(Test Bank) Pharmacology An Introduction

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Chapter 01 - Introduction to Pharmacology Pharmacology An Introduction 7th Edition Hitner Test Bank Chapter 01 Introduction to Pharmacology Multiple Choice Questions 1. Pharmacokinetics is the area of pharmacology that deals with the study of: A. the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. B. the action of drugs on living tissue. C. the use of drugs in treating disease. D. the harmful effects of drugs on living tissue. Pharmacokinetics is the area of pharmacology that deals with the study of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. ABHES: 6.a. Identify drug classification, usual dose, side effects, and contraindications of the top most commonly used medications Blooms: Remember CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Outcome: 01.01 2. Which of the following is an example of a drug derived from a plant? A. Insulin B. Digitalis C. Cephalosporin D. Estradiol Examples of drugs derived from plants that are still widely used today include the analgesics morphine and codeine, which were obtained from the poppy plant (Papver somniferum) ; the heart drug digitalis, which was obtained from the purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) ; and the antimalarial drug quinine, which was obtained from the bark of the cinch ona tree. ABHES: 6.a. Identify drug classification, usual dose, side effects, and contraindications of the top most commonly used medic ations Blooms: Remember CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Outcome: 01.01 1-1 Chapter 01 - Introduction to Pharmacology 3. Today, new drugs are mainly derived from: A. chemical synthesis. B. animals. C. plants. D. enzymatic synthesis. Despite the many examples of drugs obtained from plants and living organisms, the main source of new drugs today is from chemical synthesis. ABHES: 6.a. Identify drug classification, usual dose, side effects, and contraindications of the top most commonly used medic ations Blooms: Remember CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medicati ons including indications for use Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Outcome: 01.01 4. Which of the following statements is true of toxicity? A. Toxic effects refer to those effects triggered by drugs that are undesirable but not harmful. B. The toxic effects of a drug can be life-threatening. C. The toxic effects of a drug can be controlled by increasing the dosage of the drug. D. Patients are often advised to tole raNtUe RthSeINtGoxTiBc.iCtyOoMf a drug in order to ben efit from the drug's therapeutic actions. Toxic effects, or toxicity, implies drug poisoning, the consequences of which can be extremely harmful and may be life-threatening. ABHES: 6.d. Properly utilize Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), drug handbook and other drug references to identify a drug’s classification, usual dosage, usual side effects, and contraindications. Blooms: Understand CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Outcome: 01.02 1-2 Chapter 01 - Introduction to Pharmacology 5. Which of the following statements is true of a drug? A. The effects produced by a drug are always desirable. B. The properties of a drug do not influence the effects it produces. C. A drug does not produce more than one effect. D. A pure drug is a chemical compound with a specific chemical structure. Every pure drug is a chemical compound with a specific chemical structure. ABHES: 6.a. Identify drug classification, usual dose, side effects, and contraindications of the top most commonly used medications Blooms: Understand CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Outcome: 01.02 6. Maria visits Dr. John's clinic for a medical consultation. After learning that Maria has been experiencing a severe case of cold and cough, Dr. John conducts a thorough physical examination and prescribes a cough syrup and cetirizine tablets for her sympto ms. A few days later, Maria calls Dr. John and informs him that the medication has been making her feel drowsy. How is Dr. John most likely to respond? A. He will ask Maria to start taking aNdUiRffSeIrNeGntTdBo.CsOagMe of cetirizine. B. He will advise Maria to bear with the effects of the medication in order to benefit from its therapeutic actions. C. He will advise Maria to stop taking the tablets immediately and to visit his clinic for another examination. D. He will ask Maria to stop taking the drug and immediately rush to her house to administer an antidote. In this case, Maria is most likely experiencing the side effects of the drug. Many side effects are more of a nuisance than they are harmful. Dr. John will advise Maria to bear with the side effects of the medication in order to benefit from its therapeutic actions. ABHES: 6.a. Identify drug classification, usual dose, side effects, and contraindic ations of the top most commonly used medications Blooms: Analyze CAAHEP: I.C.11.c. Identify the classifications of medications including side