(Test Bank) Sociology

Macionis,Gerber, 9

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Test Bank

9th Edition

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Author(s): Macionis, Gerber

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Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology , Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Multiple Choice Questions 1) What might a sociologist say about people's selection of marriage partners? a. People marry because they fall in love. b. When it comes to romance, it’s all a matter of personal taste. c. Typically, a person marries someone of similar social position. d. When it comes to love, opposites attract. Answer: c Page Reference: 5 Skill: Applied 2) The idea that the social world guides our actions and life choices just as the seasons influence activities and choice of clothing describes a. the basis of what philosophy calls “free will.” b. the essential wisdom of the discipline of sociology. c. the fact that people everywhere have “common sense.” d. the fact that people from countries all around the world make mostly identical choices about how to live. Answer: b Page Reference: 3 Skill: Conceptual 3) Which discipline defines itself as “the systematic study of human society”? a. sociology b. psychology c. economics d. history Answer: a Page Reference: 3 Skill: Factual 4) Peter Berger described using the sociological perspective as seeing the ______ in the _______. a. good; worst tragedies b. new; old c. specific; general d. general; particular Answer: d Page Reference: 3 Skill: Conceptual 5) By stating that the sociological perspective shows us “the strange in the familiar,” the text argues that sociologists a. focus on the bizarre elements of society. b. reject the familiar idea that people simply decide how to act in favour of the initially strange idea that society shapes our lives. c. believe that people often behave in strange ways. d. believe that even people who are most familiar to us have some very strange habits. Answer: b Page Reference: 4 –5 Skill: Conceptual 6) Three campus roommates are talking about why they are in college. A sociological view of going to college highlights the effect of a. nationality, because most countries outside of the West don’t have colle ges. b. gender, because women don’t generally attend college. c. our place in history, because a century ago going to college was not an option for most people. d. intelligence, because it’s smarter to go to college than trade school. Answer: c Page Refere nce: 5 Skill: Applied 7) A sociological analysis of childbearing around the world suggests that the number of children born to a woman reflects a. her preference for family size. b. how many children she can afford. c. whether she herself was born into a poor or rich society. d. the desires of her husband. Answer: c Page Reference: 5 Skill: Applied 8) According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has a. more clinical depression. b. less money, power, and other resources. c. lower social integration. d. greater self -esteem. Answer: c Page Reference: 5 –6 Skill: Factual 9) The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was a. Robert K. Merton. b. Auguste Comte. c. Emile Durkheim. d. Karl Marx . Answer: c Page Reference: 5 Skill: Factual 10) In Canada today, the suicide rate is highest for which category of people listed below? a. White males b. Black males c. White females d. Black females Answer: a Page Reference: 6 Skill: Factual 11) Because there is more social isolation in rural areas of Canada than in urban areas, we would expect suicide rates to be a. higher in urban areas. b. higher in rural areas. c. high in both urban and rural areas. d. low in both urban and rural areas. Answer : b Page Reference: 6 –7 Skill: Applied 12) Sociologists use the term “social marginality” to refer to a. people who have little understanding of sociology. b. having special social skills. c. being defined by others as an “outsider.” d. people who are esp ecially sensitive about their family background. Answer: c Page Reference: 7 Skill: Conceptual 13) If marginality encourages sociological thinking, we would expect people in which category listed below to make the most use of the sociological perspective? a. the wealthy b. disabled persons or people who are a racial minority c. politicians d. the middle class Answer: b Page Reference: 7 –8 Skill: Applied 14) Following the thinking of C. Wright Mills, we would have expected the sociological imagination to be more widespread a. during times of peace and prosperity. b. among the very rich. c. among very religious people. d. during times of social crisis. Answer: d Page Reference: 7 –8 Skill: Applied 15) C. Wright Mills claimed that the “sociological imaginati on” transformed a. common sense into laws of society. b. people into supporters of the status quo. c. personal problems into public issues. d. scientific research into common sense. Answer: c Page Reference: 8 Skill: Conceptual 16) Canada falls within whi ch category of the world’s nations? a. low -income nations b. middle -income nations c. high -income nations d. variable -income nations Answer: c Page Reference: 9 Skill: Factual 17) Which of the following categories contains countries in which average income is typical for the world as a whole and in which people are as likely to live in a rural area as in an urban area? a. low -income nations b. middle -income nations c. high -income nations d. variable -income nations Answer: b Page Reference: 9 –11 Skill: Conceptual 18) The nations of Europe, Israel, Japan, and Australia fall into which of the following categories of countries? a. low -income nations b. middle -income nations c. high -income nations d. each belongs to a different category Answer: c Page Reference: 9 Skill: Conceptual 19) Almost all of Latin America and Asia falls within which of the following categories? a. low -income nations b. middle -income nations c. high -income nations d. very rich nations Answer: b Page Reference: 9 Skill: Factual 20) Which of the following is a reason that it is important to understand the world beyond our own borders? a. Nations of the world are increasingly interconnected. b. So we can see how much better our country is than other countries. c. Because of an inte rnational agreement mandated by the United Nations. d. It isn’t important. Answer: a Page Reference: 9 Skill: Factual 21) Sarah is spending a summer living in another country where people have a way of life that differs from her own. A sociologist might e xpect that this experience would lead her to a. end up with a greater understanding of both a new way of life and her own way of life. b. accept what people in Canada call “common sense.” c. assume that people’s lives reflect the choices they make. d. want to move to that other country, because their way of life is clearly superior. Answer: a Page Reference: 12 Skill: Applied 22) Making use of the sociological perspective encourages a. challenging commonly held beliefs. b. accepting conventional wisdom. c. the belief that society is mysterious. d. people to be happier with their lives as they are. Answer: a Page Reference: 12 Skill: Factual 23) Learning more sociology helps us to a. realize that common sense is universal. b. assess the opportunities and co nstraints in our lives. c. understand why it’s better to live in high -income countries than low -income countries. d. conform to social expectations and fit in better. Answer: b Page Reference: 12 Skill: Factual 24) Sociology provides an advantage to students preparing for later careers by preparing them for work a. only as teaching sociologists. b. only in criminal justice or social work. c. only as clinical sociologists. d. in all of the above careers and many others, including business, education, l aw enforcement, and social work. Answer: d Page Reference: 12 Skill: Factual 25) Examples of people applying their knowledge of sociology at work include people in a. law enforcement understanding which categories of people are most likely to commit crime s. b. law enforcement understanding which categories of people are at high risk of becoming victims of crime. c. resource -extraction industries that seek to remove ancestral lands from indigenous inhabitants for profit. d. people in the clergy who want to weed out undesirable elements in their congregations. Answer: b Page Reference: 12 Skill: Applied 26) Which of the following historical changes is among the factors that stimulated the development of sociology as a discipline? a. the founding of the Roman Catholic Church b. the rise of industrial factories and cities c. the power of tradition d. a belief that our futures are defined by “fate” Answer: b Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 27) We would expect the sociological perspective to be most likely to develop in a place that was a. very traditional. b. experiencing many social changes. c. very poor. d. small and socially isolated. Answer: b Page Reference: 13 Skill: Applied 28) In which of the countries noted below did sociology as a formal discipline appear first? a. the United States b. Japan c. France d. China Answer: c Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 29) The term sociology was coined in 1838 by a. Karl Marx. b. Herbert Spencer. c. Adam Smith. d. Auguste Comte. Answer: d Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 30) Sociology differs from the older discipline of philosophy by focusing on a. what the ideal society should be. b. human nature. c. the place of God in shaping human events. d. how society actually operates. Answer: d Page Reference: 13 Skill: F actual 31) The major goal of sociology’s pioneers, including Comte and Durkheim, was a. to change social patterns and events. b. to help build an “ideal society.” c. to discover how society actually operates. d. to prevent disruptive social change. Answer : c Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 32) Comte described the earliest human societies as being at which stage of societal development? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. post -scientific stage Answer: a Page Reference: 13 –14 Skill: Conceptual 33) The ancient Romans saw the stars as gods. Comte would classify Roman society as which of the following types? a. scientific stage b. metaphysical stage c. theological stage d. post -scientific stage Answer: c Page Reference: 13 –14 Skill: Applied 34) According to Comte, people begin to see society as a natural —rather than a supernatural — phenomenon as their society enters which stage of development? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. post -scientific sta ge Answer: b Page Reference: 13 –14 Skill: Conceptual 35) Thomas Hobbes’s idea that society reflects a selfish human nature illustrates the thinking common at which of Comte’s stages of societal development? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. sociological stage Answer: b Page Reference: 13 –14 Skill: Applied 36) According to Comte, people living in Europe during the Middle Ages thought of society as a. a system operating according to its own laws. b. chaotic and having littl e form. c. an expression of God’s will. d. operating precisely as nature intended. Answer: c Page Reference: 13 –14 Skill: Factual 37) According to Comte’s approach, the kind of thinking favoured by people such as Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light b ulb, becomes common in a society at which stage of societal development? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. positivist stage. Answer: c Page Reference: 13 –14 Skill: Applied 38) _____ is a way of understanding the world based on science. a. Theology b. Positivism c. Metaphysics d. Free will Answer: b Page Reference: 14 Skill: Conceptual 39) When did sociology become established as an academic discipline in North America? a. during the Middle Ages b. about 1800 c. about 1900 d. about 1975 Answer: c Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 40) Most of today’s sociologists agree with Auguste Comte that science is a crucial part of sociology, but most also recognize that a. human beings are orderly and always accepting of structure and definition. b. human behaviour is far less complex than natural phenomena. c. no rigid “laws of society” hold everywhere and at all times. d. the framework of society is a naturally occurring phenomenon which will play out the same across the world. Answe r: c Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual 41) Sociologists cannot identify “laws of society” that allow us to predict individual human behaviour a. because human behaviour is patterned but also spontaneous. b. because sociology is still very young. c. because no sociologist ever tried to discover such laws. d. because society is modelled after God’s will, which is beyond the understanding of sociology. Answer: a Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual 42) French -Canadian sociology was influenced, initially, by a. sociology in France. b. August Comte. c. the Roman Catholic Church. d. Harriet Martineau. Answer: c Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual 43) Canadian sociology, as distinct from American sociology, contains a. a unique anglophone component. b. a unique francophone component. c. a reflection of four major cultures. d. an Aboriginal component. Answer: b Page Reference: 14 Skill: Conceptual 44) With whom do we associate the “staples thesis”? a. Auguste Comte b. Harold Innis c. John Porter d. Dorothy Smith Answer: b Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual 45) Who said “the medium is the message”? a. Harold Innis b. John Porter c. Dorothy Smith d. Marshal McLuhan Answer: d Page Reference: 15 Skill: Factual 46) Who coined the term “institutional completeness”? a. John Porter b. Dorothy Smith c. Harold Innis d. Raymond Breton Answer: d Page Reference: 17 Skill: Factual 47) Which of the following does NOT contribute to Canadian sociology’s concern with questions of unity, political movements, regionalism, environme nt, identity, diversity, and cultural expression? a. Canada’s massive size b. Canada’s distance from Europe c. Canada’s sparse but diverse population d. Canada’s proximity to the United States Answer: b Page Reference: 14 –17 Skill: Conceptual 48) A statement of how and why specific facts are related is called a(n) a. approach. b. precept. c. concept. d. theory. Answer: d Page Reference: 17 Skill: Conceptual 49) To evaluate a theory, sociologists a. gather data or facts. b. follow the conventional wi sdom of their society. c. are guided by what they personally want to be true. d. ask their sociology professors if it sounds right. Answer: a Page Reference: 17­ –18 Skill: Factual 50) If we state that children raised in single -parent families are at high risk of being single parents themselves, we have constructed a(n) _____ of family life. a. approach b. precept c. concept d. theory Answer: d Page Reference: 17 Skill: Conceptual 51) In deciding what kinds of questions to ask in their research, sociologists are guided by a. one or more theoretical approaches. b. their own common sense. c. our society’s traditional wisdom. d. sheer chance. Answer: a Page Reference: 17 Skill: Conceptual 52) Which theoretical approach was used by early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim? a. the structural -functional approach b. the social -conflict approach c. the symbolic -interaction approach d. the deviance and social control approach Answer: a Page Reference: 17 Skill: Conceptual 53) The theoretical ap proach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the a. structural -functional