(Test Bank) Bological Science, Canadian Edition

Et Al., 2

Biology

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1 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada, Inc. Biological Science, Canadian Edition., 2e (Freeman et al.) Chapter 48 Animal Reproduction 1) Which of the following correctly describes the reproduction of males in Daphnia ? A) Daphnia males are produced asexually from unfertilized eggs. B) Daphnia male s are produced sexually through fertilization of eggs, but are sterile from birth. C) Daphnia males are produced from a pseudo -sexual union of two eggs. D) Daphnia males are produced asexually, but are sterile from birth. Answer: A Reference: Section 48. 1 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp48 -1. Give examples of species that reproduce with asexual versus sexual reproduction, internal versus external fertilization, and oviparity versus viviparity. 2) Which one of the following criteria is not required t o induce Daphnia to switch from asexual to sexual reproduction? A) water from crowded populations of Daphnia B) the absence of males in the population C) short day lengths D) low food supply Answer: B Reference: Section 48.1 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp48 -1. Give examples of species that reproduce with asexual versus sexual reproduction, internal versus external fertilization, and oviparity versus viviparity. 3) What is the most likely explanation for why Daphnia switch from asexual to sexual reproduction when certain environmental conditions deteriorate? A) Sexual reproduction can produce more offspring faster than asexual reproduction, thus increasing the likelihood the species will survive hard times. B) Although energetically expensive, sexua l reproduction creates all genetically superior individuals that are more likely to withstand hard times. C) Asexual reproduction is too energy intensive to maintain during hard times. D) Sexual reproduction creates individuals that are more genetically di verse, thus increasing the likelihood of some members surviving hard times. Answer: D Reference: Section 48.1 Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp48 -1. Give examples of species that reproduce with asexual versus sexual reproduction, intern al versus external fertilization, and oviparity versus viviparity. 2 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4) In an animal that switches between sexual and asexual reproduction, when is sexual reproduction more likely to occur? A) when conditions for survival are favourable B) when conditions for survival are unfavourable C) neither of the above Answer: B Reference: Section 48.1 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp48 -1. Give examples of species that reproduce with asexual versus sexual reproduction, internal versus external fertilization, an d oviparity versus viviparity. 5) What makes sexually reproduced offspring genetically different from their parents? A) genetic recombination during meiosis B) fusion of haploid gametes from different parents during fertilization C) genetic recombination d uring mitosis D) both A and B E) all of the above Answer: D Reference: Section 48.1 Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp48 -1. Give examples of species that reproduce with asexual versus sexual reproduction, internal versus external fertili zation, and oviparity versus viviparity. 6) On a submarine expedition to the ocean bottom, you discover a population of fish that uses a method of reproduction in which female offspring develop from unfertilized eggs. What type of reproduction is this? A) sexual B) budding C) cloning D) parthenogenesis E) hermaphroditism Answer: D Reference: Section 48.1 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp48 -1. Give examples of species that reproduce with asexual versus sexual reproduction, internal versus external fer tilization, and oviparity versus viviparity. 7) If a woman is unable to release an egg, which of the following reproductive technologies would be best to use? A) Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) B) Intrauterine insemination (IUI) C) In vitro fertil ization (IVF) Answer: C Reference: Section 48.1 Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp48 -2. Label the parts in a diagram of the male and female reproductive tracts in humans, and describe the function of each organ in the diagram. 3 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada, Inc. 8) Asexua l reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to their parent. What type of cell division occurs to generate this type of offspring? A) mitosis B) meiosis C) A and B in combination D) none of the above Answer: A Reference: Section 48 .1 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp48 -1. Give examples of species that reproduce with asexual versus sexual reproduction, internal versus external fertilization, and oviparity versus viviparity. 