effects Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Outcome: 01.02 1-3 Chapter 01 - Introduction to Pharmacology 7. Examples of common adverse effects include all of the following except: A. persistent diarrhea. B. vomiting. C. confusion. D. anaphylaxis. Adverse effects are also undesired effects, but these are effects that may be harmful (persistent diarrhea, vomiting, or central nervous system disturbances such as confusion) or that with prolonged treatment may cause conditions that affect the function of vital organs such as the liver or kidney. ABHES: 6.d. Properly utilize Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), drug handbook and other drug references to identify a drug’s classification, usual dosage, usual side effects, and contraindications. Blooms: Understand CAAHEP: I.C.11.d. Identify the classifications of medications including adverse reactions Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Outcome: 01.02 8. Drugs that bind to specific receptors and produce a drug action are called . A. repressors B. antagonists C. agonists D. modulators Drugs that bind to specific receptors and produce a drug action are called agonists. ABHES: 6.d. Properly utilize Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), drug handbook and other drug references to identify a drug’s classification, usual dosage, usual side effects, and contraindications. Blooms: Remember CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medi cations including indications for use Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Outcome: 01.03 1-4 Chapter 01 - Introduction to Pharmacology 9. A group of interns at Wingsdale Hospital are watching Dr. Gerald and his team perform a surgery. During the surgery, Dr. Gerald resuscitates his patient from cardiac arrest by giving her an intravenous injection of epinephrine. As soon as the patient's condition improves, Dr. Gerald explains to his interns that when epinephrine binds to the b eta receptors of the heart, it triggers an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Based on the information provided in this scenario, we can conclude that epinephrine is acting as a(n): A. antagonist. B. modulator. C. agonist. D. partial antagonist. Based on the information provided in this scenario, we can conclude that epinephrine is acting as an agonist. Drugs that bind to specific receptors and produce a drug action are called agonists. ABHES: 6.d. Properly utilize Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), drug handbook and other drug references to identify a drug’s classification, usual dosage, usual side effects, and contraindications. Blooms: Apply CAAHEP: I.C.11.b. Identify the classifications of medications including desired effects Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Outcome: 01.03 10. Identify a difference between agonists and antagonists. A. Agonists bind to specific receptors to trigger a drug action, while antagonists bind to specific receptors to block a drug action. B. Agonists bind to receptors and prevent them from being activated, while antagonists bind to receptors to activate them. C. Agonists bind to a specific receptor site in the body, while antagonists can bind to any receptor site in the body. D. A typical example of an agonist is naloxone, while a typical example of an antagonist is morphine. Drugs that bind to specific receptors and produce a drug action are called agonists. Drugs that bind to specific receptors and block agonist drug action or cellular functions are called antagonists. ABHES: 6.d. Properly utilize Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), drug handbook and other drug references to identify a drug’s classification, usual dosag e, usual side effects, and contraindications. Blooms: Analyze CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Outcome: 01.03 1-5 Chapter 01 - Introduction to Pharmacology 11. During a pharmaceutical class, Dr. Patrick explains how a certain class of antipsychotic drugs prevents dopamine from producing its effects by blocking specific membrane receptors for dopamine. As a result, dopamine cannot stimulate its receptors to trigge r certain cellular functions, and its effects are no longer experienced. After the discussion, Dr. Patrick asks his students to describe the action of the antipsychotic drugs. Which of the following responses from his students is the most accurate? A. The antipsychotic drugs act as agonists. B. The antipsychotic drugs act as antagonists. C. The antipsychotic drugs act as modulators. D. The antipsychotic drugs act as inducers. In this case, the antipsychotic drugs are behaving like antagonists. Drugs that bind to specific receptors and block agonist drug action or cellular functions are called antagonists. ABHES: 6.d. Properly utilize Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), drug handbook and other drug references to identify a drug’s classification, usual dosage, usual side effects, and contraindications. Blooms: Apply CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Outcome: 01.03 12. Competitive antagonism occurs when: A. two agonists compete for the same receptor. B. an agonist and an antagonist compete for the same receptor. C. an antagonist directly inactivates an agonist. D. an antagonist cancels out the effect of an agonist by binding to a unique receptor. When both agonist and antagonist drugs bind to the same receptor and are administered together, they compete with each other for the same receptor site. This effect is known as competitive antagonism. ABHES: 6.d. Properly utilize Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), drug handbook and other drug references to identify a drug’s classification, usual dosage, usual side effects, and contraindications. Blooms: Analyze CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Outcome: 01.03 1-6 Chapter 01 - Introduction to Pharmacology 13. James, a health care professional, states that the drug morphine is an agonist. Which of the following supports his statement? A. Morphine binds to specific receptor sites in the body and triggers a series of cellular changes. B. Morphine is immediately absorbed by the cells of the body and metabolized. C. Morphine binds to specific receptor sites in the body and inhibits certain cellular functions. D. Morphine binds to specific sites in the body and signals surrounding drug molecules to the area. Morphine is an example of an agonist. Drugs that bind to specific receptors and produce a drug action are called agonists. ABHES: 6.a. I dentify drug classification, usual dose, side effects, and contraindications of the top most commonly used medications Blooms: Analyze CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Outcome: 01.03 14. Mrs. Breaux, a patient at St. AnthNoUnRyS'sINHGoTsBp.iCtaOl,Malmost became comatose after receiving an overdose of morphine. In order to reverse this effect, the doctor ordered the administration of naloxone, which served as a(n): A. partial agonist. B. agonist. C. modulator. D. antagonist. Naloxone, a morphine antagonist, is administered to prevent, or antagonize, the effects of morphine in cases of morphine overdose. Usually, antagonists bind to a specific receptor to displace or prevent an agonist drug or body substance from activating that receptor. ABHES: 6.a. Identify drug classification, usual dose, side effects, and contraindications of the top most commonly used medic ations Blooms: Apply CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use Difficulty: 2 Medi um Learning Outcome: 01.03 1-7 Chapter 01 - Introduction to Pharmacology 15. Identify an accurate statement about the dose-response relationship. A. A drug response is inversely proportional to the dose. B. The magnitude of a drug response decreases with an increase in its dose. C. Drugs that continue to show an increase in drug response with an increase in dosage have a ceiling effect. D. Above a certain dosage no further increase in effect is observed. Above a certain dosage no further increase in effect is observed. Doses above those needed to produce the ceiling effect usually cause other undesired, often toxic, drug effects. ABHES: 6.a. Identify drug classification, usual dose, side effects, and contraindications of the top most commonly used medications Blooms: Understand CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Outcome: 01.04 16. is a measure of the strength, or concentration, of a drug required to produce a specific effect. A. Toxicity B. Affinity C. Potency D. Bioavailability Potency is a measure of the strength, or concentration, of a drug required to produce a specific effect. ABHES: 3.a. Define and use entire basic structure of medical words and be abl e to accurately identify in the correct context, i.e. root, prefix, suffix, combinations, spelling, and definitions Blooms: Remember CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Outcome: 01.04 1-8 Chapter 01 - Introduction to Pharmacology 17. The phenomenon that occurs upon taking additional doses of acetaminophen for pain when a 100 percent response has been attained is called the . A. ceiling effect B. placebo effect C. first-pass effect D. Purkinje effect The ceiling effect reflects the limit of some drug classes to produce a particular effect. Above a certain dosage no further increase in effect is observed. ABHES: 6.d. Properly utilize Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), drug handbook and other drug refer ences to identify a drug’s classification, usual dosage, usual side effects, and contraindications. Blooms: Apply CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Outcome: 01.04 18. Which of the following values can be derived from a drug -response curve and used to compare the potency of drugs that produce the same response? A. Infusion rate B. Half-life C. Effective dose 50 D. Drug clearance The effective dose 50 (ED50) can be derived from a drug -response curve and used to compare the potency of drugs that produce the same response. ABHES: 6.d. Properly utilize Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), drug