(Test Bank) Window On Humanity: A Concise Introduction To Anthropology

Kottak, 10

History & Arts

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10th Edition

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Test Bank for Window On Humanity: A Concise Introduction To Anthropology, The downloadable file consists of 407 pages, and the total size of the file is 3.02 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Kottak

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Study Note Preview

Version 1 1 CHAPTER 1 1) This chapter begins with a commonly heard opinion: "People are pretty much the same all over the world." Why is this assumption often wrong? How might your consideration of this understanding affect how you would design an anthropological study? 2) What is culture? How do anthropologists define and study culture? 3) What does holism refer to? Why is the concept central to anthropology? How does this concept relate to the "four-field" approach within the discipline? Have you encountered this concept in any of your other classes? 4) This chapter provides an example of human adaptation to high altitude to illustrate the various forms of cultural and biological adaptation. Can you think of another example that illustrates the broad capacity of humans to adapt both biologically and culturally?Version 1 2 5) To what does biocultural perspective refer? If you are planning to major in the biological sciences or planning a career as a medical doctor or clinical researcher, how might a minor in anthropology complement your education? If you are thinking of majoring in the humanities, how might a minor in anthropology complement your education? 6) This chapter considers differences and similarities between anthropology and other academic fields such as sociology. What about history? 7) Anthropology is the study of A) the psychological stages of human development. B) myths in industrial societies. C) the evolution of religion. D) long-term psychological adaptation. E) humans around the world and through time. Version 1 3 8) Anthropology as a holistic science refers to the study of the whole of the human condition: the past, the present, and the future of_________blank. A) math, physics, and astronomy B) faith and religion across the world C) biology, society, language, and culture D) geography and cartography E) ancient civilizations and archaeological remains 9) As humans organize their lives and adapt to different environments, our abilities to learn, think symbolically, use language, and employ tools and other products A) are shared with other animals capable of organized group life—such as baboons, wolves, and even ants. B) rest on certain features of human biology that make culture itself a biological phenomenon. C) rest on certain features of human biology that make culture, which is not itself biological, possible. D) prove that only fully developed adults have the capacity for culture; children lack the capacity for culture until they mature. E) have made some human groups more cultured than others. 10) Which of the following statements about culture is false? A) Culture is passed on genetically to future generations. B) Culture guides the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to it. C) Cultural forces consistently mold and shape human biology and behavior. D) Culture is a key aspect of human adaptability and success. E) Culture is passed on from generation to generation. Version 1 4 11) What is the process by which children learn a particular cultural tradition? A) biological adaptation B) ethnology C) enculturation D) ethnography E) acculturation 12) This chapter's description of how humans cope with low oxygen pressure in high altitudes illustrates A) how in matters of life or death, biology is ultimately more important than culture. B) how human plasticity has decreased ever since we embraced a sedentary lifestyle some 10,000 years ago. C) how biological adaptations are effective only when they are genetic. D) human capacities for cultural and biological adaptation, the latter involving both genetic and physiological adaptations. E) the need for anthropologists to pay more attention to human adaptation in extreme environments. 13) The presence of more efficient respiratory systems to extract oxygen from the air among human populations living at high elevations is an example of which form of adaptation? A) short-term physiological adaptation B) long-term physiological adaptation C) cultural adaptation D) symbolic adaptation E) genetic adaptation Version 1 5 14) Over time, humans have become increasingly dependent on which of the following in order to cope with the range of environments they have occupied in time and space? A) biological means of adaptation, mostly thanks to advanced medical research B) social and cultural means of adaptation C) a holistic and comparative approach to problem-solving D) technological means of adaptation, such as the creation of virtual worlds that allow us to escape from day-to-day reality E) social institutions, such as the state, that coordinate collective action 15) Today's global economy and communications link all contemporary people, directly or indirectly, in the modern world system. People must now cope with forces generated by progressively larger systems—the region, the nation, and the world. For anthropologists studying contemporary forms of adaptation, why might this be a challenge? A) Anthropological research tools do not work in this new modern world system, making their contributions less valuable. B) A more dynamic world system, with greater and faster movements of people across space, speeds up the process of evolution, making the study of genetic adaptations more difficult. C) Since cultures are tied to place, people moving around and connecting across space means the end of culture, and thus the end of anthropology. D) Truly isolated indigenous communities, anthropology's traditional and ongoing study focus, are becoming harder to find. E) According to Marcus and Fischer (1986), "The cultures of world peoples need to be constantly rediscovered as these people reinvent them in changing historical circumstances." 16) The academic discipline of anthropology includes four main subfields. They are sociocultural anthropology, anthropological archaeology, biological anthropology, and _____.Version 1 6 A) linguistic anthropology B) psychosociological archaeology C) scientific–humanistic studies D) genetical anthropology E) biological archaeology 17) What are the four subdisciplines of anthropology? A) genetic anthropology, physical anthropology, psychological anthropology, and anthropology and linguistics B) primatology, ethnology, cultural anthropology, and paleoscatology C) biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology D) archaeology, biological anthropology, applied linguistics, and applied anthropology E) medical anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, and cultural anthropology 18) Anthropologists' early interest in Native North Americans A) is an important historical reason for the development of four-field anthropology in the U.S. B) was more important than interest in the relation between biology and culture in the development of U.S. four-field anthropology. C) proved early on that culture is a function of race. D) was replaced in the 1930s by the two-field approach. E) is unique to European anthropology. 