(Test Bank) Intro To Psychology (Already Graded A)

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1) Psychology can be considered a collection of many related fields of study. What is one of the features that all of these fields have in common? a. The use of the scientific method b. The study of mental illness c. The belief that the unconscious mind determines human behaviour d. The use of introspection Answer: a Page Reference: 3 Objective: Module 1.1 2) __________ are general principles or explanations, whereas __________ are specific predictions. a. Theories; hypotheses b. Hypotheses; theories c. Theories; observations d. Observations; theories Answer: a Page Reference: 3–4 Objective: Module 1.1 3) The biopsychosocial model assumes that a. behaviour can only be fully explained by combining multiple perspectives. b. biological factors are more important than social factors in determining behaviour. c. all living organisms form social groups based on their physical and psychological needs. d. the simplest explanation for behaviour is usually the best. Answer: a Page Reference: 5 Objective: Module 1.1 4) Which of the following is true about the concept of scientific literacy? a. Only trained scientists are considered scientifically literate.b. Scientific literacy is the ability to answer basic science questions without looking up their answers. c. Scientific literacy is the ability understand, analyze, and apply scientific information. d. Knowledge of scientific terminology is the most important part of scientific literacy. Answer: c Page Reference: 6–7 Objective: Module 1.1 5) ___________ is the belief that knowledge comes through observation and experience. a. Determinism b. Parsimony c. Skepticism d. Empiricism Answer: d Page Reference: 12 Objective: Module 1.2 6) Psychology has been considered a science since a. around 470 BCE. b. the early 1600s. c. the late 1800s. d. the mid-1900s. Answer: c Page Reference: 12–13 Objective: Module 1.2 7) How did physiologists and physicists, like Gustav Fechner, contribute to the development of psychology as a science? a. They studied the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world. b. They demonstrated that the brain was responsible for consciousness. c. They identified the physical properties and locations of specific functions within the brain.d. They extended Darwin's theory of evolution to behaviour and cognitive abilities. Answer: a Page Reference: 13 Objective: Module 1.2 8) The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on a person's behaviour is part of which early approach to psychology? a. Structuralism b. Functionalism c. Psychoanalysis d. Behaviourism Answer: c Page Reference: 16 Objective: Module 1.2 9) The investigation into the influence of environment and genetics on behaviour and mental processes is often referred to as the study of a. the nature and nurture relationship. b. eugenics. c. Psychology. d. Anthropology. Answer: a Page Reference: 17 Objective: Module 1.2 10) Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism? a. They wanted to identify the major brain structures. b. Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind and its interaction with the physical world. c. They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system. d. Their primary focus was on describing the basic components of conscious experience. Answer: dPage Reference: 18 Objective: Module 1.2 11) Which school of psychology questioned whether psychologists should study the mind, which was thought to be unobservable? a. Psychoanalysis b. Behaviourism c. Gestalt psychology d. Humanism Answer: b Page Reference: 19 Objective: Module 1.2 12) You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and life's meaning. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented? a. Behaviourism b. Humanistic psychology c. Functionalism d. Psychodynamics Answer: b Page Reference: 21 Objective: Module 1.2 13) The primary focus of social psychologists is a. exploring the influence of others on an individual's behaviour. b. investigating the nature and nurture relationship. c. explaining how people, like Hitler, grow up. d. studying how different personality characteristics can influence how we think and act. Answer: a Page Reference: 23–24 Objective: Module 1.214) Dr. Fernwood is a research psychologist. The main focus of her research is the use of psychological knowledge to find ways to reduce bullying in schools. Dr. Fernwood's research could be described as _________ psychology. a. basic b. forensic c. applied d. industrial/organizational Answer: c Page Reference: 27 Objective: Module 1.2 15) Dr. D'Arcy's research focuses on the relationship between activity in specific regions of the brain and decision-making. It is likely that Dr. D'Arcy is in the field of _____________. a. biopsychology b. cognitive psychology c. industrial/organizational psychology d. cognitive neuroscience Answer: d Page Reference: 25–26 Objective: Module 1.2 1) 01-3-01 In order to be scientific, a hypothesis must be testable . 2) 01-3-02 For psychologists, critical thinking means that we apply scientific methods carefully, examine our assumptions and biases, and tolerate ambiguity when the evidence is inconclusive. 3) 01-3-03The principle of parsimony holds that, when dealing with competing theories, the simplest one should be chosen. 4) 01-3-04 Empiricism is the pursuit of knowledge through careful observation rather than speculation. 5) 01-3-05 Clinical psychology is the field of psychology that concentrates on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. 6) 01-3-06 Developed by Freud, psychoanalysis was an approach that attempted to explain the relationship between behaviour and the unconscious. 7) 01-3-07 Wundt's primary research method was training volunteers to use introspection to describe their experiences. 8) 01-3-08 Although Ivan Pavlov is usually credited with its discovery, professor Edwin Twitmyer was one of the first people to study classical conditioning . 