(Test Bank) Biology Now with Physiology

Houtman, 3

Biology

Test Bank

3rd Edition

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Test Bank for Biology Now with Physiology, The downloadable file consists of 825 pages, and the total size of the file is 3.0 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Houtman

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Study Note Preview

Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________ Chapter 02 1. Your own scientific literacy would NOT be helpful in answering which of the following questions? a. Should I take a cinnamon capsule every morning to help regulate my blood sugar? b. Should I spend the extra money to buy a particular pair of shoes that claims to help tone my leg muscles better than other athletic shoes? c. Will my cell phone cause me to have cancer? d. Which movie should I watch this weekend? 2. Which of the following would NOT be a situation where your own scientific literacy would be helpful in decision-making? a. Should I send my child to a school that requires my child be vaccinated according to the vaccination schedule recommended by the Centers for Disease Control? b. Should I pay to store umbilical cord blood when my baby is born? c. Should I vote to support a new oil pipeline through a sensitive natural area? d. Is the space travel in Star Wars really possible? 3. Which of the following statements about the process of science is accurate? a. Science is a systematic method designed to answer questions by evaluating evidence. b. Science attempts to solve a problem by evaluating the plausibility of only one solution without considering other possible explanations. c. Science does not use evidence and data collected to advance our understanding of natural and supernatural phenomena. d. Science can answer all questions regarding the human experience and personal values. 4. Which of the following is LEAST likely to include unchecked bias when making scientific statements? a. political groups b. religious groups c. marketing groups d. peer-reviewed scientific journals 5. Therapeutic touch (TT) is a type of “energy” medicine that involves the practitioner moving his or her hands over the energy field of the patient, without actually touching the patient, but redirecting the energy field to heal the patient. If a researcher were to design a survey of TT practitioners and their patients to determine the validity of TT, which of the following questions would NOT be helpful in determining the validity of the survey? a. Is the researcher a regular TT practitioner or patient? b. Do the survey participants have a working relationship with the researcher or were they paid to participate? c. Are any non-TT patients included in the survey? d. How old is the researcher? 6. Which of the following would be a positive consideration when evaluating a researcher’s expertise regarding a particular scientific claim? a. The researcher has an ideological, political, or religious belief that will be supported by the scientific claims being made. b. The researcher stands to make money if others accept the claims being made. c. The researcher stands to gain in prestige if others accept the claims being made. d. The researcher has a PhD, MD, or at least an MS and years of experience in the field in which he or she is making a scientific claim. 7. An individual claims to be able to detect the presence of graves in an old cemetery by using a “dowsing” or “divining” rod. The rod is a forked twig held in front of the individual as he walks across the cemetery. The “dowser” (person who is using the dowsing rod) claims that depending on which way the twig moves (up and down or side to side) he can determine if a grave is there and the gender and age of the individual buried at that spot. Which of the following would NOT help to evaluate if the dowser is a fraud? a. It would help to know if the dowser had any previous knowledge of the cemetery. b. It would help to actually dig up the site to determine if the dowser’s predictions were accurate. c. It would help to at least use X-rays or some other means to examine what might or might not be buried in the ground. d. It would help to know the dowser’s age and affiliation with other dowsers. 8. Therapeutic touch (TT) is a type of “energy” medicine that involves the practitioner moving his or her hands over the energy field of the patient, without actually touching the patient, to redirect the energy field and heal the patient. Which of the following would be the first concept to investigate to help evaluate the claims of TT practitioners? a. documentable and repeatable evidence that an external energy field actually exists for humans b. documentable and repeatable evidence that any existing energy field can be manipulated by merely passing hands over it c. documentable and repeatable evidence that TT practitioners can, without seeing or touching their subjects, actually feel the energy field of a patient d. documentable claims by TT practitioners and their patients that the patients thought they felt better after being treated by the TT practitioner even though there was no change in their diseases 9. You are reading an article written by Neil Shubin et al. regarding the pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae in the peer-reviewed journal Nature. Dr. Shubin is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and is employed by The