handbook and other drug references to identify a drug’s classification, usual dosage, usual side effects, and contraindications. Blooms: Apply CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Outcome: 01.04 1-9 Chapter 01 - Introduction to Pharmacology 19. Consider a graded dose -response curve plotted for a drug. Toward which direction would the dose-response curve shift if the curve were plotted for a more potent drug? A. Up B. Down C. Left D. Right Consider the ED50 of drug A as 10 mg and of drug B as 20 mg. Therefore, drug A is twice as potent as drug B. When a graded dose -response curve is plotted, the curve shifts to the left for the more potent medication. ABHES: 6.b. Demonstrate accurate occupational math and metric conversions for proper medication administration Blooms: Analyze CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use CAAHEP: II.C.6.a. Analyze healthcare results as reported in graphs Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Outcome: 01.04 20. What type of curve should be used for representing data when a proper dosing frequency is being determined? A. A time-response curve B. A scatter plot C. A graded dose-response curve D. A quantal dose-response curve The relationship of time and the plasma drug concentration is known as the time -plasma drug concentration curve or time -response curve since it reflects the duration of action. Time - plasma drug concentration curves are used for predicting the frequency with which a drug must be administered in order to maintain an effective drug response. ABHES: 6.b. Demonstrate accurate occupational math and metric conversions for proper medication administration Blooms: Analyze CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use CAAHEP: II.C.6.a. Analyze healthcare results as reported in graphs Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Outcome: 01.04 1-10 Chapter 01 - Introduction to Pharmacology 21. David is analyzing the drug -response relationships of two different drugs, drug A and drug B. Drug A and drug B belong to the same class of drugs. During his study, David discovers that drug A produces the ceiling effect at a much lower dosage than drug B. What does this imply? A. Drug B is more potent than drug A. B. Drug A is more potent than drug B. C. The effective dose 50 (ED50) of drug B is lower than the ED50 of drug A. D. Drug dosage and drug response are independent of each other. In this case, drug A is more potent than drug B. Drugs within a drug class that are more potent than other drugs in the same class will produce the ceiling effect at a lower dosage, but they will not “raise the ceiling.” ABHES: 6.d. Properly utilize Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), drug handbook and other drug references to identify a drug’s classification, usual dosage, usual side effects, and contraindications. Blooms: Apply CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classification s of medications including indications for use Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Outcome: 01.04 22. What will be the effect of taking two aspirin tablets instead of one? A. The analgesic effect of the drug will decrease. B. The analgesic effect of the drug will increase. C. There will be no change in the analgesic effect of the drug. D. The drug will result in adverse toxic effects. In this case, the analgesic effect of the drug will increase. The main feature of the dose - response relationship is that a drug response is proportional to the dose. As the dose increases, so does the magnitude of the response. ABHES: 6.a. Identify drug classification, usual dose, side effects, and contraindications of the top most commonly used medications Blooms: Analyze CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use CAAHEP: I.P.4.c. Verify the rules of medication administration right dose Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Outcome: 01.04 1-11 Chapter 01 - Introduction to Pharmacology 23. Which of the following would not be considered an adverse effect of taking an oral antibiotic? A. Extravasation B. Diarrhea C. Nausea D. Vomiting Oral drugs often cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea because of gastrointestinal (GI) irritation. ABHES: 6.a. Identify drug classification, usual dose, side effects, and contraindications of the top most commonly used medications Blooms: Understand CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Outcome: 01.05 24. The lethal dose 50 of a drug is 2500 mg, and the effective dose 50 of the drug is 250 mg. The therapeutic index of the drug will be . A. 10 B. 0.1 C. 25 D. 2.5 In this case, the therapeutic index of the drug will be 10. The therapeutic index (TI) is a ratio of the lethal dose 50 (LD50) to the effective dose 50 (ED50) of a drug. This index indicates that ten times as much drug is needed to produce a lethal effect in 50 percent of the animals as is needed to produce the therapeutic effect in 50 percent of the animals. ABHES: 6.b. Demonstrate accurate occupational math and metric