9) 01-3-09 Cognitive neuroscientists combine cognitive psychology and biopsychology to investigate the structure and functions of the brain. 10) 01-3-10Industrial psychologists apply psychological concepts specifically to the work environment. 1) According to the textbook, the discipline of psychology is best defined as a. a collection of self-help principles used to treat psychological disorders. b. a combination of hypotheses and personal intuition about human behaviour and mental processes. c. a process for encouraging individuals to reach their ultimate potential. d. the scientific study of behaviour, thought, and experience. Answer: d Page Reference: 3 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 2) Which of the following statements regarding the over-arching goals of psychology is FALSE? a. Psychology involves researching the role of brain structures on human behaviour. b. Psychology is centred around curing all psychological disorders. c. The field of psychology focuses on understanding the effects of genetics and environment on behaviour. d. Psychology focuses on understanding how many different factors contribute to the development of psychological disorders. Answer: b Page Reference: 3 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 3) What process is used across all areas of psychology? a. the scientific method b. the curation of opinions c. the belief that the unconscious mind determines human behaviour d. the science of persuasionAnswer: a Page Reference: 3 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 4) A scientist is best described as a. an individual who conducts experiments. b. an individual who dissects specimens or combines chemicals to answer questions about the world. c. an individual who studies in the fields of biology, chemistry, physics, or geology. d. an individual who arrives at conclusions based on a careful system of observing, predicting, and testing. Answer: d Page Reference: 3 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 5) Caroline is interested in determining how black-capped chickadees find the caches of seeds they stored several months earlier. She watches the chickadees in a park and notices that they tend to hide their food in trees near landmarks, such as sculptures or benches. She predicts that moving these landmarks after the chickadees have stored their food will prevent them from finding it later, and designs an experiment to test her prediction. Caroline's approach is an example of a. pseudoscience. b. the scientific method. c. theory development. d. the biopsychological model. Answer: b Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 6) Collecting observations, testing predictions about how to best explain the observations, and developing theories are all part of a. the scientific method.b. pseudoscience. c. the biopsychosocial model. d. the psychoanalytic model. Answer: a Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 7) "Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive compared to those who do not watch violent cartoons." This statement is most likely a(n) a. theory. b. untestable statement. c. hypothesis. d. pseudoscience. Answer: c Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 8) As part of the scientific method, scientists form testable predictions that can be observed and measured. These are called a. theories. b. proofs. c. hypotheses. d. models. Answer: c Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 9) A sound hypothesis must be a. testable. b. agreed upon by the majority of experts in the field.c. proven to be fact. d. stated in very general terms. Answer: a Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 10) Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. A hypothesis is an explanation for a broad range of observations. b. A theory is a testable prediction about a process. c. Hypotheses must be highly specific in order to be proven as correct or incorrect. d. A theory is built upon observations and a number of tested hypotheses. Answer: d Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 11) Randi is a practitioner of crystal healing: the use of different crystals to treat medical disorders ranging from headaches to cancer. Crystal healers like Randi use scientific terminology (e.g., energy, vibrations, etc.) when explaining the technique to patients, but do not use the scientific method to develop or test their claims. Crystal healing can be best categorized as a(n) a. theory. b. pseudoscience. c. hypothesis. d. non-science. Answer: b Page Reference: 4 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 12) The term pseudoscience refers to a. the study of psychology and related phenomena through collecting observations, developing theories to explain them, and using the theories to make predictions.b. hypotheses that have been rejected through careful observation and testing. c. claims and ideas that are presented as science but do not use the basics of the scientific method to support their claims. d. theories that have not yet been proven. Answer: c Page Reference: 4 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 13) Astrology is considered a pseudoscience because a. its claims cannot be scientifically tested. b. its claims are presented as science but have not been demonstrated using the scientific method c. astrology can be proven by using appropriate scientific methods. d. it is only a theory and not a scientific fact. Answer: b Page Reference: 4 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 14) In science, a theory can be defined as a. a testable prediction about processes that can be observed and measured. b. an explanation for a broad range of observations that generates new hypotheses. c. a personal opinion or belief about a specific topic. d. an idea that is presented as science but does not utilize basic principles of the scientific method. Answer: b Page Reference: 4 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze the use of the term scientific theory. 