the correct answer, great job! If you got an incorrect answer, where did the process break down? Did you think that one variable and a control was not part of a valid experimental design? Did you understand that changing more than one variable makes it difficult to interpret the results of an experiment? Section: 01.03 Topic: Science Is Based on Both Observation and Reasoning Learning Objective: 01.03.02 Illustrate how experimentation can be used to test hypotheses. Bloom's: 4. Analyze Gradable: automatic 10 15) Karl Popper suggested that scientists use "imaginative preconception," which means that successful scientists A) often predict the outcome of experime nts. B) cannot predict the outcome of experiments. C) do not need to do experiments to test their ideas. D) do not keep records of experiments that fail. E) only perform applied research. Answer: A Section: 01.03 Topic: Science Is Based on Both Observation and Reasoning Learning Objective: 01.03.02 Illustrate how experimentation can be used to test hypotheses. Bloom's: 1. Remember Gradable: automatic 16) The proposal that one type of organism can change gradually into another type over a long period of time is known as A) evolution. B) natural history. C) preconception. D) preservation. Answer: A Section: 01.04 Topic: The Study of Evolution Is a Good Example of Scientific Inquiry Learning Objective: 01.04.01 Describe ideas about evolution proposed before Darwin. Bloom's: 1. Remember Gradable: automatic 17) Darwin's ideas on evolution were advanced for his time. His approach to science and natural selection were supported by what main tenant? A) Various organisms and their structures resulted from a spontaneous action. B) Species were unchangeable over the course of time. C) The world is fixed and constant. D) Operation of natural laws produces constant change and improvement. Answer: D Section: 01.04 Topic: The Study of Evolution Is a Good Example of Scientific Inquiry Learning Objective: 01.04.03 Describe Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Bloom's: 2. Understand Gradable: automatic 11 18) Besides Darwin, the theory of evolution by means of natural selection was also independently proposed by A) Alfred Wallace. B) Charles Lyell. C) Thomas Malthus. D) Karl Popper. E) Peter Raven. Answer: A Section: 01.04 Topic: The Study of Evolution Is a Good Example of Scientific Inquiry Learning Objective: 01.04.01 Describe ideas about evolution proposed before Darwin. Bloom's: 1. Remember Gradable: automatic 19) The term that Darwin used to describe the concept that those with superior strength, behavior, or other attributes are more likely to survive than those that are not so well endowed, and thus are more likely to pass their traits to the next generation, is called A) biological diversity. B) geometric progression. C) natural selection. D) superior beings. E) surviva l of modifications. Answer: C Section: 01.04 Topic: The Study of Evolution Is a Good Example of Scientific Inquiry Learning Objective: 01.04.03 Describe Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Bloom's: 1. Remember Gradable: automatic 20) A key contribution to Darwin's thinking was the concept of limits put on the geometric growth of populations by nature, originally proposed by A) Charles Lyell. B) Thomas Malthus. C) Karl Popper. D) Peter Raven. E) Russel Wallace. Answer: B Section: 01.04 Topic: The Study of Evolution Is a Good Example of Scientific Inquiry Learning Objective: 01.04.01 Describe ideas about evolution prop osed before Darwin. Bloom's: 1. Remember Gradable: automatic 12 21) Darwin's book in which he described his views on evolution is: A) Principles of Geology. B) On the Principle of Population. C) On the Origin of Species. D) Survival of the Fittest. Answer: C Section: 01.04 Topic: The Study of Evolution Is a Good Example of Scientific Inquiry Learning Objective: 01.04.02 Identify important observations made by Darwin on the Beagle. Bloom's: 1. Remember Gradable: automatic 22) Recent discoveries of microscopic fossils have extended the known history of life to about A) 3.5 billion years ago. B) 2 billion years ago. C) 4.5 billion years ago. D) 1 billion years ago. Answer: A Section: 01.04 Topic: The Study of Evolution Is a Good Example of Scientific Inquiry Learning Objective: 01.04.04 Identify how evolution has been tested over time. Bloom's: 1. Remember Gradable: automatic 13 23) In California, a species of salamanders were geographically separated over time. The group that lived in southern California relied heavily on large gold blotches on their skin that helped to camouflage them from predators. The group that lived along the coast adopted a color pattern that mimicked a poisonous, colorful newt common to that area. Instead of being camouflaged, these salamanders advertised their colors. What type of selection process has occurred over time? A) artificial selection B) natural selection C) experimental selection D) theoretical selection Answer: B Explanation: Clarify Question • What is the key concept addressed by the question? The question is about different forms of selection. • What type of thinking is required? This question is asking you to apply the definition of different forms of selection to a specific example. • What key words does the question contain and what do they mean? o Geographic separation means that members of those two populations could no longer interbreed which can drive the evolution of new species. o One group of salamanders hides by being camouflaged while the other has bright colors that mimic another poisonous species. Gather Content • What do you know about selection?How does it relate to the question? Selection works on the phenotype of an organism, with beneficial traits being more likely to be passed on to the next generation. Consider Possibilities • What other information is related to the question? Which information is most useful? • Which types of selection make sense? o Artificial selection requires humans to be involved to make the selection. o Theoretical and experimental selection are part of an experiment. The selection in this example did not involve humans or any experiments. Choose Answer • Given what you now know, what information and/or problem solving approach is most likely to produce the correct answer? This is an example of natural selection due to geographic separation. Once the two groups of salamanders became separated they could no longer interbreed and developed different adaptations to their local environments. 14 Reflect on Process • Did your problem -solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result? o This question asked you to apply the definitions selection to a specific example. If you got the correct answer, great job! If you got an incorrect answer, where did the process break down? Did you think that natural selection would not occur with geogra phical separation, or that humans were involved in the speciation in some way? Section: 01.04 Topic: The Study of Evolution Is a Good Example of Scientific Inquiry Learning Objective: 01.04.03 Describe Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Bloom's: 3. Apply Gradable: automatic 24) The same basic array of bones is modified to give rise to the wing of a bat and the fin of a porpoise. Such anatomical structures are called A) analogo us. B) uniform. C) homologous. D) inherited. E) evolutionary modifications. Answer: C Section: 01.04 Topic: The Study of Evolution Is a Good Example of Scientific Inquiry Learning Objective: 01.04.04 Identify how evolution has been tested over time. Bloom's: 2. Understand Gradable: automatic 25) structures that have similar functions are said to be A) homologous. B) analogous. C) inherited. D) uniform. E) evolved. Answer: B Section: 01.04 Topic: The Study of Evolution Is a Good Example of Scientific Inquiry Learning Objective: 01.04.04 Identify how evolution has been tested over time. Bloom's: 2. Understand Gradable: automatic