University of Chicago. This article represents a __________ literature presentation of __________ research. a. primary; basic b. primary; applied c. secondary; basic d. secondary; applied 10. You are reading an article in Discover magazine about Tiktaalik roseae, the organism thought to be the link between fish and terrestrial tetrapods. The researcher that discovered Tiktaalik was publicly funded. This article represents a __________ literature presentation of __________ research. a. primary; basic b. primary; applied c. secondary; basic d. secondary; applied 11. Scientists working for a major cosmetics company want to determine if a new face cream can reduce the number of fine lines and wrinkles on a person's face. This is an example of a. applied research. b. basic research. c. meta-analysis. d. a cohort study. 12. Scientists at a major university are attempting to isolate a gene that slows the degeneration of collagen in skin. This is an example of a. applied research. b. basic research. c. meta-analysis. d. a case-control study. 13. A research team funded by federal grants is studying the coevolution of pain receptors in grasshopper mice and the neurotoxic venom of scorpions (one of their primary food sources) to determine how the mice have adapted to the venom of their prey. This is an example of __________ research. a. basic b. applied c. pseudoscientific d. random 14. A research team funded by a pharmaceutical company is studying the adaptation of grasshopper mice to the neurotoxic venom of scorpions in an attempt to determine how the mice’s adaptation could be used as a possible solution to pain management in humans. This is an example of __________ research. a. basic b. applied c. pseudoscientific d. random 15. The federally funded Centers for Disease Control routinely collect and evaluate data regarding communicable diseases. This information helps researchers make recommendations regarding vaccination schedules for children and adults. This is an example of a. basic research. b. applied research. c. a case-control study. d. a cohort study. 16. A pharmaceutical company conducts trials on animals and cell lines to determine the safety of a new vaccine before performing clinical trials on adult human volunteers. This is an example of a. basic research. b. applied research. c. a case-control study. d. a cohort study. 17. Which of the following examples indicates a situation where the researcher is MOST likely to have a possible bias regarding his or her work? a. A researcher, funded by a pharmaceutical company, is testing the clinical effectiveness and safety of a new vaccine. b. A researcher, funded by a public grant, is testing the clinical effectiveness and safety of a new vaccine. c. A federally funded researcher is working on developing a genetically engineered microbe to quickly digest oil spills. d. A privately funded researcher is working on developing a genetically engineered and patented microbe to quickly digest oil spills. If successful, the microbe would be marketed worldwide. 18. You are reading an article in National Geographic regarding the evolution of humans. This would be an example of __________ literature. a. primary b. secondary c. peer-reviewed scientific journal d. meta-analysis 19. Announcing “scientific” findings in a press conference before they have been published in an established scientific journal is an example of a. primary literature. b. secondary literature. c. neither primary nor secondary literature because it has not yet undergone peer review to be primary literature, and secondary literature follows primary literature. d. both primary and secondary literature because it does not need to undergo peer review to be either primary or secondary literature. 20. The reliability of primary scientific literature is strengthened by the __________ process, in which the work is examined by other researchers in the same field. For instance, a scientific paper examining the evolution of tetrapods would be reviewed by other evolutionary biologists and paleontologists. a. peer-review b. basic research c. applied research d. random research 21. Scientists analyzed 62 studies and determined that a strong physician recommendation for the HPV vaccine was a positive determining factor in whether or not parents chose to vaccinate their children. This analysis of various studies is referred to as a. meta-analysis. b. beta-analysis. c. secondary study. d. secondary analysis. 22. Based on the scientific evidence presented in more than 100 peer-reviewed, published research articles that evaluated millions of children, which of the following is NOT the reason for the observed increase of autism in the United States and other countries since the 1970s? a. There is a heightened awareness of autism in society. b. More schools are screening more students for autism. c. People are generally more willing to label a broader range of conditions within the spectrum of autism disorders. d. The MMR vaccine is being more broadly administered, so more children are getting autism. 