9) Which of the following correctly describes a differen ce between spermatogenesis and oogenesis? A) Spermatogenesis results in four mature sperm cells, while oogenesis results in one mature egg cell. B) Spermatogenesis results in one mature sperm cell, while oogenesis results in four mature egg cells. C) In sp ermatogenesis, mitosis occurs twice and meiosis once, while in oogenesis, mitosis occurs once and meiosis twice. D) Answers A and C are both correct. Answer: A Reference: Section 48.1 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp48 -1 & 2. Describe the steps invo lved in how a specific antigen can elicit an adaptive immune response. List the major types of lymphocytes, and describe their functions. 10) All vertebrates rely exclusively on sexual reproduction. A) true B) false Answer: B Reference: Section 48.1 Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp48 -1. Give examples of species that reproduce with asexual versus sexual reproduction, internal versus external fertilization, and oviparity versus viviparity. 4 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada, Inc. 11) Which of the following represents the cor rect sequence of events for sexual reproduction? A) mitosis → zygote → meiosis → gametes → embryo B) meiosis → zygote → mitosis → gametes → embryo C) mitosis → gametes → meiosis → zygote → embryo D) meiosis → gametes → mitosis → zygote → embryo E) meiosis → gametes → zygote → mitosis → embryo Answer: E Reference: Section 48.1, 48.2 Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp48 -1 & 2. Describe the steps involved in how a specific antigen can elicit an adaptive immune response. List the major types of lymphocytes, and describe their functions. 12) Aquatic animals that rely on external fertilization for reproduction have a low probability of successful fertilization. Which one of the following is not used by aquatic animals to increase the success o f external fertilization? A) release of pheromones to synchronize gamete release B) production of a large number of gametes C) moving onto land for fertilization D) elaborate courtship rituals to synchronize gamete release Answer: C Reference: Section 48 .2 Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp48 -1. Give examples of species that reproduce with asexual versus sexual reproduction, internal versus external fertilization, and oviparity versus viviparity. 13) Most clams reproduce by releasing game tes into the water, and two gametes must fuse for successful reproduction. Two populations of a single species of clams were both kept under natural light and temperature conditions. The first population was housed separately, one clam per tank. The second population was kept as a group in a single tank. During the normal mid - summer reproductive period, researchers counted an equal number of individuals releasing gametes in both populations. What hypothesis does this experiment disprove? A) Pheromones are n ecessary for timing gamete release. B) Competition for food induces a switch to sexual reproduction. C) Light and temperature control gamete release. D) Light and temperature control pheromone release. Answer: A Reference: Section 48.2 Bloom's Level: Co mprehension/Applying LOs: Chp48 -1. Give examples of species that reproduce with asexual versus sexual reproduction, internal versus external fertilization, and oviparity versus viviparity. 5 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada, Inc. 14) By what mechanism does a second male mating with a female ga in an advantage in sperm competition in some insects? A) The second male's sperm physically dislodge the first male's sperm and insert themselves in place. B) The accessory fluids from the second male's semen is able to displace stored sperm from competing males. C) The second male will have larger testes and so produce larger numbers of sperm. D) Answers A and B are both correct. Answer: D Reference: Section 48.2 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp48 -1. Give examples of species that reproduce with asex ual versus sexual reproduction, internal versus external fertilization, and oviparity versus viviparity. 15) What is the most likely reason the 1.5 -mm body of Drosophila bifurca has sperm that are 6 cm long? A) The female's vaginal cavity is very deep and has a convoluted pathway. B) The male has no penis —just an opening —and the sperm must create its own connection from the male opening to the female vagina. C) The egg of this species is highly resistant to penetration, and the longer sperm stores sufficie nt energy to burrow through the egg wall. D) The sperm can fill the female's sperm storage area, thus blocking competing male sperm. Answer: D Reference: Section 48.2 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp48 -1. Give examples of species that reproduce wi th asexual versus sexual reproduction, internal versus external fertilization, and oviparity versus viviparity. 16) Why does external fertilization typically occur much more often in aquatic animals than in terrestrial animals? A) The gametes are hydrophob ic, so they must be suspended in water to avoid clumping. B) The gametes must be produced in large numbers, which can occur only in aquatic environments. C) The gametes must be kept wet to avoid desiccation. D) All of the above answers apply. E) None of th e above answers apply. Answer: C Reference: Section 48.2 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp48 -1. Give examples of species that reproduce with asexual versus sexual reproduction, internal versus external fertilization, and oviparity versus viviparity . 6 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada, Inc. 17) You are studying two species of birds, both of which form monogamous pairs (one male and one female). In species 1, you find that the eggs in a pair's nest are in fact almost always the offspring of that pair. In species 2, you are surprised to fin d that many of the eggs in a nest were actually fathered by males of neighboring pairs. Apparently, mating outside of monogamous pairings is widespread in species 2. Given this information, what would be the logical prediction to make before comparing test is size of males of the two species? A) Testes of species 1 are larger than testes of species 2. B) Testes of species 2 are larger than testes of species 1. C) There is no relationship between this observation and the size of testes. Answer: B Reference: Section 48.2 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp48 -1. Give examples of species that reproduce with asexual versus sexual reproduction, internal versus external fertilization, and oviparity versus viviparity. 18) Which of the following is a challenge to the hypothesis that certain species of animals produce an unusually large number of sperm in order to increase the probability of conception when females engage in multiple matings? A) Female bats can eject the sperm of certain males after mating. B) A female can actively choose which male mates with her last, thus increasing the odds of conception with that male's sperm. C) Answers A and B both challenge this hypothesis. D) None of the above answers challenges this hypothesis. Answer: C Reference: Sec tion 48.2 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp48 -1. Give examples of species that reproduce with asexual versus sexual reproduction, internal versus external fertilization, and oviparity versus viviparity. 19) Secretions from which part of the human mal e anatomy produces molecules that stimulate smooth muscle contractions in the uterus of females? A) prostate gland B) seminal vesicles C) bulbourethral gland D) testes Answer: B Reference: Section 48.3 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp48 -2. Label the parts in a diagram of the male and female reproductive tracts in humans, and describe the function of each organ in the diagram. 7 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada, Inc. 20) Which of the following structures in females is analogous in function to the vas deferens in males? A) urethra B) oviduc t C) uterus D) cervix E) vagina Answer: B Reference: Section 48.3 Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp48 -2. Label the parts in a diagram of the male and female reproductive tracts in humans, and describe the function of each organ in the d iagram. 21) What structure in female humans is analogous to the sensitive tissues of the penis? A) clitoris B) labia minora C) labia majora D) vagina E) cervix Answer: A Reference: Section 48.3 Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp48 -2. La bel the parts in a diagram of the male and female reproductive tracts in humans, and describe the function of each organ in the diagram. 22) Which of the following best explains why androgen abuse among males may lead to decreased sperm production? A) And rogens can instruct the pituitary to decrease secretion of luteinizing hormone. B) Androgens stimulate the production of hormones that result in the exertion of negative feedback in the testes. C) Androgens stimulate excessive growth of the male accessory organs (like the prostate gland), thus blocking the effective transfer of sperm through the reproductive tract. D) Androgens stimulate the release of excessive amounts of luteinizing hormone that has a damaging effect on the testicular cells responsible fo r spermatogenesis. Answer: A Reference: Section 48.3 Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp48 -2. Label the parts in a diagram of the male and female reproductive tracts in humans, and describe the function of each organ in the diagram. 8 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada, Inc. 23) Which of the following is FALSE regarding bird reproduction? A) The female can still lay eggs even when fertilization has not taken place. B) After they are laid, bird eggs have the same amount of nutrients as a human egg. C) Birds lay eggs and thus are ov iparous. D) Female birds only have one ovary. Answer: B Reference: Section 48.3 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp48 -1. Give examples of species that reproduce with asexual versus sexual reproduction, internal versus external fertilization, and ovipar ity versus viviparity. 24) Why are bird eggs more nutrient rich relative to those found in a human? A) The nutrients must sustain development until hatching. B) Birds have a longer gestation period than humans and so require more nutrients. C) The develop ment of a bird embryo is more complex than the development of a human embryo. D) In order to form the calcium carbonate egg shell. Answer: A Reference: Section 48.3 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp48 -1. Give examples of species that reproduce with asexual versus sexual reproduction, internal versus external fertilization, and oviparity versus viviparity. 