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Exploring Public Speaking: 3rd Edition GALILEO, University System of Georgia GALILEO Open Learning Materials Communication Open Textbooks Communication Summer 2018 Exploring Public Speaking: 3rd Edition Barbara Tucker Dalton State College , btucker@daltonstate.edu Kristin Barton Dalton State College , kmbarton@daltonstate.edu Amy Burger Dalton State College , aburger1@daltonstate.edu Jerry Drye Dalton State College , jdrye@daltonstate.edu Cathy Hunsicker Dalton State College , chunsicker@daltonstate.edu See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/communication -textbooks Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Tucker, Barbara; Barton, Kristin; Burger, Amy; Drye, Jerry; Hunsicker, Cathy; Mendes, Amy; and LeHew, Matthew, "Exploring Public Speaking: 3rd Edition" (2018). Communication Open Textbooks . 1. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/communication -textbooks/1 This Open Textbook is brought to you for free and open access by the Communication at GALILEO Open Learning Materials. It has been accepted for inclusion in Communication Open Textbooks by an authorized administrator of GALILEO Open Learning Materials. For more informa tion, please contact affordablelearninggeorgia@usg.edu . Authors Barbara Tucker, Kristin Barton, Amy Burger, Jerry Drye, Cathy Hunsicker, Amy Mendes, and Matthew LeHew This open textbook is available at GALILEO Open Learning Materials: https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/communication -textbooks/1 Exploring Public Speaking i Exploring Public Speaking: The Free Dalton State College Public Speaking Textbook 3rd Edition A Creative Commons Licensed Open Educational Resource for Introductory College Public Speaking Courses Exploring Public Speaking ii Primary Author and Editor: Dr. Barbara G. Tucker Contributors: Ms. Amy Burger Mr. Jerry Drye Ms. Cathy Hunsicker Ms. Amy Mendes Mr. Matthew LeHew Consultants: Mr. Nick Carty Ms. Kim Correll Ms. Jackie Daniels Dr. Clint Kinkead Dr. Sarah Min Dr. Tami Tomasello In Memory of Dr. Kristin Barton, Originator of the Project and First Editor For questions regarding this textbook, contact: Dr. Barbara G. Tucker Department of Communication Dalton State College 650 College Drive Dalton, GA 30720 Lorberbaum Liberal Arts 107B (706) 272-4411 btucker@daltonstate.edu Exploring Public Speaking iii This text exists under a Creativ e Commons Attribution -Noncommer - cial-ShareAlike 4.0 License , and as such it may be used for non -commer - cial purposes. Any portion of this text may be altered or edited; however, author attribution is required, and if you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same li - cense as the original. Portions of this text were adapted from a free, open - source textbook without attribution as requested by the work’s original creator(s) and licensee(s). The authors of Exploring Public Speaking request that you let them know if you plan to use all or a major part of this textbook as a primary text for your basic communication classes. <a rel=”license” href=”http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by -nc- sa/4.0/”><img alt=”Creative Commons License” style=”border -width:0” src=”https:// i.creativecommons.org/l/by -nc-sa/4.0/80x15.png” /></ a><br /><span xmlns:dct=”ht tp://purl.org/dc/terms/” href=”http://purl. org/dc/dcmitype/Text” proper - ty=”dct:title” rel=”dct:type”>Exploring Public Speaking: The Free Dalton State Col - lege Public Speaking Text - book</span> by <span xmlns:cc=”http: // creativecommons.org/ns#” property=”cc:attributionName”>Barbara G. Tucker & Kristin M. Barton</ span> is licensed under a <a rel=”license” href=”http:// creativecommons. org/licenses/by -nc-sa/4.0/”>Creative Commons Attribution - NonCom - mercial -ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>. Photographs are used by permission of the Office of Marketing and Com - munication at Dalton State College and are copyrighted 2017. Exploring Public Speaking iv Introduction to Third Edition of Exploring Public Speaking Exploring Public Speaking: The Free College Public Speaking Textbook began as the brainchild of Dr. Kris Barton, Chair of the Department of Communication at Dalton State College. It also was made possible through a generous Textbook Transformation Grant in 2015 from Affordable Learn - ing Georgia, a highly successful program of the University System of Geor - gia. Dr. Barton asked me to help him author/compile the text. The goal was to provide a high -quality, usable, accessible, and low -cost textbook for the hundreds of students who take COMM 1110 at Dalton State College every year. This course is required of all degree -seeking stu - dents. We have been able to save students hundreds of thousands of dollars already with this text. Unexpectedly and happily, the text has also been downloaded close to 14,000 times (as of August 2018) all over the world and has been adopted at many other institutions. Dr. Barton and I worked on creating the textbook from July 2015 until May 2016, with the goal of going live with the text in Summer of 2016. Tragi - cally Dr. Barton passed away in early May, a reality that still does not seem real. He has been greatly missed as a friend, colleague, father, scholar, teacher, and mentor. The launch of the book proceeded; however, due to the loss o f Dr. Barton, the ancillaries were not finished. In Summer 2017 I took on a significant revision and updating which I named the Second Edition. I included in that edition information on college student success in the appendices. In January 2018, a colleague, Matthew LeHew, and I won a grant from the University System to create the ancillaries and improve the format for more accessibility. I decided to remove the “Dalton State” from the title and most examples for wider appeal. An appendix on library research retains the information for specific use of Roberts Library on our campus. Over 90% of the book is original with Dr. Barton, me, or other colleagues at Dalton State College. Some parts, specifically from Chapters 9, 10, and 15, are adapted from another open resource public speaking text whose author prefers not to be cited. This Third Edition, along with including necessary updates and being for - matted with different software, includes four more appendices: one on on - line speaking, one on APA, one on humor and storytelling in public speak - ing, and one on Dalton State’s Library. I have also tried to clarify concepts, Exploring Public Speaking v to provide “case studies” to show the rhetorical process, and include more outlines and examples. We think this book is especially useful in coverage of PowerPoint, audience responsiveness, ethics in public speaking, special occasion speeches, and structure of speeches. Three ancillaries are avail - able: electronic “flash cards” for study, Powerpoints on the 15 main chap - ters, and test banks for the 15 main chapters. Thank you for downloading Exploring Public Speaking, and the co-authors and I truly wish you happy teaching and learning with it. We welcome in - put. If you choose to use it, let us know at btucker@daltonstate.edu . Exploring Public Speaking i Table of Contents Introduction to Third Edition of Exploring Public Speaking ................................ ................................ iv Chapter 1: The Basics of Public Speaking ................................ ................................ ................................ . 1 1.1 – What is Public Speaking? ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 2 1.2 – Anxiety and Public Speaking ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 4 1.3 - Understanding the Process of Public Speaking ................................ ................................ ...... 10 1.4 – The Value of Public Speaking in Your Life ................................ ................................ ............ 15 1.5 – Getting Started in Public Speaking ................................ ................................ ........................ 16 Chapter 2: Audience Analysis and Listening ................................ ................................ ......................... 20 2.1 – The Importance of Audience Analysis ................................ ................................ ................... 21 2.2 – Demographic Characteristics ................................ ................................ ................................ . 21 2.3 – Psychographic Characteristics ................................ ................................ ............................... 29 2.4 – Contextual Factors of Audience Analysis ................................ ................................ .............. 34 2.5 – Listening in Public Speaking Settings ................................ ................................ ................... 36 Chapter 3: Ethics in Public Speaking ................................ ................................ ................................ ......43 3.1 – Sources of Ethical Stances on Communication and Public Speaking ................................ .44 3.2 – Credibility and Ethics ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 48 3.3 – Plagiarism ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 50 Chapter 4: Developing Topics for Your Speech ................................ ................................ ..................... 60 4.1 – Getting Started with Your Topic and Purpose ................................ ................................ ...... 61 4.2 – Formulating a Specific Purpose Statement ................................ ................................ ........... 62 4.3 – Formulating a Central Idea Statement ................................ ................................ ................. 68 4.4 – Problems to Avoid with Specific Purpose and Central Idea Statements ............................ 71 Chapter 5: Researching Your Speeches ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 77 5.1 – Primary and Secondary Research ................................ ................................ ......................... 78 5.2 – Research on the Internet ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 79 5.3 – Conducting Your Own Research ................................ ................................ ............................ 85 5.4 - Accessing Information Through a Library ................................ ................................ ............ 88 Exploring Public Speaking ii Chapter 6: Organizing and Outlining Your Speech ................................ ................................ ................ 95 6.1 – Why We Need Organization in Speeches ................................ ................................ ............. 96 6.2 - Patterns of Organization ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 98 6.3 – Connective Statements ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 106 6.4 – Outlining ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 111 Chapter 7: Supporting Your Speech Ideas ................................ ................................ ............................ 114 7.1 – Why Supporting Materials are Needed ................................ ................................ ................. 115 7.2 – Types of Supporting Materials ................................ ................................ ............................. 119 7.3 – Attention Factors and Supporting Material ................................ ................................ ........ 133 Chapter 8: Introductions and Conclusions ................................ ................................ ........................... 139 8.1 – General Guidelines for Introductions and Conclusions ................................ ..................... 140 8.2 – Structuring the Introduction ................................ ................................ ............................... 141 8.3 – Examples of Introductions ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 152 8.4 – Structuring the Conclusion ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 154 8.5 – Examples of Conclusions ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 160 Chapter 9: Presentation Aids in Speaking ................................ ................................ ............................ 162 9.1 - What Are Presentation Aids? ................................ ................................ ................................ 163 9.2 – Functions of Presentation Aids ................................ ................................ ............................ 164 9.3 – Types of Presentation Aids ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 172 9.4 – Using Presentation Slides ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 187 9.5 – Low -Tech Presentation Aids ................................ ................................ ................................ 198 Chapter 10: Language ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 202 10.1 – What Language Is and Does ................................ ................................ .............................. 