conversions for proper medication administration Blooms: Apply CAAHEP: I.P.4.c. Verify the rules of medication administration right dose CAAHEP: II.C.2. Apply mathematical computations to solve equations Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Outcome: 01.05 1-12 Chapter 01 - Introduction to Pharmacology 25. The therapeutic index of drug A is 10, and its effective dose 50 (ED50) is 200 mg. What is the lethal dose 50 (LD50) of drug A? A. 20 mg B. 2000 mg C. 100 mg D. 400 mg The LD50 of drug A is 2000 mg. The therapeutic index (TI) is a ratio of the LD50 to the ED50 of a drug. The equation is expressed as TI = LD50/ED50. Therefore, LD50 is equal to the product of the therapeutic index and ED50. ABHES: 6.d. Properly utilize Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), drug handbook and other drug references to identify a drug’s classification, usual dosage, usual side effects, and contraindications. Blooms: Analyze CAAHEP: I.P.4.c. Verify the rules of medication administration right dose CAAHEP: II.C.2. Apply mathematical computations to solve equations Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Outcome: 01.05 26. Three medications have the following therapeutic index values: 2, 4, and 0.5. Which medication is the safest? A. The medication with the therapeutic index value of 0.5 B. The medication with the therapeutic index value of 2 C. The medication with the therapeutic index value of 4 D. None of these medications The therapeutic index (TI) is a ratio of the lethal dose 50 (LD50) to the effective dose 50 (ED50) of a drug. A therapeutic index value of four indicates that four times as much drug is needed to produce a lethal effect in 50 percent of the animals as is needed to produce the therapeutic effect in 50 percent of the animals. ABHES: 6.d. Properly utilize Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), drug handbook and other drug references to identify a drug’s classification, usual dosage, usual side effects, and contraindications. Blooms: Analyze CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use CAAHEP: I.P.4.b. Verify the rules of medication administration right medication CAAHEP: I.P.4.c. Verify the rules of medication administration right dose Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Outcome: 01.05 1-13 Chapter 01 - Introduction to Pharmacology 27. Which of the following would not be considered a dose -dependent adverse effect of a drug? A. Nausea B. Liver damage C. Kidney damage D. Idiosyncrasy A few adverse drug effects are not dose-dependent. These effects, such as drug idiosyncrasy and drug allergy, are determined by individual variation. ABHES: 6.d. Properly utilize Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), drug handbook and other drug references to identify a drug’s classification, usual dosage, usual side effects, and contraindications. Blooms: Analyze CAAHE P: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Outcome: 01.05 28. Drugs, such as thalidomide, that produce birth defects are known as . A. mutagens B. carcinogens C. teratogens D. allergens Drugs, such as thalidomide, that produce birth defects are known as teratogens. ABHES: 6.d. Properly utilize Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), drug handbook and other drug references to identify a drug’s classification, usual dosage, usual side effects, and contraindications. Blooms: Remember CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use CAAHEP: I.C.11.d. Identify the classifications of medications including adverse reactions Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Outcome: 01.05 1-14 Chapter 01 - Introduction to Pharmacology 29. Which of the following statements is true of drug nomenclature? A. The nonproprietary name of a drug is usually a contraction of its chemical name. B. The proprietary name of a drug is more commonly referred to as the generic name. C. A drug can have several different generic names. D. The name under which a drug is marketed is known as its nonproprietary name. All drugs are chemicals, and many have long chemical -names. As a result, all drugs are given a shorter name, known as the nonproprietary name, which is usually a contraction of the chemical name. ABHES: 6.d. Properly utilize Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), drug handbook and other drug references to identify a drug’s classification, usual dosage, usual side effects, and contraindications. Blooms: Understand CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Outcome: 01.06 30. The nonproprietary name of a medication is more commonly known as its . A. trade name B. generic name C. chemical name D. brand name The nonproprietary name is more commonly referred to as the generic name. ABHES: 6.a. Identify drug classification, usual dose, side effects, and contraindications of the top most commonly used medic ations Blooms: Remember CAAHEP: I.C.11.a. Identify the classifications of medications including indications for use Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Outcome: 01.06 1-15