(Test Bank) Biology Life On Earth With Physiology

Audesirk, 11

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Test Bank

11th Edition

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Author(s): Audesirk

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1 Biology Life on Earth with Physiology 11th Edition Audesirk Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Scientific inquiry is based on A) cultural biases or traditions. B) information found in a gossip magazine. C) natural causes. D) stories that are passed down through generations. Answer: C 2) Which of the following is an example of a natural cause? A) Mice arise from discarded garbage. B) Epilepsy is a disease caused by uncontrolled firing of nerve cells in the brain. C) Maggots appear spontaneously on rotting meat. D) If you sneeze, you will die. Answer: B 3) Science cannot answer certain faith-based questions because A) faith-based beliefs are impossible to either prove or disprove. B) there aren't enough variables. C) faith requires deductive reasoning. D) scientists are not able to study human behavior. Answer: A 4) Which of the following is FALSE about scientific theories? A) They can be either supported or modified by new observations. B) They are used to support observations using deductive reasoning. C) They are firmly established and cannot be refuted. D) They are developed by inductive reasoning. E) They have been thoroughly tested. Answer: C 5) Which of these would be an example of a NON -scientific study? A) NASA sends tadpoles up in the space shuttle to see how gravity affects their development. B) People are immunized with different vaccines to determine their relative effectiveness against the flu virus. C) A study determines differences in the species composition in two parks. D) Consumers are asked which tomato variety produces the best-tasting spaghetti sauce. E) A company uses different advertising methods for a product to determine which one produces the most sales. Answer: D 6) The scientific method includes all of the following EXCEPT A) an observation. B) a hypothesis. C) a testable theory. D) experimentation. E) conclusions. Answer: C 2 7) We use the scientific method every day. Imagine that your car doesn't start one morning before school. Which of these is a reasonable hypothesis regarding the problem? A) If I put gas in my car, it will start. B) I should change the battery or the starter. C) I should add a quart of oil. D) I should check whether the lights were left on and drained the battery. E) I'm going to be late. Answer: A 8) A scientific theory A) is a general explanation for natural phenomena. B) is less reliable than a hypothesis. C) will never be changed. D) is an educated guess. Answer: A 9) A scientific explanation that is conditional and requires more investigation is called a(n) A) fact. B) hypothesis. C) control. D) observation. E) theory. Answer: B 10) A carefully formulated scientific explanation that is based on extensive observations and is in accord with scientific principles is called a A) postulate. B) theory. C) hypothesis. D) control. E) fact. Answer: B 11) All of the following are features of the scientific method EXCEPT A) repeatable by other scientists. B) deductive reasoning. C) observation and experimentation. D) hypothesis formulation. E) supernatural causes. Answer: E 12) Suppose you are testing a treatment for AIDS patients and find that 75% respond well, whereas 25% show no improvement or a decline in health. You should A) begin work on developing a new drug. B) review the results, modify the drug or the dosage, and repeat the experiment. C) conclude that only 75% of AIDS patients should be treated. D) discontinue experimentation with this treatment because 25% of patients did not improve. E) conclude that you have proven the effectiveness of the drug. Answer: B 3 13) Alexander Fleming observed a colony of mold that inhibited the growth of nearby bacteria. What was the hypothesis proposed by Fleming to explain this result? A) The bacteria changed their DNA when growing near the mold. B) The mold produced a substance that killed nearby bacteria. C) The mold used all of the nutrients so that the bacteria couldn't grow. D) The mold was dead. Answer: B 14) Imagine that 1 milliliter of an experimental drug diluted in a saline solution is injected into 20 pregnant mice to determine possible side effects. Which of the following is a suitable control for this experiment? A) 20 pregnant mice injected with 1 milliliter of saline B) 20 pregnant mice injected with 2 milliliters of the drug C) 20 non-pregnant mice injected with 1 milliliter of the drug D) 20 male mice injected with 1 milliliter of the drug E) 20 male mice injected with 1 milliliter of saline Answer: A 15) Which of the following statements is a hypothesis rather than a theory? A) Modern organisms descended from preexisting life-forms. B) Female birds prefer to mate with male birds that have longer tails. C) Matter is composed of atoms. D) Living things are made of cells. Answer: B 16) Which of the following is TRUE regarding faith -based beliefs and scientific theories? A) Faith-based beliefs can become scientific theories. B) Both faith-based beliefs and scientific theories can be proven. C) Scientific theories are not modifiable, but faith-based beliefs are. D) Any and all scientific theories can be disproven, but faith-based beliefs cannot. E) Any and all faith-based beliefs can be disproven, but scientific theories cannot. Answer: D 17) Which is the correct sequence of increasing organization? A) Cell, tissue, organ, organ system B) Organ, tissue, cell, molecule C) Organelle, tissue, cell, organ D) Molecule, cell, organelle, organ E) Atom, molecule, tissue, cell Answer: A 18) Which of the following levels of organization is the most inclusive (i.e., includes the most life-forms)? A) Community B) Species C) Biosphere D) Ecosystem E) Population Answer: C 4 19) The smallest units that still retain the characteristics of an element are called A) atoms. B) tissues. C) organic molecules. D) cells. E) molecules. Answer: A 20) Which of the following is an example of deductive reasoning? A) If an object exhibits all the characteristics of life, it must be living. B) All objects on Earth will fall down when dropped, and none will "fall up." C) Living objects are composed of cells. D) Atoms make up molecules, which make up cells, which make up tissues. Answer: A 21) The experiments of Francesco Redi A) disproved that maggots and flies were related. B) used the scientific method to prove the idea of spontaneous generation. C) determined that fly larvae were present in raw meat, and when left on the counter they turned into flies. D) disproved the idea of spontaneous generation. E) disproved the scientific method. Answer: D 22) Francesco Redi designed an experiment to test the notion of spontaneous generation. He left the first jar of meat open to the air and covered the second jar. The first jar would be called the jar. A) hypothetical B) control C) conclusive D) experimental Answer: B 23) To test the effect of vitamin D on growth, two groups of rats were raised under identical conditions and fed the same diet. One of the groups received daily injections of vitamin D. The other group received injections of saline, which did not contain vitamin D. All the rats were weighed weekly for 2 months. In this experiment, the control was the A) group receiving saline. B) average weight gain of the rats. C) 2-month period of time. D) group receiving vitamin D. Answer: A 24) Evolution is sometimes described as the change from preexisting life-forms to modern -day organisms. What actually changes, in every case of evolution, is the A) species' physical appearance. B) rate of reproduction. C) ability of organisms to respond to external stimuli. D) genetic makeup of the species, due to mutations. E) energy and nutritional demands of the organism. Answer: D 5 25) All of the following are important to the theory of evolution EXCEPT A) variation in traits within an entire population. B) mutations. C) inheritance of traits. D) changes in individuals within their lifetimes. E) environmental change. Answer: D 26) Which is NOT an example of evolution? A) Flightless birds living on islands without predators B) The development of antibiotic -resistant bacteria C) A dog learning how to open the cabinet where its food is kept D) Annual changes in the flu virus due to mutations E) The 2- to 3-year effectiveness of most commercial pesticides in killing insects Answer: C 27) A mutation can be the cause for A) environmental change. B) growth and development. C) sexual reproduction. D) natural selection. E) sperm and egg formation. Answer: D 28) A mutation is a A) physical deformity, such as the loss of a limb. B) defective egg or sperm cell. C) dose of radiation. D) change in the DNA sequence. Answer: D 29) In a word, "evolution" means A) change. B) selection. C) improvement. D) nature. Answer: A 30) The concept of evolution is based on A) all genetic variation in a population being equally successful in the same environment. B) any type of genetic variation within a population. C) survival and successful reproduction in organisms with favorable variations. D) parents with variations that pass these variations on to their offspring. Answer: C 6 31) All of the following are examples of adaptations EXCEPT A) insects that resemble twigs. B) larger teeth in beavers for gnawing wood. C) flower coloration that attracts pollinators. D) mice learning a maze to get food. E) different beak shapes for birds that eat seeds or insects. Answer: D 32) Suppose an organism has an enzyme that repairs changes in its DNA. The result is a decrease in mutations. This trait would definitely influence the organism's ability to A) evolve. B) maintain homeostasis. C) move. D) obtain energy. Answer: A 33) The variation among individuals, on which natural selection acts, describes A) random occurrences in the lifetimes of individuals. B) genetic differences. C) physical training and exercise. D) nutritional differences. Answer: B 34) Chromosomes are made of A) proteins. B) cells. C) DNA. D) carbohydrates. E) DNA and proteins. Answer: E 35) A change in the genetic makeup of a species over time is called A) evolution. B) natural causality. C) adaptation. D) mutation. Answer: A 36) Adaptations include all of the following EXCEPT A) reduced heart rate and oxygen consumption in seals that dive deep for long periods of time. B) inborn migratory behavior of young birds born in the Arctic. C) larger body size in male gorillas, which fight over females. D) teaching a pet parrot to talk. Answer: D 37) Dinosaurs are not alive today because they A) evolved adaptations that were beneficial in their constant, unchanging environment. B) did not evolve fast enough to keep up with rapid environmental change. C) did not possess the genetic material that beneficial mutations act on. D) evolved too quickly in response to a changing environment. Answer: B 7 38) Which of the following is a characteristic of living organisms? A) Eat other organisms B) Have membrane -bound organelles C) Have a nucleus D) Maintenance and regulation of internal conditions E) Ability to produce energy Answer: D 39) All of the following are true of all living organisms EXCEPT that they A) possess either DNA or RNA. B) respond to stimuli. C) are made of cells. D) can grow. E) can reproduce themselves. Answer: A 40) After you drink a glass of acidic lemonade, your body's pH does not change. This is an example of how humans and other organisms A) maintain cellular organization. B) are immune to weak acids. C) maintain precise internal conditions through homeostasis. D) evolve in response to the environment. Answer: C 41) Why do humans born without sweat glands usually not survive? A) Sweating is an important mechanism for maintaining the correct body temperature. B) Sweating is the only way the body eliminates excess water. C) Sweat glands create openings in the skin where gas exchange occurs. D) Sweating is important for eliminating impurities from the body. Answer: A 42) An organism's ability to detect stimuli from either the internal or external environment is called A) mutation. B) DNA. C) evolution. D) natural selection. E) responsiveness. Answer: E 43) You observe a plant on your windowsill that is growing at an angle toward the outside. This is an example of a living thing A) responding to stimuli. B) evolving. C) reproducing. D) maintaining precise internal conditions. Answer: A 8 44) Using its antennae, the male moth finds female moths by following a trail of airborne chemicals, called pheromones , upwind from the female producing them. This is an example of how living things A) grow. B) detect and respond to stimuli. C) acquire nutrients. D) reproduce. E) maintain precise internal conditions. Answer: B 45) An organism in the domain Eukarya is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT A) being composed of prokaryotic cells. B) the ability to maintain precise internal conditions. C) ingestion of organic matter to acquire nutrients. D) the potential to grow and reproduce. Answer: A 46) Why do heterotrophs require "food" for survival? A) Food provides at least half of the water required by heterotrophs. B) Heterotrophs cannot photosynthesize without the chemicals provided by food. C) Food provides the organic chemicals needed by heterotrophs. D) Food is an alternative source of energy for heterotrophs when sunlight is unavailable. Answer: C 47) The main difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph is A) how they respond to stimuli. B) how they obtain energy. C) how they reproduce. D) their ability to move. Answer: B 9 MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. For the following question(s), choose the characteristic of a living organism that best corresponds to each statement. Selections may be used once, more than once, or not at all. 48) A sunflower follows the sun as it moves across the sky during the period of a single day. Answer: A 49) A puppy is born weighing 5 pounds and eventually becomes a 75 -pound golden retriever. Answer: B 50) At the beginning of the week, a plant is 3 inches tall and at the end of the week, it is 4 inches tall. Answer: B 51) A paramecium moves from direct light toward the dark. Answer: A 52) A bacterium divides into two bacteria that are identical to, but smaller than, the original bacterium. Answer: D 53) Over time, the average neck length of giraffes has increased. Only those giraffes with longer necks survived by eating the leaves high up on the trees, and they were able to reproduce and pass those long -neck genes on to the next generation. Answer: C A) Response to stimuli B) Growth C) Evolution D) Reproduction MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 54) Of the following levels of organization, Archaea have A) molecules only. B) organs only. C) atoms only. D) atoms, molecules, and organs. E) atoms and molecules. Answer: E 10 55) In evolutionary terms, which of the following cells is considered to be the most primitive? A) Prokaryote B) Eukaryote C) Autotroph D) Heterotroph Answer: A 56) In which kingdom does a multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic organism belong? A) Fungi B) Protists C) Plantae D) Animalia Answer: C 57) A basic difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell is that the prokaryotic cell A) is considerably larger. B) possesses membrane -bound organelles. C) lacks a nucleus. D) is structurally more complex. E) lacks DNA. Answer: C 58) Which of the following statements about the Bacteria and Eukarya domains is TRUE? A) All members of Bacteria are prokaryotic cells and all members of Eukarya are eukaryotic cells. B) Only members of Eukarya have the ability to grow and reproduce. C) All members of Bacteria are single -celled and all members of Eukarya are multicellular. D) All members of Bacteria acquire nutrients via ingestion and all members of Eukarya acquire nutrients by photosynthesis. Answer: A 59) Which group has prokaryotic individuals? A) Domain Archaea B) Kingdom Fungi C) Kingdom Plantae D) Kingdom Animalia E) Protist kingdoms Answer: A 60) Which kingdom possesses unicellular animal -like species and unicellular plantlike species? A) Fungi B) Plantae C) Protista D) Animalia Answer: C 61) A cell that lacks organelles is a(n) A) animal cell. B) prokaryotic cell. C) eukaryotic cell. D) member of the Kingdom Plantae. Answer: B 11 62) Scientific theories are the same in any part of the world (meaning they do not vary by location). A) True B) False Answer: B 63) Scientific experimentation generally leads to more questions. A) True B) False Answer: A 64) A good experiment should include as many variables as possible at the same time. A) True B) False Answer: B 65) A hypothesis is typically stated as an "If . . . then" statement. A) True B) False Answer: B 66) Variation among organisms is due to mutations. A) True B) False Answer: A 67) Adaptations aid in the survival and reproduction of an organism in a particular environment. A) True B) False Answer: A 68) The energy that sustains life ultimately comes from sunlight. A) True B) False Answer: A 69) Photosynthetic bacteria are examples of autotrophs. A) True B) False Answer: A 70) Prokaryotic cells have a true nucleus and eukaryotic cells do not. A) True B) False Answer: B 71) Biodiversity is the total number of organisms in an ecosystem. A) True B) False Answer: B 12 SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 72) All scientific study begins with and the formation of testable hypotheses. Answer: observations 73) A group of individuals who are able to interbreed, regardless of their geographical location, is defined as a(n) . Answer: species 74) A group of similar, interbreeding individuals that live in the same area is a(n) . Answer: population 75) The basic unit of life is the . Answer: cell 76) Errors or changes in the DNA of an organism are called . Answer: mutations 77) The three natural processes that underlie evolution are genetic variation, inheritance, and . Answer: natural selection 78) Single -celled organisms that lack a nucleus belong to the domains Bacteria and . Answer: Archaea 79) Cells that contain a nucleus are eukaryotic, and cells without a nucleus are . Answer: prokaryotic 80) Photosynthetic plants are considered "self-feeders," or . Answer: autotrophs 81) Consider the observation that people taking Drug X for headaches also seem to have low blood pressure. Design a simple experiment based on this observation, and include a hypothesis statement and your actual experimental design for the study. Answer: Answe rs should include a controlled variable, repetition, and a hypothesis statement. 82) The instructions for producing and maintaining life are contained in what molecule? Answer: DNA 83) Evolution is based on adaptations that aid in the survival and reproduction of a species. List three different adaptations. Answer: There are many correct answers. Some acceptable answers are roots of plants that help land plants gain water, fleshy fish fins that allow for movement across a surface, and wings of eagles that aid in hunting. 84) Imagine that in 2020 you are the top biologist at a research station studying biodiversity in Costa Rica. A young scientist brings you a sample from a previously unexplored site. She asks you to look at the sample and determine whether it indeed contains microscopic, living organisms. As you begin your investigations, you must first decide what characteristics d istinguish life from nonlife. How would you differentiate a living organism from nonliving matter (including viruses and prions)? Answer: Answers should describe several characteristics of a living organism. 13 85) Define biodiversity . Answer: Biodi versity is the number of species in a given geographic region. 86) List four characteristics of living things, and give an example to illustrate each. Answer: There are many correct answers. Some acceptable answers are: Living things are both complex and organized (cells have organelles with specific organization); living things respond to stimuli (plants grow toward light); living things maintain homeos tasis (the human body maintains its body temperature); living things acquire and use energy (plants use photosynthesis); living things grow (animals grow during their lifetime); living things reproduce (organisms produce offspring); living things have the capacity to evolve (bacteria have evolved antibiotic resistance). 87) Describe at least two cellular -level differences between a photosynthetic prokaryote and a plant. Answer: The prokaryote does not have any membrane -bound organelles (including a nucleus), but the plant (being a eukaryote) does. The prokaryote is unicellular, whereas the plant is multicellular. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best comp letes the statement or answers the question. 88) Which of the following is NOT a part of the community shown in this figure? A) Pronghorn antelope B) Snake C) Hawk D) Stream E) Grass Answer: D 14 89) The "first cells" shown at the bottom of this illustration were most likely A) fungi. B) protists. C) prokaryotes. D) animals. E) plants. Answer: C 90) A 57-year-old woman was admitted to a hospital with an infected toe, and the infection was spreading rapidly. The damage was being caused by an unknown microorganism that could not be cultured in the lab. Doctors observed that antibiotics, which kill only prokaryotes, were ineffective. They suspected that the microbe was a fungus, so they tried the drug Amphotericin, which targets the ergosterols in fungal cells. Because animal cells contain cholesterols, not ergosterols, they are unaffected by the drug. Shortly after receiving Amphotericin, the patient improved, her infection ceased, and she was released from the hospital. In this scenario, what was the hypothesis? A) Antibiotics will not kill the microbe because it is a fungal species. B) If the infection is caused by an animal, then Amphotericin will cure the patient. C) A microbe that has cholesterol is causing the infection. D) The infection will spread rapidly. E) Why didn't the antibiotics kill the microbe that caused the infection? Answer: A 91) Suppose that a meteorite crashes into Earth and a sample of it is taken to a local research lab for analysis. Embedded several inches within the rocky structure, a microscopic cluster of dormant, spore -like structures is found. The scientists culture some of this material in a standard microbiological nutrient broth, and they are surprised to find many single -celled "organisms" moving around, growing, and reproducing in the broth. The "organisms" behave the same in both daylight and dark conditions, do not require oxygen, and thrive under a wide range of temperatures and pH levels. They stop moving, growing, and reproducing, however, when fewer nutrients are available in the medium. In this scenario, the "organisms" most closely resemble a(n) A) heterotrophic species of Archaea. B) heterotrophic species of Eukarya. C) photosynthetic species of Bacteria. D) nonliving virus. E) autotrophic species of Eukarya. Answer: A 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) A substance with specific properties that cannot be broken down or converted into another substance is called a(n) A) molecule. B) compound. C) mixture. D) ion. E) element. Answer: E 2) If you examined the human body on a chemical composition basis, which of the following combinations of elements would be most common? A) O, C, H, N B) O, C, N, Na C) C, H, Ca, Cl D) C, N, Ca, S E) O, C, P, S Answer: A 3) The atomic number of an atom is defined as the A) total number of electrons and neutrons. B) total number of energy shells. C) number of protons in the atomic nucleus. D) number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus. E) number of electrons in the outermost energy level. Answer: C 4) Phosphorus has an atomic number of 15, so what is the distribution of its electrons? A) The first, second, and third energy levels have 5 electrons each. B) The first energy level has 8 and the second has 7. C) The first energy level has 2, the second has 8, and the third has 5. D) The first energy level has 2 and the second has 13. E) The electron arrangement cannot be determined from the atomic number alone. Answer: C 5) Which four elements make up approximately 96% of living matter? A) Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen B) Carbon, oxygen, calcium, sulfur C) Carbon, sodium, chlorine, magnesium D) Carbon, phosphorus, hydrogen, sulfur E) Oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium Answer: A 6) Imagine that you have been hired as a chemist and your first task is to examine a newly discovered atom. The paperwork you are given states that its atomic number is 110. What does this mean? A) The atom contains 55 protons and 55 neutrons. B) The atom contains 55 electrons. C) The atom is an isotope. D) The atom contains 110 protons. Answer: D