203 10.2 – Standards for Language in Public Speaking ................................ ................................ .... 206 10.3 – Developing Your Ability to Use Effective Language in Public Speaking ......................... 217 Chapter 11: Delivery ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 220 11.1 – The Importance of Delivery ................................ ................................ ................................ . 221 11.2 – Methods of Speech Delivery ................................ ................................ ............................... 222 11.3 – Preparing For Your Delivery ................................ ................................ ............................... 225 Exploring Public Speaking iii 11.4 – Practicing Your Delivery ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 231 11.5 – What to Do When Delivering Your Speech ................................ ................................ ....... 234 Chapter 12: Informative Speaking ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 244 12.1 – What is an Informative Speech? ................................ ................................ ........................ 245 12.2 – Types of Informative Speeches ................................ ................................ .......................... 246 12.3 – Guidelines for Selecting an Informative Speech Topic ................................ ................... 250 12.4 – Guidelines for Preparing an Informative Speech ................................ ............................. 252 Sample Outline: Informative Speech on Lord Byron ................................ ................................ .. 254 Sample Outline: Informative Speech on Haunted Places in Gettysb urg ................................ ... 257 Chapter 13: Persuasive Speaking ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 260 13.1 – Why Persuade? ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 261 13.2 – A Definition of Persuasion ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 261 13.3 – Why is Persuasion Hard? ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 265 13.4 – Traditional Views of Persuasion ................................ ................................ ....................... 268 13.5 – Constructing a Persuasive Speech ................................ ................................ ...................... 271 Sample Outline: Persuasive Speech on Facebook Usage ................................ ............................. 281 Chapter 14: Logical Reasoning ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 284 14.1 – What is Correct Reasoning? ................................ ................................ ............................... 285 14.2 – Inductive Reasoning ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 286 14.3 – Deductive Reasoning ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 290 14.4 – Logical Fallacies ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 293 Chapter 15: Special Occasion Speaking ................................ ................................ ................................ 302 15.1 – Understanding Special Occasion Speeches ................................ ................................ ....... 303 15.2 – Types of Special Occasion Speeches ................................ ................................ ................. 305 15.3 – Special Occasion Language ................................ ................................ ................................ . 317 15.4 – Special Occasion Delivery ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 318 Appendix A: Cultural Diversity in Public Speaking ................................ ................................ .............. 322 Benefits and Chal lenges ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 322 Implications ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....325 Exploring Public Speaking iv Appendix B: Succeeding as a College Student ................................ ................................ ..................... 328 Part 1: How To Be a College Student ................................ ................................ ............................ 328 Part 2: Learning to Learn ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 341 Part 3: Reading Your Textbooks and Other Resources ................................ ............................... 353 Part 4: Effective Memorization ................................ ................................ ................................ ......356 Part 5: Test Anxiety/Speech Anxiety ................................ ................................ ............................. 359 Part 6: Test -taking ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 360 Part 7: Avoiding Plagiarism ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 364 Appendix C: Public Speaking Online ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 369 Preparation for Online Speaking ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 369 During the Web Speech ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 371 Ending ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 372 Speaking for an Online Class ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 372 Appendix D: Humor Appendix (is that anything like the funny bone?) ................................ ............. 374 Humor and Audiences: Positives and Negatives ................................ ................................ ......... 374 Humorous Speaking Tips ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 375 Appendix E: APA Citation ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 378 E.1– Citation ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 378 E.2—When to Cite ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 379 E.3- Elements of Citation ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 379 E.4-APA Resources ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 380 E.5-Reference List ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 380 Appendix F: Research with Dalton State Library Resources ................................ .............................. 384 “GIL -Find,” the Library Catalog ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 384 GALILEO ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 387 What to Do with All These Sources ................................ ................................ ............................... 