approach. b. social -conflict approach. c. symbolic -interaction approach. d. None of the above is correct. Answer: a Page Reference: 17­ –18 Skill: Conceptual 54) Which term is used to describe relatively stable patterns of social behaviour? a. social structure b. eufunctions c. social functions d. social dysfunctions Answer: a Page Reference: 17 Skill: Conceptual 55) Which of the following best describes the focus of the structural -functional approach? a. the meaning people attach to their behaviour b. patterns of social inequality c. the consequences of social patterns for the operation of socie ty d. the conflicts which arise between genders or ethnicities. Answer: c Page Reference: 17 Skill: Conceptual 56) Using the structural -functional approach, which of the following questions might you ask about marriage? a. What do people think marriage me ans? b. How does marriage benefit women and men unequally? c. What are the consequences of marriage for the operation of society? d. How can we help people find more pleasure in their marriages? Answer: c Page Reference: 18 Skill: Applied 57) Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society as a whole. What is the term for these negative consequences? a. social structure b. eufunctions c. social functions d. social dysfunctions Answer: d Page Reference: 18 Skill: Con ceptual 58) Identify the three sociologists who played a part in the development of sociology’s structural - functional approach. a. Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, W.E.B. Du Bois b. Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim c. Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Au guste Comte d. Harriet Martineau, Robert Merton, W.E.B. Du Bois Answer: b Page Reference: 17 Skill: Factual 59) Herbert Spencer described human society as having much in common with a. animal societies. b. planets and stars. c. the human brain. d. the hum an body. Answer: d Page Reference: 17 Skill: Factual 60) Who was the sociologist who distinguished between the manifest functions and the latent functions of social patterns? a. Robert K. Merton b. William Graham Sumner c. Talcott Parsons d. C. Wright Mills Answer: a Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual 61) The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as a. latent functions. b. manifest functions. c. eufunctions. d. dysfunctions. Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Conceptu al 62) Unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern are called a. latent functions. b. manifest functions. c. eufunctions. d. dysfunctions. Answer: a Page Reference: 18 Skill: Conceptual 63) Which of the following is the best example of a latent function of going to college? a. providing skills needed for later jobs b. keeping young people out of the labour force, which may not have jobs for them yet c. gaining the knowledge required to be an active and thoughtful citizen d. giving young p eople experience living on their own Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Applied 64) Robert Merton explained that what is functional for one category of a society’s population a. is functional for everyone. b. may not be functional for another category. c. is unlikely to change over time. d. may not be functional in the future. Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual 65) The main characteristic of the _____ approach is its view of society as orderly and stable. a. structural -functional b. social -conflict c. social -interaction d. deviance and social control Answer: a Page Reference: 17 –18 Skill: Factual 66) Which of the following is an accurate criticism of the structural -functional approach? a. It ignores inequality that can generate tension and conflict. b. It focuses too much on social dysfunction. c. It focuses too much on power divisions in society. d. It is a politically liberal view of society. Answer: a Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual 67) The “framework for building theory th at sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change” is the a. structural -functional approach. b. social -conflict approach. c. symbolic -interaction approach. d. feminist approach. Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Conceptual 68) The social -conflict approach draws attention to a. how elements contribute to the overall operation of society. b. how people construct meaning in their interactions. c. patterns of social inequality. d. the stable aspects of society. Answer: c Page Refer ence: 18 Skill: Factual 69) Looking at the operation of Canadian schools, the social -conflict approach might lead a sociologist to conclude that a. the function of schools is to teach needed skills. b. the meaning of schooling varies from child to child. c. schools have been a major path to social advancement. d. tracking provides some students with far better schooling than others. Answer: d Page Reference: 18 –19 Skill: Applied 70) Which of the following statements might be made by a sociologist using th e gender -conflict approach? a. Men and women share in the joys of family life. b. Men earn more than women in the workplace. c. Gender functions in an important way to keep society operating. d. The glass ceiling is a