25) Following spermatogenesis, sperm are stored in the A) prostate gland. B) seminal vesicles. C) epididymis. D) van deferens. Answer: C Referen ce: Section 48.3 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp48 -2. Label the parts in a diagram of the male and female reproductive tracts in humans, and describe the function of each organ in the diagram. 26) Which of the following hormones are secreted by a d eveloping embryo during pregnancy in humans? A) luteinizing hormone (LH) B) progesterone C) estradiol D) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Answer: C Reference: Section 48.3 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp48 -2. Label the parts in a diagram of the m ale and female reproductive tracts in humans, and describe the function of each organ in the diagram. 9 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada, Inc. 27) A physician finds that a 16 -year-old male patient, who has a very high -pitched voice and underdeveloped testes, has abnormally low levels of testoste rone. What structure(s) might be the reason that this patient is producing such a low level of testosterone? 1. gonads 2. pituitary gland 3. adrenal gland 4. hypothalamus 5. thyroid gland A) #1 only B) #1 and #2 only C) #1 and #2 and #3 D) #1 and #2 a nd #4 E) #1 and #3 and #5 Answer: D Reference: Section 48.4 Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp48 -2. Label the parts in a diagram of the male and female reproductive tracts in humans, and describe the function of each organ in the diagram . 28) During the menstrual cycle, ________ peaks first, ________ peak next, and finally ________ surges. A) estradiol; LH and progesterone; FSH B) progesterone; LH and FSH; estradiol C) estradiol; LH and FSH; progesterone D) estradiol; LH and FSH; testost erone E) testosterone; estradiol and FSH; progesterone Answer: C Reference: Section 48.4 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp48 -3. Describe the hormonal features of each phase of the menstrual cycle, and explain how each phase leads to the next one. 29) Which of the following is NOT a true statement about puberty in humans in the United States? A) On average, puberty occurs at a younger age now than it did 200 years ago. B) On average, puberty occurs later in girls with larger fat stores than it does in thin girls. C) Puberty is initiated by hormones from the hypothalamic -pituitary axis. D) All of the above are true statements about puberty. E) Only answers A and B are true. Answer: B Reference: Section 48.4 Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp48 -3. Describe the hormonal features of each phase of the menstrual cycle, and explain how each phase leads to the next one. 10 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada, Inc. Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s). For your internship at the local zoo, you have been assigned to help with the new orangutan - breeding program. Little is known about orangutan reproductive hormones, but hormone feedback cycles are often the same in closely related animals. You have been asked to use your knowledge of the interactions of human repro ductive hormone to recommend injections to promote ovulation in a female orangutan when a visiting male arrives for a brief breeding visit. 30) Which of the following hormones would you use if you want to induce ovulation right away? A) estradiol (estroge n) B) progesterone C) luteinizing hormones (LH) D) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Answer: C Reference: Section 48.4 Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Applying LOs: Chp48 -3. Describe the hormonal features of each phase of the menstrual cycle, and explain how each phase leads to the next one. 31) Which of the following hormones would you use if you want to induce ovulation in a few days? A) estradiol (estrogen) B) progesterone C) luteinizing hormones (LH) D) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Answer: A Reference: Section 48.4 Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Applying LOs: Chp48 -3. Describe the hormonal features of each phase of the menstrual cycle, and explain how each phase leads to the next one. 32) A pregnant woman comes into the hospital past her due date. The doctor decides it is time for the baby to be delivered. Before performing a cesarean section, the doctor wants to try to induce labour. Which of the following would she most likely inject? A) estrogen B) progesterone C) luteinizing hormone (LH) D) follicle -stimulating hormone (FSH) E) oxytocin Answer: E Reference: Section 48.5 Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Applying LOs: Chp48 -3. Describe the hormonal features of each phase of the menstrual cycle, and explain how each phase leads to the next one . 11 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada, Inc. Figure 48.1 33) Based on the figure above, showing fetal and adult oxygen -hemoglobin saturation curves, which of the following conclusions is true? A) Curve A represents the adult saturation curve. B) Adult saturation occurs at lower partial pressur es of oxygen than fetal saturation does. C) At 50% saturation, fetal blood will have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult blood will. D) As the partial pressure of oxygen increases, adult hemoglobin approaches saturation faster than fetal hemoglobin doe s. E) Answers C and D are both true. Answer: C Reference: Section 48.5 Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Applying LOs: Chp48 -4. List the major stages of gestation, and explain how pregnancy is maintained in mammals. 