19) How are the four subfields of U.S. anthropology unified?Version 1 7 A) Each subfield studies the human capacity for language. B) Each subfield studies human variation through time and space. C) Each subfield studies human genetic variation through time and space. D) Each subfield studies human biological variability. E) The subfields are really not unified; their grouping into one discipline is a historical accident. 20) What is one of the most fundamental key assumptions that anthropologists share? A) Anthropologists cannot agree on what anthropology is, much less share key assumptions. B) A comparative, cross-cultural approach is essential to study the human condition. C) A degree in philosophy is the best way to produce good ethnographies. D) There are no universals, so cross-cultural research is bound to fail. E) We can draw conclusions about human nature by studying a single society. 21) Cultural anthropologists carry out their fieldwork in A) the ruins of ancient civilizations. B) all kinds of societies. C) typically in the third world nations. D) mostly in formerly colonized countries. E) factories. 22) Ethnography is theVersion 1 8 A) generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology. B) cross-cultural comparative component of cultural anthropology. C) fieldwork component of cultural anthropology. D) study of biological adaptability. E) preliminary data that sociologists use to develop survey research. 23) Based on his observation that contact between neighboring tribes had existed since humanity’s beginnings and covered enormous areas, Franz Boas argued that A) general anthropologists were wrong to focus too much attention on biology. B) even the earliest foragers engaged in warfare. C) cultures should not be treated as isolated phenomena. D) biology, not culture, was responsible for the vast majority of human diversity. E) language must have originated among the Neandertals. 24) What component of cultural anthropology is comparative and focused on building upon our understanding of how cultural systems work? A) fieldwork B) data collection C) archaeology D) data entry E) ethnology 25) Archaeologists studying sunken ships off the coast of Florida and analyzing the content of modern garbage are examples of howVersion 1 9 A) training in the use of research skills for extreme environments—such as landfills and the deep sea—are worth the time, resources, and risk for the sake of the anthropological knowledge gained. B) Hollywood has popularized archaeology in recent movies, making it a popular college major. C) archaeologists study the culture of historical and even living peoples. D) archaeology is free from having to worry about the impact of its work on people. E) archaeology is going through an identity crisis, with its practitioners questioning the discipline's focus on studying prehistory. 26) Which of the following best describes biological anthropology? A) the study of language and linguistic diversity B) the study of biological and cultural approaches to a given problem C) the study of biology through soil and decomposing matter D) the study of public health E) the study of human biological diversity 27) The study of monkeys, apes, and other nonhuman simians is termed_________blank. A) primatology B) paleontology C) ornithology D) osteology E) semiology 28) Which of the following subfields of anthropology studies language in its social and cultural context, throughout the world and over time?Version 1 10 A) demographical anthropology B) linguistic anthropology C) archaeological anthropology D) palaeoecological anthropology E) symbiological anthropology 29) Which of the following dimensions of anthropology employs anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems? A) public ethnography B) applied anthropology C) academic anthropology D) social archaeology E) medical anthropology 30) Applied anthropology A) focuses on preparing emerging academic scholars to improve their grant application skills. B) is concerned with the relationships between anthropological knowledge and the uses of that knowledge in the world beyond anthropology. C) is a European phenomenon. D) has yet to be recognized by the American Anthropological Association. E) originated at the same time that anthropology's four-field approach became established among early 20th-century U.S. academics. 31) During a massive construction project, a city came across a treasure trove of archeological sites under its streets. It decided to call in an expert to help decide what needed to be saved and how to preserve information about what was not saved. This expert's role is best described to be in the field ofVersion 1 11 A) sociological anthropology. B) sociolinguistics. C) historic preservation. D) biological anthropology. E) cultural resource management. 32) Anthropology is a science, yet it has been suggested that anthropology is among the most humanistic of all academic fields. This is because A) its main object of study is humans. B) of its fundamental respect for human diversity. C) its findings are best expressed with the tools of the humanities. D) it puts so much emphasis on the study of culture that cannot be studied scientifically. E) the field, particularly in the United States, traces its origins to philosophy and literature. 33) Anthropologists study only non-Western cultures. ⊚ true ⊚ false 34) Humans can adapt to their surroundings through both biological and cultural means. ⊚ true ⊚ false 35) Culture is not itself biological but rests on certain features of human biology. ⊚ true ⊚ false Version 1 12 36) Adaptation refers to the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses, such as those posed by climate and topography. ⊚ true ⊚ false 37) Anthropologists agree that a comparative, cross-cultural approach is unnecessary as long as researchers are diligent in their work. ⊚ true ⊚ false 38) Ethnography involves the collection of data used to create an account of a particular community, society, or culture. ⊚ true ⊚ false 39) Ethnomusicology is one of the four main subfields of anthropology. ⊚ true ⊚ false 40) Archaeologists study only prehistoric communities. ⊚ true ⊚ false 41) Biological anthropologists study only human bones.Version 1 13 ⊚ true ⊚ false 42) As an academic discipline, anthropology has links to both the social sciences and the humanities. ⊚ true ⊚ false 43) The differences between sociology and cultural anthropology are becoming increasingly distinct. ⊚ true ⊚ false 44) Applied anthropology encompasses any use of the knowledge and/or techniques of its four subfields to identify, assess, and solve theoretical problems. ⊚ true ⊚ false 45) Anthropological archaeology reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through anecdotal records passed through the generations. ⊚ true ⊚ false 46) Archaeologists may infer cultural transformations by observing changes in the size and type of sites and the distance between them. ⊚ true ⊚ false Version 1 14 47) The forces of globalization and industrial production link all contemporary people, directly or indirectly, in the modern world system. ⊚ true ⊚ false