23. A researcher noticed that as the prevalence of cell phone usage increased between the years of 1998 and 2010, so did the number of individuals diagnosed with autism. He decided that cell phone usage by expectant mothers was causing autism. Which of the following would be the first step in evaluating his assumption? a. The researcher should develop a clearly testable and falsifiable hypothesis. b. The researcher should carefully design a reproducible experiment. c. The researcher’s experiment should include thousands of participants from all gender, socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic groups both with and without autism. d. The researcher should use a small sample size (20 participants) of autistic children and their mothers to support the hypothesis. 24. The graph below shows which of the following? a. There is a strong correlation between the sale/consumption of organic food and the number of individuals diagnosed with autism between 1998 and 2007. b. The increased consumption of organic food has led to an increase in the rate of autism between 1998 and 2007. c. Consuming organic food causes autism. d. There is strong evidence that a cause-effect relationship exists between the consumption of organic food and the development of autism. 25. Thomas’s foot began to swell after he was stung by a scorpion. Thomas’s friend said his mom had an old, trusted herbal poultice remedy that would absorb the venom from the foot, reduce the swelling, and heal the foot. Thomas allowed his friend to place the herbal poultice on his foot before going to bed that night, and the swelling was gone in the morning. Which of the following can be concluded about the herbal poultice remedy? a. The poultice definitely worked because the swelling went down. b. The poultice definitely did not cause the swelling to go down. c. It is very likely that the poultice caused the swelling to go down. d. There is not anything that can be concluded about the effectiveness of the poultice remedy. 26. When Lori was diagnosed with breast cancer, the doctor recommended a lumpectomy followed by radiation therapy. Lori underwent the prescribed treatment recommended by the doctor. However, she also continued to eat lots of fruits and vegetables, walk three miles every day, and practice daily yoga. Within about three months, Lori was cancer-free. Afterward, Lori told everyone that her healthy lifestyle had helped to cure her. Is this conclusion reasonable given the circumstances? a. No, a healthy diet and exercise regimen can never help cure cancer. b. No, there are too many confounding factors to know exactly what happened. c. Yes, the healthy diet and exercise regimen definitely helped to cure her. d. Yes, this evidence very strongly supports the hypothesis that a healthy diet and exercise regimen probably helped to cure her. 27. The fact that the onset of autism symptoms typically occurs at about the same age children receive many of their vaccinations, including the MMR, is an example of an observed a. correlation but not necessarily evidence of a cause-effect relationship. b. correlation and strong evidence of a cause-effect relationship. c. cause-effect relationship supported by empirical evidence. d. cause-effect relationship but not necessarily a correlation. 28. Which of the following is NOT a reason to scientifically evaluate the plausibility of claims made by a psychic who states that a missing child is alive and located in a particular area of the countryside months after the child went missing? a. Precious time to search for the child could be lost. b. Manpower could be wasted looking in a location when there is no scientific evidence indicating the child might be there. c. It could cause additional and unnecessary grief when the new hopes and expectations of the parents are dashed. d. There is anecdotal evidence suggesting that psychics can predict the location of missing children. 29. Rick has high blood pressure and decides to try an herbal supplement recommended by his friend. Which of the following questions should Rick ask first to scientifically evaluate his friend’s recommendation before he begins taking the herbal supplement? a. Has this herbal supplement been studied in a clinical trial by trained medical professionals? b. If this supplement was studied, who paid for the study? c. If this supplement was studied, how many people were included as patients in the study? d. What are the credentials of the team investigating the supplement? 30. Although it seems contradictory, real science does not intend to “prove” a hypothesis to be true. This is because a. all true hypotheses will be rejected by the scientific method because they can be proven false. b. future experiments or discoveries may provide data that refute the hypothesis. c. science is a human endeavor, and like all human endeavors, it is limited by human understanding. d. the scientific method is limited to examination of the natural world. 31. Developing a scientific understanding of a natural phenomenon typically begins by a. observing a quantifiable natural phenomena. b. proving an answer. c. making a prediction. d. testing a hypothesis. 32. Sue has twin baby boys and is trying to decide whether to have them vaccinated against chicken pox or to take them to a “chicken pox party” where they can be naturally exposed to other children who currently have chicken pox. Which of the following would be the first relevant question for Sue to research before making her decision? a. Are there any peer-reviewed, scientific studies of observable and quantifiable claims regarding the chicken pox vaccine or chicken pox parties? b. Do any relevant studies make testable and falsifiable predictions related to a clearly stated hypothesis? c. Are the relevant studies well designed and described with large sample sizes and minimization of bias, and have the results been reproducible? d. Are there a lot of parents on the Internet endorsing the chicken pox parties? 33. When determining whether a claim about a new cleansing juice diet is scientific or pseudoscientific, which of the following is NOT a helpful question to ask yourself? a. What are the credentials and possible bias or agenda of the person(s) making the claim? b. Has the claim been published in a peer-reviewed, reputable scientific journal? c. Does the scientific study purporting to support the claim meet the standards of the scientific method? d. Are there a lot of people, including celebrities, endorsing the product as a healthy weight-loss method? 34. A popular post on the Internet states that hugs “transfer energy” between participants, giving them an “emotional lift.” Which of the following is a scientific approach to evaluating the claim of “energy transfer” during hugs? The hypothesis for the experiment would be as follows: if one person hugs another, the person receiving the hug will have more measurable energy after the hug. a. First, develop a method of physically measuring the amount of energy available in a human being. Divide hundreds of subjects randomly into two groups, huggers and non-huggers. The available energy in the individuals of each group would be measured, the individuals would then hug (or not), and then the energy levels are measured again. The experimenter should not know which group is the hugging or non-hugging group to avoid expectation bias. The experiment should be repeated numerous times before analyzing the data. b. The researcher would need some people willing to hug someone else and fill out a survey stating how they felt before and after the hug. This should be repeated several times. c. The researcher would need some people willing to keep a daily log of how they feel during the day, how many hugs they get, and which days they feel the best at the end of the day. d. The researcher would need some people willing to complete a scientifically developed life history hugging survey. Through the survey, participants will document their own life histories of hugs (average number of hugs per day and how long they lasted) and emotional well-being. Once the survey is completed, the researcher will collate and evaluate the evidence. He or she should repeat this with a few different groups of people. 35. In the fall of 2012, a veterinarian from Texas issued a press release stating that her team of scientists had completed a five-year DNA study confirming the existence of “Sasquatch” or “Bigfoot.” Which of the following statements, if true, would lend support to her claims? a. She released her findings in a press conference prior to any peer review of her findings. b. There are no corresponding lines of documented physical evidence (fossil record, historic record, undisputed clear picture or video, or evidence that the environment could support a breeding population of large primates in the areas where they have been reported) to support her claims. c. The paper is published in an online source that consists of one issue with only this one paper (the full paper is for sale), and this new online publication is owned by the veterinarian. d. She consulted experts in the field of human genomics and made her DNA samples available to them for analysis. 36. Announcing “scientific” findings in a press conference before they have been published in an established scientific journal suggests a. there may be reason to question the validity of the results or conclusions. b. that the results were too ground-breaking to wait for or need peer review. c. there is no reason to question the validity of the results. d. that the media has scientifically determined the results to be valid and repeatable. 37. A scientific paper that combines results from several cohort studies and a case-control study would be considered a(n) __________-analysis. a. meta b. beta c. omega d. pseudo 38. Observational studies that follow a particular group of individuals over a certain time period are __________ studies. a. case-control b. meta-analysis c. beta-analysis d. cohort 39. If the Centers for Disease Control’s recommended vaccination schedule is delayed, the children who do not receive their vaccines on schedule a. are just as well protected from diseases as they would be if they were on schedule. b. experience a decreased risk of contracting disease than they would experience if they were on schedule. c. experience no change in protection from diseases as they would experience if they were ahead of schedule. d. experience an increased risk of disease. 40. Which of the following situations might present a logical reason for accepting a scientific claim made by a person who did not have appropriate credentials for making that claim? a. The claim could be supported by other nonbiased and credentialed scientists who have conducted similar research and arrived at the same conclusion, and the claim has been peer-reviewed. b. The claim could be supported by many other noncredentialled people who share the same ideas. c. The claim could be supported because the person really, truly believes what he or she is saying is accurate from his or her own personal experiences. d. The claim could be supported because certain celebrities have endorsed the idea presented by this particular researcher.