34) An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a f ertilized egg implants somewhere other than in the lining of the uterus. Usually it implants in the oviduct. Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for such a pregnancy being unsuccessful? A) The orientation of the baby would be sidewa ys. B) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) cannot be produced in the oviduct. C) The lining of the oviduct is unable to support the developing fetus. D) The necessary hormones cannot reach the developing fetus in the oviduct. Answer: C Reference: Section 48.5 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp48 -4. List the major stages of gestation, and explain how pregnancy is maintained in mammals. 12 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada, Inc. 35) Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the lack of a filter blocking the passage of alcohol be tween the maternal and fetal circulations in humans? A) There has not been enough time to evolve such a barrier. B) Such a barrier would probably also block important molecules that need to be passed to the fetus. C) The maternal and fetal blood mix direct ly together in an area with many villi, so a barrier is impossible. D) Alcohol has some positive effects on the fetus, so evolution has resulted in an intermediate level of filtering that blocks all but the worst abuses of alcohol. Answer: B Reference: S ection 48.5 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp48 -4. List the major stages of gestation, and explain how pregnancy is maintained in mammals. 36) Which embryonic tissue is responsible for forming the membrane that can be found completely surrounding th e embryo while in utero? A) ectoderm B) mesoderm C) endoderm D) epiderm Answer: A Reference: Section 48.5 Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp48 -4. List the major stages of gestation, and explain how pregnancy is maintained in mammals. 37) Why has RU -486 been dubbed by some as "the abortion pill"? A) It prevents the zygote from implanting in the uterus, thus the zygote never develops beyond a few cells in size. B) It blocks certain hormonal actions that result in menstrual flow occurring a fter implantation. C) It mimics testosterone, which interferes with GnRH synthesis and thus terminates the pregnancy after several days. D) A negative feedback on the pituitary stimulates the release of too much luteinizing hormone that prevents proper blo od vessel formation in the embryo. Answer: B Reference: Essay: Contraception Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp48 -4. List the major stages of gestation, and explain how pregnancy is maintained in mammals. 13 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada, Inc. Use the following information when answerin g the corresponding question(s). Estrogens found in the environment have raised concerns about effects on reproductive health of animals. Researchers studied the effects that estrogens in the water have on sexual differentiation in zebrafish. They exposed embryo -larval (0 -21 days post -hatching), juvenile (21 -42 days post hatching), and adult (over 200 days post -hatching) fish to three concentrations of 17β -estradiol (5, 25, and 100 nanograms/liter) that are within the range of concentrations found in water leaving sewage treatment plants in different countries. They then examined the proportion of males and females when the fish exposed at embryo -larval and juvenile stages reached adulthood. Embryo -larval stage fish that had been exposed to 100 ng/l 17β -estradiol resulted in adult populations that had substantially more females than males compared to control groups. Embryo -larval fish that had been exposed to 5 and 25 ng/l of 17β -estradiol did not show a statistically significant shift in the proportion of f emales. (Brion, F., C. R. Tyler, X. Palazzi, B. Laillet, J. M. Porcher, J. Garric, and P. Flammarion. 2004. Impacts of 17β -estradiol, including environmentally relevant concentrations, on reproduction after exposure during embryo -larval -, juvenile -, and ad ult-life stages in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). Aquatic Toxicology 68:193 -217.) 38) What is the significance of using the concentrations of 5, 25, and 100 ng/l of 17β -estradiol for the dose in this experiment? A) These concentrations are similar to those foun d in many animals. B) These concentrations are found in the environment. C) These concentrations are effective, yet not lethal to the fish. D) These concentrations are standard in toxicology assays. Answer: B Reference: Section 48.4 Bloom's Level: Compr ehension LOs: Chp48 -3. Describe the hormonal features of each phase of the menstrual cycle, and explain how each phase leads to the next one. 39) You are assigned to write the report to the Environment Canada to help them decide what level of 17ß -estradi ol to permit in sewage output. You do not want to make the level any lower than necessary, because it requires substantial additional money for the extra treatment of sewage. What level of 17ß -estradiol would you suggest is safe to prevent feminization of fish? A) 2.5 ng/l B) 5 ng/l C) 12.5 ng/l D) 25 ng/l E) 100 ng/l Answer: D Explanation: D) At 25 ng/l there was no statistically significant effect. The available data do not tell us at what level between 25 and 100 ng/l the effect becomes significant. Reference: Section 48.4 Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing 1 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada, Inc. Biological Science, Canadian Edition., 2e (Freeman et al.) Chapter 49 The Immune System in Animals 1) Which of the following best describes what an antigen is? A) a molecule, such as a polypeptide or carbohydrate, that initiates a response from the immu ne system B) a protein in the immune system that is used to identify potential pathogens C) a molecule that is used during an immune response to enhance the binding of antibodies to damaged cells D) all of the above Answer: A Reference: Section 49.1 Bloo m's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp49 -1. Compare the innate and adaptive immune responses. 2) You and a friend are in line for a movie when you notice the woman in front of you sneezing and coughing. Both of you have been equally exposed to the woman's viru s, but over the next few days, only your friend acquires flu -like symptoms and is ill for almost a week before recovering. Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this? A) You have an innate immunity to that virus. B) You have an acquired i mmunity to that virus. C) Your friend does not have the ability to fight off that particular virus. D) Answers B and C are both correct. Answer: B Reference: Section 49.1 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp49 -2. Describe the steps involved in the inn ate immune response. 3) In previous chapters, you learned about osmotic and diffusion gradients that aid in maintaining water and ion balance and in developing resting potentials in cells, among other important biological features. How does the immune sys tem of vertebrates exploit a chemical gradient? A) The immune system produces thousands of histamines that act solely to create a histamine diffusion barrier. B) The immune system generates a gradient of reactive oxygen intermediates to increase the amount of toxic radicals and peroxides to combat invading pathogens. C) The immune system releases chemical signals called chemokines, which create a chemical gradient that leukocytes use in migrating toward the infection site. D) The vertebrate immune system do es not use chemical gradients. Answer: C Reference: Section 49.1 Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp49 -2. Describe the steps involved in the innate immune response. 2 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4) Mast cells can both constrict and dilate blood vessels after injury. Which of the following best explains why both of these events occur shortly after tissue is injured? A) Different blood vessels respond to the same messenger from mast cells in different ways —for example, larger vessels constrict to reduce blood loss while smaller ones dilate to promote blood flow to the injured tissue. B) Mast cells release different chemical messengers, one that causes constriction in the region of blood loss, and another that causes dilation away from the injury to promote quicker healin g. C) Mast cells release one chemical messenger immediately after injury that constricts vessels to promote clotting; after bleeding has stopped, they release another messenger that causes those same vessels to dilate, which increases blood flow to promote healing. D) Mast cells release different chemical messengers, one that causes vessels away from the site of the injury to constrict to control blood loss, and another that causes vessels near the injury to dilate to promote quicker healing. Answer: B Reference: Section 49.1 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp49 -1 & 2. Compare the innate and adaptive immune responses. Describe the steps involved in the innate immune response. 5) Which of the following would put you at increased risk of pathogens ente ring your body? A) a mutation preventing you from making lysozyme B) cleaning the wax out of your ears on a daily basis C) a mutation that causes your mucus secretions to be extremely watery D) all of the above E) A and C only Answer: D Reference: Sectio n 49.1 Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp49 -2. Describe the steps involved in the innate immune response. 6) You are playing a new video game that is based on the human immune system. The player is inside a human, and you must successfull y fend off invading pathogens in a quest to find the "Golden Antibody." At level 1, your arsenal for fighting off pathogens consists only of the innate immunity leukocytes and their various secretions. If the enemy has killed off most of your neutrophils a nd macrophages, which of the following should you utilize to recruit more of these leukocytes to the battle? A) histamine B) platelets C) reactive oxygen species D) cytokines E) bone marrow Answer: D Reference: Section 49.1 Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp49 -2. Describe the steps involved in the innate immune response.