391 Appendix G: Glossary ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 392 Appendix H: References ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 403 Exploring Public Speaking 1 Chapter 1: The Basics of Public Speaking Chapter 1: The Basics of Public Speaking Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, the student will be able to: • Define public speaking, channel, feedback, noise, encode, decode, symbol, denotative, and connotative; • Explain what distinguishes public speaking from other modes of com - munication; • List the elements of the communication process; • Explain the origins of anxiety in public speaking ; • Apply some strategies for dealing with personal anxiety about public speaking; • Discuss why public speaking is part of the curriculum at this college and important in personal and professional life. Chapter Preview 1.1 – What is Public Speaking? 1.2 – Anxiety and Public Speaking 1.3 – Understanding the Process of Public Speaking 1.4 – The Value of Public Speaking in Your Life 1.5 – Getting Started in Public Speaking Exploring Public Speaking 2 Chapter 1: The Basics of Public Speaking 1.1 – What is Public Speaking? What is your mental picture when you think about “public speaking?” The President of the United States delivering an inaugural address? A sales representative seeking to persuade clients in a board room? Your minister, priest, or rabbi presenting a sermon at a worship service? Your professor lecturing? A dramatic courtroom scene, probably from Law & Order ? Pol - iticians debating before an election? A comedian doing stand -up at a night club? All of these and more are instances of public speaking. Be assured that public speaking takes many forms every day in our country and across the world. Now let’s get personal: Do you see yourself as a public speaker? And when you do, do you see yourself as confident, prepared, and effective? O r do you see a person who is nervous, unsure of what to say, and feeling as if they are failing to get their message across? You find yourself in this Fundamentals of Speech course and probably have mixed emotions. More than likely, it is required for graduation in your major. Perhaps you have taken a formal public speaking course before. Although they are not as common in secondary education as in colleges (Education Commission of the States, 2015), public speaking instruction may have been part of your high school experience. Maybe you competed in debate or individual speaking events or you have acted in plays. These activities can help you in this course, especially in terms of confidence and delivery. On the other hand, it might be that the only publ ic speaking experience you have had felt like a failure and therefore left you embarrassed and wanting to forget it and stay far away from public speaking. It might have been years ago, but the feeling still stays with you. This class is not some - thing yo u have been looking forward to, and you may have put it off. May - be your attitude is, “Let’s just get it over with.” You might think that it’s just another course you have to “get through” in order to study your ma - jor—what really interests you—and start a career in your field. These are all understandable emotions because, as you have probably heard or read, polls indicate public speaking is one of the things Amer - icans fear the most. As Jerry Seinfeld has said in his stand -up comedy routine, According to most studies, people’s number one fear is public speaking. Number two is death. Death is number two. Does that sound right? This means to the average person, if you go to a fu - neral, you’re better off in the casket than doing the eulogy. Exploring Public Speaking 3 Chapter 1: The Basics of Public Speaking While it is a stretch to think that most people fear death less than giving a short speech, aversion toward public speaking situations and tasks is common. Before we go any further, though, what do we mean by “public speaking?” The most obvious answer is “talking in front of a group of people.” For the purposes of this class and this book, public speaking is more formal than that. Public speaking is an organized, face -to-face, prepared, in - tentional (purposeful) attempt to inform, entertain, or persuade a group of pe ople (usually five or more) through words, physical delivery, and (at times) visual or audio aids. In almost all cases, the speaker is the focus of attention for a specific amount of time. There still may be some back -and- forth interaction, such as questions and answers with the audience, but the speaker usually holds the responsibility to direct that interaction either during or after the prepared speech has concluded. As Stephen A. Lucas (2015) has written, public speaking is an “enlarged conversat ion,” and as such it has some similarities to conversations but some major differences, too. As a conversation, it has elements of: • awareness of and sensitivity toward your audience (in this case, more than one person); • an exchange of explicit messages about content (facts, ideas, infor - mation) and less explicit ones about relationship (how you relate to one another, such as trust, liking, respect);[this content/relationship dichotomy will come up again in this book and is characteristic of all communic ation]; • a dependence on feedback to know if you are successful in being un - derstood (usually nonverbal in public speaking, but still present); • the fact that the public speaking communication is (almost always) face-to-face rather than mediated (through a computer, telephone, mass media, or writing). As an “enlarged conversation” public speaking needs to be more pur - poseful (to entertain, inform, or persuade); highly organized with certain formal elements (introduction and clear main points, for example); and usually dependent on resources outside of your personal experience (re - search to support your ideas). Of course, the delivery would have to be “enlarged” or “projected” as well—louder, more fluid, and more energetic, depending on the size and type of room in which you are speaking —and you will be more conscious of the correctness and formality of your language. You might say, “That sucks” in a conversation but are less likely to do in front of a large audi - ence in certain situations. If you can keep in mind the basic principle that public speaking is formalized communication with an audience designed to achieve mutual understanding for mutual benefit (like a conversation), Public speaking an organized, face -to- face, prepared, inten - tional (purposeful) attempt to inform, entertain, or persuade a group of people (usually five or more) through words, phys - ical delivery, and (at times) visual or audio aids.