(Test Bank) Psychological Sciences

Gazzaniga,Halpern, 5

Physiology

Test Bank

5th Edition

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Author(s): Gazzaniga, Halpern

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Test Bank for Psychological Sciences, 5e by Michael Gazzaniga , Diane Halpern (All Chapters) CHAPTER 01: The Science of Psychology MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is the best definition of psychological science ? A. the study of the brain and its function B. the study of the mind, the brain, and thought processes C. the study of the mind, the brain, and behavior D. the study of the mind, the psyche, and behavior ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science? OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 2. Psychological science is the study of: A. the mind. C. behavior. B. the brain. D. all of the above. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science? OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 3. Trying to understand the relationship between the actions of neurons and a thought is an example of the connection between: A. the brain and the mind. C. genes and the mind. B. nature and nurture. D. the brain and emotion. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science? OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 4. Based on your textbook’s definition of psychology , which statement best reflects the relationship between the mind and the brain? A. The brain is the same thing as the mind. B. The brain influences the mind. C. The brain is unrelated to the mind. D. The brain reflects the mind. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science? OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 5. Barry and Candace are disagreeing. Barry states that psychology is the study of the mind . Candace believes that psychology is the science of behavior. Given your knowledge of psychology, how would you resolve this argument? A. Barry is correct. Psychology only studies the mind. B. Candace is correct. Psychology only studies behavior. C. Both are correct. Psychology studies both the mind and behavior. D. Both are incorrect. Psychology only studies emotions. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science? OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 6. Allanah is a psychology major. Which of the following best describes what Allanah will learn about? A. the structure and function of the brain B. mental disorders and their treatments C. feelings and other subjective states D. the mind, the brain, and behavior ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science? OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 7. For much of its history, psychologists focused mostly on: A. the brain. C. behaviors. B. disorders. D. the mind. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science? OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 8. Which of the following is an example of a psychologist who is studying the mind? A. Dr. Chu, who studies how weather influences children’s actions on the playground B. Dr. Well, who studies neural activity during sleep cycles of elderly adults C. Dr. Man n, who studies the accuracy of traumatic memories over time D. Dr. East, who studies the facial expressions of relationship partners during a fight ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science? OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional Development MSC: Applying 9. Which of the following is an example of a psychologist who is studying the brain? A. Dr. Fields, who studies the purchasing habits of impulsive individuals B. Dr. Joe, who studies how neural activity changes as newborn babies develop C. Dr. Perez, who studies how our feelings can influence our thought processes D. Dr. Ladd, who studies the training activities of professional athletes ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science? OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional Development MSC: Applying 10. Which of the following is an example of a psychologist who is studying behavior? A. Dr. Wick, who studies how certain smells can trigger certain feelings B. Dr. Woods, who studies patterns of neural activity related to drug use C. Dr. Paul, who studies the thought processes involved in decision making D. Dr. Hull, who studies the facia l expressions of relationship partners during a fight ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science? OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional Development MSC: Applying 11. According to your text , amiable skepticism is an important element in a type of reasoning called: A. scholarly inquiry. C. analytic argumentation. B. nay-sayerism. D. critical thinking. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering 12. Which of the following is a characteristic of a good consumer of sci entific research? A. open to new ideas C. wary of scientific findings B. carefully considers the facts D. all of the above ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering 13. Critical thinking is best defined as thinking that: A. is systematic and reasonable. B. is open -minded and creative. C. criticizes others’ opinions. D. uses inferences but does not solve problems. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering 14. Which of the following is an example of using critical thinking and scientific reasoning? A. believing that sugar causes ADHD because y ou feel hyper after eating a candy bar B. concluding that listening to Mozart improves learning in children after reading an article about this topic in a popular magazine C. using a personal example to show how a psychological principle must be wrong D. conducting research to investigate the effectiveness of left brain/right brain games in improving memory ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 15. Why is critical thinking important in evaluating psychological research? A. Researchers deliberately lie about their research findings. B. There might be significant limitations to the research findings. C. Research findings are rarely influenced by political and personal agendas. D. There is always a single clear explanation a nd the researchers may not have found it. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 16. Which of the following is an important goal of your psychology textbook? A. to teach you how to be a therapist by using methods of psycholog y B. to provide you with an education about the methods of psychological science C. to help you define normal versus abnormal behavior so you can recognize mental illness D. to help you predict how people will interact in novel situations ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 17. The difference between using critical thinking explanations and everyday explanations for psychological phenomena is that: A. critical thinking relies on evidence and scientific support for making conclusions. B. everyday explanations rely on evidence and scientific support for making conclusions. C. critical thinking relies on personal examples more than scientific evidence fo r making conclusions. D. everyday explanations rely on personal examples and scientific evidence for making conclusions. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering 18. Taj is writing a paper on global warming. He only includes research findings that support his own beliefs about global warming because he thinks that all the contradictory findings must be the result of flawed research. This is an example of: A. misunderstanding or not using statistics. B. hindsight bias. C. a failure to accurately judge source credibility. D. the confirmation bias. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think OBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 19. You ar e asked to write a newspaper article on a controversial political topic and you want to make sure you are not influenced by the confirmation bias. Which of the following should you do in order to avoid the confirmation bias? A. focus mainly on evidence that you find on your favorite news website B. place equal importance on evidence that supports and contradicts your own beliefs C. focus mainly on evidence that supports your own beliefs, since it is the most accurate research D. place equal importance on evidence you find online and in textbooks ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think OBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 20. Which of the following is one factor that contributes to the confirmation bias? A. selective emotionality, which is the tendency to better r emember information that is negative B. selective emotionality, which is the tendency to better remember information that is positive C. selective memory, which is the tendency to better remember information that supports our existing beliefs D. selective memory, which is the tendency to better remember information that goes against our existing beliefs ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think OBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psycho logy | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Understanding 21. A drug company wants to create an advertisement for a new antidepressant drug. Using your knowledge of source credibility, which of the following advertisements would be most persuasive? A. an ad that features a celebrity on the set of his or her new pirate movie B. an ad that features an actor portraying a doctor C. an ad that features the CEO of the drug company D. an ad that features a famous person who has struggled with depression ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think OBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 22. A drug company is creating a commercial for a new heart medication. Since the evidence for this drug is weak, they focus on the expertise of the drug company instead of the research findings. This strategy is known as: A. taking mental shortcuts. C. appeals to authority. B. the hindsight bias. D. the confirmation bias. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think OBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Understanding 23. Which of the following is NOT a reason why errors and biases occur in our thinking processes? A. People are motivated to use their intelligence. B. People want to make sense of events that happen around them. C. The human brain is highly efficient at finding patterns between things. D. The human brain is highly efficient at processing multiple streams of information. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think OBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering 24. Which of the following is NOT one of the major biases in thinking described in your text? A. misunderstanding or not using statistics B. seeing relationships that do not exist C. failing to accurately judge source credibility D. ignoring other people’s perspectives ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think OBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering 25. Which of the following is an example of the “seeing rel ationships that do not exist” bias in thinking described in your text? A. Abby t hinks she is an above -average dancer, an above -average singer, and an above -average student, even though everyone else thinks she is just average. B. Tony underestimates the likelihood of bicycle accidents because he cannot easily recall one that happened recently. C. Tim thinks that he must eat pizza right before class if he wants to do well on his exam. D. Ziva believes that she is more likely to make her next shot, because she has made the last three in a row. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think OBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 26. Which of the following is an example of the “misunderstandin g or not using statistics” bias in thinking described in your text? A. Matt thinks he did well in psychology because he is intelligent, but failed chemistry because his teacher was incompetent. B. Meredith overestimates the likelihood of airplane accident s because she can easily recall one that happened recently. C. Michael thinks that he must wear his lucky gym shorts in order to win the game. D. John believes that a coin that has landed on heads three times in a row is more likely to be heads the next time it is flipped. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think OBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowl edge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 27. Which of the following is an example of the “taking mental shortcuts” bias in thinking described in your text? A. Jack thinks he got an A on his essay because he is a great writer, but got a D on his communications project because the instructions were too confusing. B. Rose overestimates how often cruise ships sink because she can vividly remember the sinking of the Titanic. C. Wade believes that he will be funnier on stage if he eats fried chicken before he goes on stage to perform. D. Michael thinks that he must wear his lucky gym shorts in order to win the game. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think OBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 28. Which of the following is a correct explanation for why the hindsight bias exists? A. Once we know the outcome, we pretend we knew it was going to happen to make ourselves feel better. B. Once we know the outcome, we reinterpret old evidence to make sense of that outcome. C. Before we know the outcome, we ignore evidence that contradicts what we believe. D. Before we know the outcome, we have too much evidence to consider to make an accurate prediction. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think OBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Understanding 29. On his way to the basketball game, Tom says he cannot predict who will win. After his team wins the game, Tom says he knew they were going to win because their defense always plays well together. This is an example of: A. taking mental shortcuts. C. the self -serving bias. B. the hindsight bias. D. the confirmation bias. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think OBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 30. Which o f the following is a benefit of using heuristics and mental shortcuts? A. They can lead to reasonably good decisions without too much effort. B. They can lead to better decisions compared to effortful decision -making strategies. C. They can lead to poor decisions but are very easy to use. D. They can lead to poor decisions, but we outgrow them as we get older. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think OBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Understanding 31. Isaac is trying to decide how often shark attacks happen. He quickly remembers all the shark attack shows he saw on television last w eek, so he decides that they must be common. Isaac’s overestimation of the rate of shark attacks is an example of: A. the hindsight bias. B. taking mental shortcuts. C. the self -serving bias. D. failing to accurately judge source credibility. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think OBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 32. A recent survey found that 80 percent of high school students believed that they were above average on reading, writing, and math skills. Given that only 50 percent can b e above average on any dimension, this is an example of the ________ bias. A. hindsight C. confirmation B. self-serving D. egocentric ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think OBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 33. When Brent wins his track race, he says he won because of hi s athletic skills and hard work. When Brent loses his next race, he says he lost because the track was slippery and he lost his balance. This is an example of the ________ bias. A. confirmation C. egocentric B. hindsight D. self-serving ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think OBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 34. Kaley has a big presentation at work. Afterward, her boss tells her she did a terrible job and fires her immediately. Given what you know ab out the self -serving bias, how will Kaley explain this situation? A. I did poorly on this presentation because I am stupid. B. I did poorly on this presentation because the topic was confusing and my boss did not give me enough time to complete it. C. I did well on this presentation because I am a good public speaker and I am smart. D. I did well on this presentation because it was easy and my boss did most of the work. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think OBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 35. According to your text, the ancient Chinese philosopher Conf ucius emphasized each of the following psychological topics EXCEPT: A. human development. C. intelligence. B. interpersonal relations. D. education. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 What Ar e the Scientific Foundations of Psychology? OBJ: 1.2A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing 36. Yuko remarks that she is interested in child development and educational psychology. Based on your text’s discussion, Yuko’s interests echo the: A. emphases of Confucius. C. thoughts of Greek scholars. B. writings of da Vinci. D. writings of early Muslim thinkers. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 What Are the Scientific Foundations of Psychology? OBJ: 1.2A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 37. Psychology developed into a discipline in: A. ancient China. B. nineteenth -century Europe. C. classical Greece. D. colonial America, in the eighteenth century. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 What Are the Scientific Foundations of Psychology? OBJ: 1.2A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 38. Your text traces the nature/nurture debate back to: A. the Chinese philosopher Confucius. B. the ancient Egyptians. C. Greek philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle. D. the Renaissance philosopher Descartes. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Nature/Nurture Debate Has a Long History OBJ: 1.2B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 39. The nature in the nature/nurture debate refers to either ________ factors affecting human psychological development. A. biological or behavioral C. biological or environmental B. behavioral or environmental D. formal or natural ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Nature/Nurture Debate Has a Long History OBJ: 1.2B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 40. According to the nature/nurture debate, nature states that individual psychological characteristics are a result of: A. education. C. experiences. B. biological influences. D. culture. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Nature/Nurture Debate Has a Long History OBJ: 1.2B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 41. With respect to the nature/nurture debate, psychological scientists now believe that: A. nature is the most important factor in understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior. B. the mind, the brain, and behavior are largely a matter of nurture. C. both nature and nurture are important in understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior. D. the issue is largely irrelevant to understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Nature/Nurture Debate Has a Long History OBJ: 1.2B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering 42. A little boy is running around a grocery store, screaming, yelling, and throwing cans. His parents cannot control him. A strict nurture -only theorist might say: A. “His parents must have been really active when they were children.” B. “He cannot help that he was born wild.” C. “Even if he was born wild, his parents should be able to control him.” D. “Boys evolved to act this way when they are young.” ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 The Nature/Nurture Debate Has a Long History OBJ: 1.2B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 43. Your friend gets in a traumatic car accident and the doctors are worried that she may develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, your friend seems to be coping well and is not showing any PTSD symptoms. How would a strict nature -only theo rist explain this situation? A. Your friend inherited a genetic resilience against stressors that can lead to PTSD. B. Your friend must have a good support network that prevented her from developing PTSD. C. Your friend inherited a genetic predisposition to PTSD. D. Your friend needs a better support network if she wants to avoid developing PTSD. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 The Nature/Nurture Debate Has a Long History OBJ: 1.2B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying 44. Over history, people have viewed the mind as being located in each of the following parts of the body EXCEPT the: A. brain. C. heart. B. liver. D. sexual organs. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Mind/Body Problem Also Has Ancient Roots OBJ: 1.2B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 45. Dualism is the idea that: A. the mind and the brain are separate entities. B. the mind and the brain are the same entity. C. the mind and the brain are opposing forces. D. there is no mind, just the brain. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Mind/Body Problem Also Has Ancient Roots OBJ: 1.2B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 46. Which of the following philosophers is most noted for promoting dualism as an explanation of the mind/body problem? A. René Desc artes C. Hippocrates B. Leonardo da Vinci D. Sigmund Freud ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Mind/Body Problem Also Has Ancient Roots OBJ: 1.2B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing 47. The idea that the mind and body are separate but intertwined describes the viewpoint of: A. dualism. C. introspection. B. structuralism. D. none of the above. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Mind/Body Problem Also Has Ancient Roots OBJ: 1.2B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 48. For most of human history, Western scholars believed that the mind and body were separate and that humans were unique among the animals because humans: A. possessed a soul. B. controlled other animals. C. were mortal. D. had a mind and body that interacted for a divine purpose. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 The Mind/Body Problem Also Has Ancient Roots OBJ: 1.2B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 49. With respect to the mind/body problem, which of the following alternatives best captures the view of dualism held by contemporar y psychological scientists? A. Most psychological scientists reject dualism. B. Most psychological scientists accept dualism. C. While many psychological scientists reject dualism, a growing minority promote a return to dualism. D. While many psychological scientists accept dualism, a growing minority reject the view. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 The Mind/Body Problem Also Has Ancient Roots OBJ: 1.2B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing 50. Who first proposed that psychology should be a science of observation and experimentation in order to discover the laws of the min d? A. René Descartes C. John Stuart Mill B. John Locke D. Hermann von Helmholtz ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing 51. Which of the following changes did John Stuart Mill advocate for the field of psychology? A. to move from the study of the mind to the study of the body B. to move from the study of the body to the study of the mind C. to move from speculation to observation and experimentation D. to move from experimentation and observation to speculation ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 52. In which city did Wilhelm Wundt open the first psychological laboratory? A. Vienna, Austria C. Oxford, England B. Leipzig, Germany D. Krakow, Poland ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 53. A procedure in which an observer describes the simple elements of a mental experience in as much detail as possible is called: A. introspection. C. introjection. B. internal perception. D. internal sensation. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 54. Dave walks into his dorm and finds his roommate Pete concentrating and staring at an apple. When he questions what he is doi ng, Pete tells Dave he is trying to describe the apple’s quality and intensity. Pete is using what technique? A. stream of consciousness C. introspection B. functionalism D. internal review ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 55. Your friend hands you a teddy bear and asks you to describe your sensations and feelings connected to the teddy bear. In this example, you are engaging in: A. psychoanalysis. C. introspection. B. functionalism. D. free association. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 56. Jordan studies consciousness by training himself to objectively report on his own sensations, which is similar to how the ________ school investigated psychology. A. structuralist C. psychodynami c B. functionalist D. behaviorist ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 57. Which early sc hool of psychology used introspection to study subjective mental experiences? A. functionalism C. cognitive B. behavioral D. structuralism ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 58. If you were asked to list all the thoughts and experiences you have while answering a test question, the technique u sed would be: A. inspection. C. abstraction. B. conscription. D. introspection. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 59. Lassandra takes a sip of cola. “Sweet . . . cold, wet, tingly . . . slightly bitter,” she reports. Lassandra is engaging in: A. functionalism. C. psychoanalysis. B. free association. D. introspection. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 60. The early school of structuralism was introduced by: A. Edward Titchener. C. Wilhelm Wundt. B. William James. D. Mary Whiton Calkins. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 61. Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the school of structuralism? A. Sigmund Freud C. Edward Titchener B. B.F. Skinner D. William James ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 62. According to the structuralists, the goal of psychology is to: A. uncover the unconscious determinants of behavior. B. focus on observable behavior itself. C. identify the elements of conscious experience. D. identify the purposes of our behavior and mental processes. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 63. Dr. Leleux asserts that ps ychologists should attempt to isolate the fundamental attributes of mental experience. Dr. Leleux appears most sympathetic to the ________ school of thought in psychology. A. structuralist C. functionalist B. behaviorist D. Gestalt ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 64. Mary and Brian see a machine on the television program American Inventor . Mary wants to know what parts make up the machine, but Brian wants to know its purpose. Mary’s approach is most similar to the ________ school of psychology, while Brian’s approach i s most similar to the ________ school of psychology. A. structuralist; functionalist C. Gestalt; psychoanalytic B. functionalist; structuralist D. psychoanalytic; Gestalt ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing 65. The fact that a variety of thoughts come to mind even as you are engaged in the activity of taking this exam exemplifies psycho logist William James’s concept of: A. sea of ideas. C. river of thoughts. B. ports of call. D. stream of consciousness. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowl edge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 66. Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the school of functionalism? A. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt B. B.F. Skinner D. William James ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 67. With respect to the psychology of emotion, William James would be most interested in: A. the contribution of unconscious memories to one’s emotional experience. B. the basic nature of an emotional feeling or experience. C. how emotions aid one’s adaptation to the environment. D. one’s subjective interpretation of one’s emotions. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing 68. Functionalism has been criticized because it: A. does not include elements of the nature/nurture debate. B. sometimes lacks scientific rigor. C. focuses on narrow parts of problems rather than on the whole. D. does not take into account the way children process information. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 69. Functionalism has influenced each of the following pursuits EXCEPT: A. determining the function of religion. B. developing better ways of applying divergent thinking and creativity in the classroom. C. determining teaching methods based on how children’s minds process information. D. developing reward and punishment programs and token economies. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 70. Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species had its strongest influence on the ________ school of thought in psychology. A. functionalist C. structuralist B. humanistic D. psychoanalytic ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 71. According to the concept of survival of the fittest: A. random mutations are always adaptive. B. only the biggest animals will survive. C. organisms that are most adaptive to their environments are most likely to survive. D. organisms that can spontaneously mutate their genes in response to the environment are most likely to survive. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 72. Paul researches how cooperation in humans increases our ability to survive and successfully raise children. Paul uses a(n) __ ______ approach in his research. A. structuralist C. evolutionary B. functionalist D. cognitive ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 73. Lucinda is afraid of dogs. Her psychologist, Dr. Lee, believes her fear is part of an adaptive response that has helped our species survive. Which psychological approach does Dr. Lee follow? A. psycholanalysis C. social B. behaviorism D. evolutionary ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying 74. Will believes that most modern men prefer young and healthy female partners because this preference increases the likelihood of the survival of our genetic ancestors. Which psychological approach does Will believe? A. social C. functionalist B. evolutiona ry D. cognitive ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding 75. The idea that the mind came into existence over the course of human evolution is the viewpoint of: A. structuralism. C. behaviorism. B. functionalism. D. none of the above. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering 76. Gestalt psychology is best seen as a reaction against the ________ approach. A. functionalist C. psychoanalytic B. humanisti c D. structuralist ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Gestalt Psychology Emphasized Patterns and Context in Learning OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology