(Test Bank) Interpersonal Relationships

Arnold, 7

Nursing

Test Bank

7th Edition

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Author(s): Arnold

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INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS, 7TH EDITION BY ARNOLD Complete T est B ank Chapter 1: Theory Based Perspectives and Contemporary Dynamics Arnold: Interpersonal Relationships, 7th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. When describing nursing to a group of nursing students, the nursing instructor lists all of the following characteristics of nursing except a. historically nursing is as old as mankind. b. nursing was originally practiced informally by religious orders dedicated to care of the sick. c. nursing was later practiced in the home by female caregivers with no formal education. d. nursing has always been identifiable as a distinct occupation. ANS: A Historically, nursing is as old as mankind. Originally practiced informally by religious orders dedicated to care of the sick and later in the home by female caregivers with no formal education, nursing was not identifiable as a distinct occupation until the 1854 Crimean war. There, Florence Nightingale’s Notes on Nursing introduced the world to the functional roles of professional nursing and the need for formal education. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 1 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 2. The nursing profession’s first nurse researcher, who served as an early advocate for high -quality care and used statistical data to document the need for handwashing in preventing infection, was a. Abraham Maslow. b. Martha Rogers. c. Hildegard Peplau. d. Florence Nightingale. ANS: D An early advocate for high -quality care, Florence Nightingale’s use of statistical data to document the need for handwashing in preventing infection marks her as the profession’s first nurse researcher. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 1 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care 3. Today, professional nursing education begins at the a. undergraduate level. b. graduate level. c. advanced practice level. d. administrative level. ANS: A Today, professional nursing education begins at the undergraduate level, with a growing number of nurses choosing graduate studies to support differentiated practice roles and/or research opportunities. Nurses are prepared to function as advanced practice nurse practitioners, administrators, and educators. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 2 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care 4. Nursing’s metaparadigm, or worldview, distinguishes the nursing profession from other disciplines and emphasizes its unique functional characteristics. The four key concepts that form the foundation for all nursing theories are a. caring, compassion, health promotion, and education. b. respect, integrity, honesty, and advocacy. c. person, environment, health, and nursing. d. nursing, teaching, caring, and health promotion. ANS: C Individual nursing theories represent different interpretations of the phenomenon of nursing, but central constructs —person, environment, health, and nursing —are found in all theories and models. They are referred to as nursing’s metaparadigm . DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 2 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care 5. When admitting a client to the medical -surgical unit, the nurse asks the client about cultural issues. The nurse is demonstrating use of the concept of a. person. b. environment. c. health. d. nursing. ANS: B The concept of environment includes all cultural, developmental, and social determinants that influence a client’s health perceptions and behavior. A person is defined as the recipient of nursing care, having unique bio -psycho -social and spiritual dimensions. The word health derives from the word whole. Health is a multidimensional concept, having physical, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual characteristics. The World Health Organization (WHO, 1946) defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental, social well -being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 3 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 6. A young mother tells the nurse, “I’m worried because my son needs a blood transfusion. I don’t know what to do, because blood transfusions cause AIDS.” Which central nursing construct is represented in this situation? a. Environment b. Caring c. Health d. Person ANS: D The concept of environment includes all cultural, developmental, and social determinants that influence a client’s health perceptions and behavior. Caring is not one of the four central nursing constructs. The word health derives from the word whole. Health is a multidimensional concept, having physical, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual characteristics. The World Health Organization (WHO, 1946) defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental, social well -being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people. Person is defined as the recipient of nursing care, having unique bio -psycho -social and spiritual dimen sions. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 2 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 7. The nurse performs a dressing change using sterile technique. This is an example of which pattern of knowledge? a. Empirical b. Personal c. Aesthetic d. Ethical ANS: A Empirical knowledge is the scientific rationale for skilled nursing interventions. Personal ways of knowing allow the nurse to understand and treat each individual as a unique person. Aesthetic ways of knowing allow the nurse to connect in different and more meaningful ways. Ethical ways of knowing refer to the moral aspects of nursing. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 5 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care 8. The nurse -client relationship as described by Hildegard Peplau a. would not be useful in a short -stay unit. b. allows personal and social growth to occur only for the client. c. facilitates the identification and accomplishment of therapeutic goals. d. focuses on maintaining a personal relationship between the nurse and client. ANS: C Hildegard Peplau offers the best -known nursing model for the study of interpersonal relationships in health care. Her model describes how the n urse-client relationship can facilitate the identification and accomplishment of therapeutic goals to enhance client and family well - being. In contemporary practice, Peplau’s framework is more applicable today in longer term relationships, and in settings such as rehabilitation centers, long -term care, and nursing homes. Despite the brevity of the alliances in acute care settings, basic principles of being a participant observer in the relationship, building rapport, developing a working partnership, and t erminating a relationship remain relevant. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 10 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 9. The identification phase of the nurse -client relationship a. sets the stage for the rest of the relationship. b. correlates with the assessment phase of the nursing process. c. focuses on therapeutic goals to enhance client and family well-being. d. uses community resources to help resolve health care issues. ANS: C Hildegard Peplau offers the bes t-known nursing model for the study of interpersonal relationships in health care. Her model describes how the nurse -client relationship can facilitate the identification and accomplishment of therapeutic goals to enhance client and family well - being. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 10 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care 10. Abraham Maslow's needs theory is a framework that a. begins with meeting basic psychosocial needs first. b. ensures essential needs are satisfied, then people move into higher physiological areas of development. c. proposes that people are motivated to meet their needs in a descending order. d. nurses use to prioritize client needs and develop relevant nursing approaches. ANS: D Abraham Maslow's needs theory is a framework that nurses use to prioritize client needs and develop relevant nursing approaches. Maslow's model proposes that people are motivated to meet their needs in an ascending order beginning with meeting basic survival needs. As essential needs are satisfied, people move into higher psychosocial areas of development. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 10 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 11. Which of the following statements about communication theory is true? a. Primates are able to learn new languages to share ideas and feelings. b. Concepts include only verbal communication. c. Perceptions are clarified through feedback. d. Past experience does not influe nce communication. ANS: C Feedback is the only way to know that one’s perceptions about meanings are valid. Human communication is unique. Only human beings have large vocabularies and are capable of learning new languages as a means of sharing their ideas and feelings. Communication includes language, gestures, and symbols to convey intended meaning, exchange ideas and feelings, and to share significant life experience. To encode a message appropriately requires a clear understanding of the receiver’s ment al frame of reference (e.g., feelings, personal agendas, past experiences) and knowledge of its purpose or intent of the communication. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 7 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 12. In the circular transactional model of communication, a. questions are framed in order to recognize the context of the message. b. people take only complementary roles in the communication. c. the context of the communication is unimportant. d. the purpose of communication is to influence the receiver. ANS: A A circular model expands linear models to include the context of the communication, feedback loops, and validation. With this model, the sender and receiver construct a mental picture of the other, which influences the message and includes perceptions of the other person’s attitude and potential reaction to the message. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 8 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrit y 13. The nurse recognizes that feedback loops a. do not allow for correction of original information. b. are solely based on the General Systems Theory. c. do not allow for validation of information. d. allow the human system to correct its original information. ANS: D Feedback (from the receiver or the environment) allows the system to correct or maintain its original information. Feedback loops (from the receiver, or the environment) validate the information, or allow the human system to correct its original information. General Systems Theory, initially described by Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968), focuses on process and interconnected relationships comprising the “whole.” DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 8 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 14. Which of the following statements best represents therapeutic communication when a student discovers a client crying in bed? a. “I am the nurse who will be doing your treatments today.” b. “Will you listen to me so I can help you get better?” c. “This is what is going to happen during surgery.” d. “Can we talk about what seems to be bothering you?” ANS: D Asking about what is bothering the client is goal directed. Its purpose is to promote client well - being. “I am the nurse who will be doing your treatments today” is a statement of fact, and it ignores the client’s emotional needs. “Will you listen to me so I can help you get better?” is not goal directed and does not involve mutuality. “This is what is going to happen during surgery” is simply one way. It does not engage the client in a therapeutic manner. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 10 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 15. The central constructs of person, environment, health, and nursing are found in all nursing theories and models and are referred to as a. telehealth. b. the medical model. c. nursing’s metaparadigm. d. five core areas of competency. ANS: C Individual nursing theories represent different interpretations of the phenomenon of nursing, but central constructs —person, environment, health, and nursing —are found in all theories and models. They are referred to as nursing’s metaparadigm . These constructs are the “metalanguage” of nursing, and together they act as basic building blocks for the discipline of professional nursing. Telehealth is fast becoming an integral part of the health care system, used both as a live interactive mechanism (particularly in remote areas, where there is a scarcit y of health care providers) and as a way to track clinical data. Two important outcomes are reduced health costs and increased access to care. During the last century, the bulk of professional care was delivered in acute care settings, based on the disease -focused medical model . Switching to today’s community focus recognizes the fact that chronic medical conditions account for most of today’s care, with most being treated in the community. The IOM report Health professions education: A bridge to quality (2 003) calls for the restructuring of clinical education responsive to the 21st century health system transformation goals of providing the highest quality and safest medical care possible. This report identified five core areas of competency required to cro ss the bridge to quality. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 4 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The discipline of nursing has “a unique perspective, a distinct way of viewing all phenomena, which ultimately defines and limits the nature of its inquiry,” related to (Select all that apply.) a. principles and laws that govern the life processes, well-being, and optimum functioning of human beings, sick or well. b. patterning of human behavior in interaction with the environment in critical life situations. c. processes by which positive changes in health status are affected. d. processes by which negative changes in health status are affected. e. patterning of human behavior in interaction with the environment in every life situation. f. principles and laws that govern the life processes, well-being, and optimum functioning of human beings, in relation to wellness only. ANS: A, B, C Donaldson and Crowley characterize the discipline of nursing as having "a unique perspective, a distinct way of viewing all phenomena, which ultimately defines and limits the nature of its inquiry," related to "Principles and laws that govern the life processes, well -being, and optimum functio ning of human beings, sick or well; patterning of human behavior in interaction with the environment in critical life situations; and processes by which positive changes in health status are affected." DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 2 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance Chapter 2: Professional Guides for Nursing Communication Arnold: Interpersonal Relationships, 7th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The nurse demonstrates effective communication by ensuring all of the following except a. two-way exchange of information among clients and health providers. b. making sure that unilateral information is exchanged between clients and nurses. c. making sure that the expectations and responsibilitie s of all are clearly understood. d. recognizing that effective communication is an active process for all involved. ANS: B Effective communication is defined as a two -way exchange of information among clients and health providers ensuring that the expectations and responsibilities of all are clearly understood. It is an active process for all involved. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 23 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care 2. A preoperative assessment shows that a client’s hemoglobin level is dropping. The anesthetist orders 3 units of blood to be administered. The nurse administers the first unit before discovering that the client is a Jehovah’s Witness, as documented in the record. This is an example of a. professional conduct. b. a negligent act. c. physical abuse. d. breaching client confidentiality. ANS: B The nurse was negligent by not checking the record and by failure to obtain written consent from the client for the procedure. This is an example of misconduct, not professional conduct. The nurse did not intend to physically harm the patient. The nurse did not breach client confidentiality. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: pp. 28 -29 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care 3. Which of the following is a violation of client confidentiality? Reporting a. certain communicable diseases. b. child abuse. c. gunshot wounds. d. client data to a colleague in a nonprofessional setting. ANS: D Releasing information to people not directly involved in the client’s care is a breach of confidentiality. Certain communicable or sexually transmitted diseases, child and elder abuse, and the potential for serious harm to another individual are considered exception s to sharing of confidential information. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 37 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care 4. A 16 -year-old trauma victim arrives in the emergency department with a life-threatening condition and requires emergency surgery. The nurse knows that a. a parent/guardian must give consent. b. the client can give consent if she provides proof of emancipation. c. the client must first be evaluated for competency before obtaining consent. d. surgery can be performed without consent. ANS: D Surgery can be performed without consent because it is a life -threatening emergency. Normally parents or a guardian must give consent, but in a life-threatening emergency medical care can be administered without consent. Providing proof of emancipation is not necessary in a life - threatening situation. The client does not need to first be evaluated for competency in a life - threatening situation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 38 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care 5. In regard to informed consent, which of the following statements is true? a. Only legally incompetent adults can give consent. b. Only parents can give consent for minor children. c. It is not required that the client be told about costs and alternatives to treatment. d. Consent must be voluntary. ANS: D For legal consent to be valid, it must be voluntary. Only legally competent adults can give consent. Parents or legal guardians can give consent for minor children. Clients must have full disclosure about risks/benefits, including costs and alternatives. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 37 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care 6. The client has a living will in which he states he does not want to be kept alive by artificial means. The client’s family wants to disregard the client’s wishes and have him maintained on artificial life support. The most appropriate initial course of action for the nurse would be to a. tell the family that they have no legal rights. b. tell the family that they have the right to override the living will because the patient cannot speak. c. report the situation to the hospital ethics committee. d. allow the family to verbalize their feelings and concerns, while maintaining the role of client advocate. ANS: D Allowing the family to verbalize their feelings and concerns is the most appropriate action at the time to help the family deal with their loss and come to terms with their family member’s wishes. Telling the family that they have no legal rights would not be supportive and might create hostility. The family does not have the right to override a living will. It is not the most appropriate initial cour se of action to report the situation to the hospital ethics committee. According to the American Nurses Association Code of Ethics for Nurses, the nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: p. 27 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care 7. The nurse collects both objective and subjective data. An example of subjective data is a. BP 140/80. b. skin color jaundiced. c. “I have a headache.” d. history of seizures. ANS: C Subjective data refers to the client’s perception of data and what the client or family says about the data. Objective data refers to data that are directly observable or verifiable through physical exami nation or tests. Blood pressure recording is objective. Jaundiced skin color observation by the nurse is objective data. A history of seizures is objective data. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 33 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. The nurse observes a client pacing the floor. The nurse validates an inference when speaking to the client by stating, a. “You are anxious, so let’s talk about it.” b. “Let’s try some deep breathing to help you relax.” c. “You seem anxious. Will you tell me what is going on?” d. “Clients who pace usually need to talk to a physician. Should I call yours?” ANS: C The nurse has inferred that the client is anxious but needs to ask further questions to validate the information. A nurse should not make assumptions without first confirming that the inference is correct. Deep breathing exercise is an intervention; it is not validating an inference. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 33 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 9. A client who is scheduled for a bilateral inguinal hernia repair the next day is observed pacing the unit. After validating that the client is anxious about his upcoming surgery because he is afraid of pain, a relevant nursing diagnosis would be a. anxiety related to surgery. b. pain related to anxiety about surgery as evidenced by pacing. c. anxiety related to fear of postoperative pain as evidenced by pacing. d. pacing related to fear of postoperative pain. ANS: C Anxiety is the problem to be addressed. Related to connects the problem to the etiology (fear of pain). The third part of the statement identifies the clinical evidence (pacing) that supports the diagnosis. There are three parts to a nursing diagnosis, and the anxiety is related specifically to fear of pain after surgery. The problem to be addressed is the anxiety, not the pain, at this time. “Pacing related to fear of postoperative pain” contains only two parts to this statement. Pacing is the evidence, no t the problem. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 33 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Nursing Diagnosis MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care 10. Which of the following is an outcome for a client with a broken leg? a. Client will develop an ambulation program within 1 month. b. Encourage client to ambulate with cast using crutches. c. Client asks, “When will I walk again?” d. Client experiences alteration in mobility related to a broken leg. ANS: A Outcomes are goals that are measurable, achievable, and client centered. Ambulation is a nursing intervention. A question from the client is not an outcome; it is a question. “Client experiences alteration in mobility related to a broken leg” is part of a nursing diagnosis. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: pp. 34 -35 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Outcome Identification MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 11. The nurse is teaching a client who is alert and oriented about the drug warfarin. When teaching the client about this drug, the nurse emphasizes the need to be consistent with Vitamin K intake, which is found primarily in green leafy vegetables. When the client’s spouse comes to visit, the client states, “I can no longer consume green leafy vegetables.” This is an example of what type of failure caused by a communication problem? a. System failure b. Reception failure c. Transmission failure d. Global aphasia ANS: B Communication problems occur when there are failures in one or more categories: the system, the transmission, or in the reception . Reception failures occur when channels exist and necessary information is sent, but the recipient misinterprets the message. System failures occur when the necessary channels of communication are absent or not functioning. Transmission failures occur when the channels exist but the message is never sent or is not clearly sent. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: p. 23 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 12. When setting goals with a client, the nurse demonstrates which step of the nursing process? a. Assessment b. Planning c. Implementation d. Evaluation ANS: B Outcome identification occurs during the planning phase. Goals are identified during planning, not assessment. Nursing interventions are performed during the implementation phase. During evaluation, goal achievement is evaluated. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 35 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Outcome Identification and Planning MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care 13. When the nurse identifies a health problem or alteration in a client’s health status that requires a nursing intervention, the nurse is performing which step of the nursing process? a. Diagnosis b. Planning c. Intervention d. Evaluation ANS: A The nursing diagnosis consists of three parts: (1) problem, (2) etiology, and (3) evidence. The problem is a statement identifying a health problem or alteration in a client’s health status requiring nursing intervention. Planning occurs after problem identification. Interventions occur during implementation. The effectiveness of the interventions is evaluated in the evaluation phase. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 33 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Diagnosis MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care 14. When evaluating the client’s progress toward goal achievement, the nurse should ask which of the following questions? a. “Did the client tell the truth?” b. “Were the goals realistic?” c. “Did the physician diagnose the client’s condition correctly?” d. “Was the length of stay too short?” ANS: B The goals need to be realistic and achievable in the time frame allotted for the interventions to be effective. Validation of information occurs in the assessment phase. Medical diagnosis is not part of the nursing process. The nurse needs to work within the time frame allotted. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 34 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care 15. The plan of care serves as the structural framework for a. maintaining confidentiality. b. attaining self-actualization. c. maintaining therapeutic communication. d. providing safe, high-quality care. ANS: D The plan of care plan serves as the structural framework for providing safe, high -quality care. Its purpose is to provide continuity and supply a basis for interventions and documentation of client progress. Each plan of care should be individualized to reflect client values, clinical needs, and preferences. Confidentiality is defined as providing only the information needed to provide care for the client to other health professionals who are directly involved in the care of the client. The nurse can use Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to prioritize goals and objectives. Therapeutic communication helps the nurse use the nursing process. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 35 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care 16. The nurse is caring for a client whose health has suddenly worsened. The nurse calls the health care provider. What is the best example of the nurse communicating to the health care provider using the situation part of SBAR communication? a. “The patient has developed dyspnea with audible crackles in the lungs bilaterally; oxygen saturation is 86% on room air.” b. “The patient has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to a long -term history of smoking.” c. “I am concerned that the patient is exhibiting signs of a pulmonary embolus due to a sudden drop in oxygenation.” d. “I would like for you to order a STAT chest x-ray because the patient has suddenly developed shortness of breath with hypoxia.” ANS: A Situation: What is going on with the client? Background: What is key information/context? Assessment: What do I think the problem is? Recommendation: What do I want to be done? DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: p. 24 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases of the nursing process MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care 17. During a routine visit, the nurse notes that a child has several bruises at various stages of healing. The child reports having fallen down. Failure to report these findings is an example of a. negligence. b. reasonable prudence. c. maintenance of confidentiality. d. HIPAA regulation. ANS: A Failing to report suspected physical or sexual child abuse is an example of a negligent act. Reasonable prudence is a nursing action that a reasonably prudent nurse would perform. In a situation where a child has several bruises, confidentiality must be breached. HIPAA regulations protect the privacy of client records. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 37 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. When practicing effective and correct communication, the nurse should (Select all that apply.) a. speak in a clear voice. b. be concise when providing client education. c. be concrete when communicating with clients. d. focus entirely on abstract communication techniques with clients. e. ensure that communication with clients is complete. f. provide courteous communication when interacting with clients. ANS: A, B, C, E, F Effective and correct communication is: clear, concise, concrete, complete, and courteous. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: p. 23 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity Chapter 3: Clinical Judgment and Ethical Decision Making Arnold: Interpersonal Relationships, 7th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following types of thinking reflects the nursing process? a. Habits b. Inquiry c. Mnemonic d. Practice ANS: B More structured methods of thinking, such as inquiry, have been developed in disciplines related to nursing. Repetitive practice does not reflect the nursing process. Memorizing does not reflect the nursing process. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 40 TOP: Step of the Nursing Process: All phases MSC: Client Needs: Management of Care 2. Which of the following personality characteristics is a barrier to critical thinking? a. Accepting change b. Being open minded c. Stereotyping d. Going with the flow ANS: C Stereotyping is a cognitive barrier to critical thinking because it interferes with the ability to treat a client as an individual. Critical thinkers recognize that priorities change continually. Being open minded is the ability to consider alternatives. Being flexible is a bridge to critical thinking, not a barrier. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 46