myth. Answer: b Page Reference: 19 Skill: Applied 71) Which woman helped launch the discipline of sociology by studying the evils of slavery and also by translating the writings of Auguste Comte? a. Harriet Martineau b. Jane Addams c. Elizabeth Cady Stanton d. Dorothea Dix Answer: a Page R eference: 19 Skill: Factual 72) Which pioneering sociologist founded Chicago’s Hull House to assist immigrants and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W.E.B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer Answer: a Page Reference: 19 Skill: Factual 73) Karl Marx, speaking for the social -conflict approach, argued that the point of studying society was a. to understand how society really operates. b. to compare U.S. society to others. c. to foster support for a nation’s government. d. to bring about needed change. Answer: d Page Reference: 19 Skill: Factual 74) Which of the following early sociologists had an important influence on the development of the social - conflict approach? a. Karl Marx b. Talcott Parsons c. Emile Durkheim d. Herb ert Spencer Answer: a Page Reference: 19 Skill: Factual 75) Which early sociologist received the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of colour? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W.E.B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer Answer: c Page Reference: 20 Skill: Factual 76) Which early U.S. sociologist studied the Black community and served as a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W.E.B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer Answer: c Page Reference: 20 Skill: Factual 77) Which theoretical approach would highlight the fact that, on average, Aboriginal families have less income than White families? a. the race -conflict approach b. the gender -conflict approa ch c. the structural -functional approach d. the symbolic -interaction approach Answer: a Page Reference: 20 Skill: Conceptual 78) Using the social -conflict approach, a sociologist might highlight which of the following? a. the standard of fairness all stud ents receive in the public education system b. the importance of gender roles in a well -ordered society c. racial inequality in a company’s hiring and promotion practices d. the positive function of inequality in the workplace Answer: d Page Reference: 18–19 Skill: Applied 79) W.E.B. Du Bois claimed that _____ was the major problem facing the United States during the twentieth century. a. class b. race c. gender d. ethnicity Answer: b Page Reference: 20 Skill: Factual 80) The social -conflict approach s ometimes receives criticism for a. focusing on values that everyone shares. b. being openly political. c. promoting the status quo. d. condemning the free flow of ideas and information. Answer: b Page Reference: 20 Skill: Factual 81) The _____ approaches are macro -level, describing societies in broad terms. a. structural -functional and social -conflict b. structural -functional and symbolic -interaction c. social -conflict and symbolic -interaction d. social conflict and social control Answer: a Page Reference: 17–20 Skill: Conceptual 82) Which of the following examples illustrates a micro -level focus? a. the operation of the U.S. economy b. patterns of global terrorism c. two people on an airplane getting to know one another d. class inequality in the armed fo rces Answer: c Page Reference: 20 –21 Skill: Applied 83) The basic idea of the symbolic -interaction approach is that society is a. an arena of conflict between categories of people. b. the product of people interacting in everyday situations. c. a system t hat operates to benefit people. d. an accident of chaos which we don’t understand. Answer: b Page Reference: 20 –21 Skill: Conceptual 84) Which theoretical approach claims that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they atta ch to their behaviour? a. structural -functional approach b. social -conflict approach c. symbolic -interaction approach d. social -exchange approach Answer: c Page Reference: 20 –21 Skill: Conceptual 85) Who, of the following, had a wife named Marianne who was a prominent German feminist, politician, and prolific writer on social and women’s issues? a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Max Weber d. Erving Goffman Answer: c Page Reference: 22 Skill: Factual 86) Which of the following founding sociologists urged sociologists to understand a social setting from the point of view of the people in it? a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Auguste Comte d. Max Weber Answer: d Page Reference: 21 Skill: Factual 87) Which of the following statements reflects a social -exchange analysis? a. People typically seek mates who offer as much as they do. b. Class differences are reflected in favoured sports. c. People build reality as they introduce themselves. d. People who do more important work usually earn more pay. Answer: a Page Reference: 21 Skill: Applied 88) A criticism of the symbolic -interaction approach is that it a. calls attention to major social institutions. b. ignores how structural factors such as class affect people’s experiences. c. paints a very positive picture of society. d. cannot be verified by observable data. Answer: b Page Reference: 21 Skill: Factual