15) __________ are general principles or explanations, whereas ________ are specific predictions.a. Theories; hypotheses b. Hypotheses; theories c. Theories; observations d. Hypotheses; observations Answer: a Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 16) What property do hypotheses and theories have in common? a. They are both capable of proving a fact as true. b. They both integrate numerous findings and observations. c. They are both specific, testable predictions about processes. d. They are both falsifiable. Answer: d Page Reference: 4 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 17) When a psychologist uses the term scientific theory, he or she is referring to something that a. has been proven to be true through repeated falsifications. b. explains a wide range of observations. c. is a specific, testable prediction. d. is an educated guess. Answer: b Page Reference: 4 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze the use of the term scientific theory. 18) Which of the following is TRUE about scientific theories? a. All theories are equally plausible provided that there is a consensus among many people who believe it to be true.b. The quality of a theory cannot be measured by the number of people who believe it to be true. c. Theories are the same thing as opinions or beliefs. d. A theory is only valid if it has been proven to be true. Answer: b Page Reference: 4 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze the use of the term scientific theory. 19) Lidia gives a talk at a psychology conference in which she presents her new theory about the causes of autism. At one point, an audience member interrupts and says, "But that's just your theory." What is the problem with this statement? a. A theory is not the same thing as an opinion or belief. b. If Lidia is presenting the theory at a psychology conference it must be true. c. If most of the psychologists in the audience agree with Lidia, then the theory is likely to be true. d. The audience member should have used the term hypothesis, not theory. Answer: a Page Reference: 4 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze the use of the term scientific theory. 20) Dr. Preston is a psychologist who studies depression. She understands that the development of depression is complicated and includes many factors in her research, such as genetics, brain chemistry, cultural influences, and the influence of friends and family. Dr. Preston's understanding of depression is an example of a. the sociocultural perspective. b. the biopyschosocial model. c. a pseudoscientific theory. d. the biological perspective. Answer: b Page Reference: 5 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply the biopsychosocial model to behaviour.21) Two researchers are interested in understanding student success in university. Dr. Baker focuses on the influence of genes and brain anatomy of students, while Dr. Rodrigues focuses on the cultural background and interpersonal relationships of students. Dr. Baker is researching student success from a _________ perspective while Dr. Rodrigues is approaching it from a ________ perspective. a. biological; psychological b. psychological; sociocultural c. sociocultural; psychological d. biological; sociocultural Answer: d Page Reference: 5 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply the biopsychosocial model to behaviour. 22) The biopsychosocial model assumes that a. behaviour can often only be fully explained by combining multiple perspectives. b. although many factors influence behaviour, biological factors have a larger influence than both psychological and sociocultural factors. c. as humans evolved, influence on behaviour shifted from biological factors to more sociocultural factors. d. the simplest explanation for behaviour is usually correct. Answer: a Page Reference: 5 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Apply the biopsychosocial model to behaviour. 23) Which of the following is TRUE about the concept of scientific literacy? a. Only trained scientists are considered scientifically literate. b. Scientific literacy is the ability to answer basic science questions without looking up the answers. c. A person who can understand, analyze, and apply scientific information is demonstrating scientific literacy. d. Knowledge of scientific terminology is the primary component of scientific literacy.Answer: c Page Reference: 6–7 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the concept of scientific literacy. 24) The ability to understand, analyze, and apply scientific information is called a. the scientific method. b. scientific literacy. c. skepticism. d. generalization. Answer: b Page Reference: 6 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the concept of scientific literacy. 25) Ms. Patel is a third-grade teacher. Several children in her class have been having trouble concentrating and sitting still, so she finds several articles from peer-reviewed scientific journals on hyperactivity and attention in young children. Although she is not a scientist, Ms. Patel is able to understand and use the information from the articles to redesign her classroom schedule to help improve attention. This example demonstrates Ms. Patel's a. intuition for children's behaviour. b. biopsychosocial perspective for understanding behaviour. c. scientific literacy. d. biases towards behaviour in children. Answer: c Page Reference: 6–7 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the concept of scientific literacy. 26) Which of the following techniques could be described as massed learning? a. taking a full-day workshop on mental health first aid b. studying for your introduction to psychology exam by focusing on the same difficult topics every day for three weeks c. setting aside a couple of hours, three days a week, to learn a new language