(Test Bank) Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior An Introduction to Psychopharmacology

Prus, 2

Psychology

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Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 Psych -2800 -Testbank -5-8 Drugs and the Neu roscienc e of Behavio r An Int roduction to Psychopharmacology 2n d Edition Prus Test Ban k Chapter 5: Drugs of Abuse Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. All of the following were implications of the Harrison Narcotics Act except: a. labeled drugs as controlled substances. b. restricted sale of narcotics. c. hampered prescribing narcotics for opioid withdrawal symptoms. d. allowed narcotic sales for only medical purposes. Ans: A Answer Location: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Learning Objective: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Cognitive Domain: Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 2. The Harrison Narcotics Act: a. allowed prescribing opioids for treating opioid withdrawal symptoms. b. ranked narcotics by their abuse potential. c. listed drugs as controlled substances. d. restricted the sale of opioids to only medical uses. Ans: D Answer Location: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 Learning Objective: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 3. The law that restricted the sale of opioids for only medical uses was called : a. the Harrison Narcotics Act. b. the Controlled Substance Act. c. the Drug Enforcement Act. Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 d. the 21st Amendment. Ans: A Answer Location: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Learning Objective: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy 4. A new drug was given a schedule V classification. This indicates: a. the drug has no abuse potential and has medical uses. b. the drug has high abuse potential and does not have medical uses. c. the drug has relatively low abuse potential and has medical uses. d. the drug has no abuse potential and does not have medical uses. Ans: C Answer Location: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Learning Objective: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Cognitive Domain: Application Difficulty Level: Medium 5. A new drug given a schedule I classification suggests: a. the drug is too new to know about its medical uses. b. the drug is only used as a drug of abuse. c. the drug produces a high similar to other schedule I substances. d. its adverse effects outweigh its potential medical uses. Ans: B Answer Location: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Learning Objective: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Medium 6. A new drug given a schedule II classification indicates: a. the drug has high abuse potential and few medical uses. Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 b. the drug has high abuse potential and legitimate medical uses. c. the drug has low abuse potential and legitimate medical uses. d. the drug has low abuse potential and few medical uses. Ans: B Answer Location: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Learning Objective: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Cognitive Domain: Application Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The U.S. federal law that regulates sale and possession of drugs identified as controlled substances is called the: a. 21st Amendment. b. Drug Enforcement Act. c. Controlled Substances Act. d. Harrison Narcotics Act. Ans: C Answer Location: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classif ication Learning Objective: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Early clinical definitions of addiction focused on the development of tolerance, physical dependence, and: a. years of substance use. b. physical withdrawal symptoms. c. medical uses of the substance. d. craving. Ans: D Answer Location: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 Difficulty Level: Hard 9. A strong urge to use a drug is called: a. a drug high. b. preference. c. craving. d. physical dependence. Ans: C Answer Location: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy 10. A long-time user of a substance who is experience an intense desire to seek and use the substance is likely experiencing: a. drug cravings. b. physical drug dependence. c. relapse. d. significant social and occupational difficulties. Ans: A Answer Location: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Cognitive Domain: Application Difficulty Level: Medium 11. The occurrence of urges to use a drug after a history of using the drug suggests that: a. urges entirely account for continued use of a substance. b. urges are an important component of habitual drug use. c. a person had used a substance for a long time. d. the drug was likely a schedule I controlled substance. Ans: B Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 Answer Location: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Hard 12. Which of the following suggests that a person has a substance use disorder? a. A person was introduced to a drug at a party last night and can’t wait to try it again. b. A person continues using a drug with abuse potential for treating a particular disorder. c. Drug use continues despite a person knowing about all of the problems it is causing in his life. d. A person experienced severe physiological effect after taking a substance. Ans: C Answer Location: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Cognitive Domain: Application Difficulty Level: Medium 13. A return to a chronic drug use state that meets the clinical features of a substance use disorder is called: a. craving. b. dependence. c. relapse. d. early remission. Ans: C Answer Location: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 14. A patient identified as in the type of remission called “maintenance therapy” suggests: a. a strong likelihood of long-term cessation from drug use. Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 b. the patient no longer uses the substance as long as the patient is living in a controlled environment. c. the patient did not meet the criteria for a substance use disorder upon a follow up from the physician’s office a few months later. d. that the patient may not be able withhold from using a drug without participating in an active treatment program. Ans: D Answer Location: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Hard 15. For a substance use disorder, successfully discontinuing drug use for an entire month would be noted as: a. maintenance therapy. b. early remission. c. controlled environment. d. sustained remission. Ans: B Answer Location: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Regulatory Agencies and Drug Classification Cognitive Domain: Application Difficulty Level: Hard 16. A model of drug addiction: a. characterizes and explains compulsive drug use. b. is used to diagnose a drug addiction. c. is used to determine a treatment for a substance use disorder. d. is developed from the opinions of clinicians. Ans: A Answer Location: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 17. All of the following are features of models of drug addiction except: a. they are based on scientific research. b. they attempt to characterize compulsive drug use. c. they allow identifying the type of disorder a person has. d. they can be used to form hypotheses and further drug addiction research. Ans: C Answer Location: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Having scientific models of drug addiction in addition to having diagnostic criteria suggests that: a. scientifically determined features of drug addiction may differ from diagnostic criteria for drug addiction. b. both can be used for determining if a client has a substance use disorder. c. neither is sufficient for understanding drug addiction. d. diagnostic criteria are supported by scientific -validated models. Ans: A Answer Location: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Hard 19. A researcher that finds considering a drug as an interruption or disorder of physiological functions as most useful for understanding drug addiction likely would prefer: a. using drive theory to understand drug addiction. Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 b. the latent inhibition model of drug addiction. c. using associative learning principles for modeling drug addiction. d. the disease model of drug addiction. Ans: D Answer Location: Disease Model of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Application Difficulty Level: Medium 20. The disease model of drug addiction: a. states that drugs elicit powerful reinforcing effects. b. enhances the reinforcing effects of associated stimuli. c. states that drug addiction fits the medical definition of a disease. d. provides a basis for diagnosing drug addiction. Ans: C Answer Location: Disease Model of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy 21. A stimulus that occurred after a behavior and increase the likelihood of the behavior occurring again is called: a. extinction. b. a conditioned stimulus. c. an operant stimulus. d. a reinforcer. Ans: D Answer Location: Associative Learning Principles Use in Addiction Models Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 22. A teacher stated “good job!” after a student gave an answer to her question in class. Later, the student provided more answers in class. “Good job” served as a(n): a. positive reinforcer. b. negative reinforcer. c. discriminative stimulus. d. unconditioned stimulus. Ans: A Answer Location: Associative Learning Principles Use in Addiction Models Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Application Difficulty Level: Medium 23. A stimulus that, when present, signals the availability of reinforcement is referred to as a: a. conditioned stimulus. b. discriminative stimulus. c. negative reinforcer. d. positive reinforcer. Ans: B Answer Location: Associative Learning Principles Use in Addiction Models Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 24. How might a discriminative stimulus be described? a. An organism learns that a stimulus is similar to another stimulus. b. An organism knows that responding is only rewarded when a particular stimulus is present. c. An organism likes the stimulus and works harder to earn the stimulus. d. An organism automatically responds when the stimulus is presented. Ans: B Answer Location: Associative Learning Principles Use in Addiction Models Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Medium 25. A may develop from presenting stimuli in the presence of a stimulus involved in an associative learning process. a. conditioned stimulus b. discriminative stimulus c. reinforcer d. unconditioned stimulus Ans: A Answer Location: Associative Learning Principles Use in Addiction Models Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy 26. How might an unconditioned stimulus be described? a. A stimulus that cannot produce any behavioral effects. b. A stimulus that rewards an unlearned behavioral response. c. A stimulus that signals when an unlearned behavioral response will receive a reward. d. An unlearned behavioral response automatically occurs when a certain stimulus is presented. Ans: D Answer Location: Associative Learning Principles Use in Addiction Models Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cogniti ve Domain: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Medium 27. All of the following are features of a conditioned stimulus (CS) except: a. Normally developed from pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. b. The presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS) increases the future frequency of the response. Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 c. Produces a response similar to the one produced by the unconditioned stimulus. d. The conditioned stimulus did not produce the response before pairing with the unconditioned stimulus. Ans: B Answer Location: Associative Learning Principles Use in Addiction Models Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 28. consists of a resistant or slower conditioning process that occurs from using a familiar stimulus as the neutral stimulus. a. Incentive salience b. Classical conditioning c. Latent inhibition d. Stimulus discrimination Ans: C Answer Location: Associative Learning Principles Use in Addiction Models Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy 29. All of the following are features of incentive salience in drug addiction except: a. previously neutral stimuli come to elicit a motivation to a particular substance. b. incentivized stimuli command an individual’s attention when they are encountered. c. the presence of incentivized stimuli means that a drug is available to use. d. encountering incentivized stimuli can cause drug seeking. Ans: C Answer Location: Associative Learning Principles Use in Addiction Models Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Analysis Difficulty Level: Hard Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 30. Finding that certain things can serve as a reminder of an interest in using a drug is a way of describing: a. incentive salience. b. goal-directed behavior. c. a discriminative stimulus. d. opponent -process theory. Ans: A Answer Location: Associative Learning Principles Use in Addiction Models Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Medium 31. occurs when an organism engages in learned behaviors in order to achieve a desired goal. a. Latent Inhibition b. Incentive salience c. Goal -directed behavior d. Classical conditioning Ans: C Answer Location: Associative Learning Principles Use in Addiction Models Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level : Easy 32. A researcher who found it most useful to think of drug withdrawal as enhancing the rewarding value of a drug would likely be most in favor of which drug addiction model? a. Opponent -process theory of drug addiction b. Drive theory of drug addiction c. Incentive -salience theory of drug addiction. d. Disease model of drug addiction. Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 Ans: B Answer Location: Drive, Opponent -Process Theory, and Incentive -Salience Models of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: 2 Cognitive Domain: Application Difficulty Level: Easy 33. The main features of the drive theory of drug addiction suggest that: a. a drug becomes more rewarding as a person becomes physically or psychologically uncomfortable without it. b. the drug causes physiological changes that are similar to a disease. c. the aversive experience of withdrawal effects causes the drug to become a negative reinforcer. d. the drive to use a drug becomes paired with stimuli that promote drug seeking when the drug is absent. Ans: A Answer Location: Drive, Opponent -Process Theory, and Incentive -Salience Models of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Medium 34. The model states that drug addiction occurs after a shift from liking the effects of a drug to wanting the effects of a drug. a. disease b. opponent -process c. drive theory d. incentive -salience Ans: D Answer Location: Drive, Opponent -Process Theory, and Incentive -Salience Models of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy 35. The incentive -salience model suggests that: a. drugs become more rewarding the more they are used. b. trying a drug one time is unlikely to cause an addiction to the drug. c. relapse is unlikely to occur after quitting a drug. d. craving is an important motivating feature of drug addiction. Ans: B Answer Location: Drive, Opponent -Process Theory, and Incentive -Salience Models of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Hard 36. Wanting a drug more while liking a drug less may be an indication of: a. opposing processes. b. craving c. liking. d. tolerance. Ans: D Answer Location: Drive, Opponent -Process Theory, and Incentive -Salience Models of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Application Difficulty Level: Medium 37. According to the _ of drug addiction, the effects of a drug are automatically counteracted by opposing actions in the body. a. incentive salience model b. drive theory Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 c. disease model d. opponent -process theory Ans: D Answer Location: Drive, Opponent -Process Theory, and Incentive -Salience Models of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy 38. During drug addiction, a user must take higher amount s of a drug to overcome: a. incentivized stimuli. b. drug liking. c. opponent processes. d. latent inhibition effects. Ans: C Answer Location: Drive, Opponent -Process Theory, and Incentive -Salience Models of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 39. A researcher who found it most useful to think of drug addiction as mediated by drugs canceling out withdrawal effects would likely prefer the: a. disease model of drug addiction. b. the drive theory of drug action. c. incentive salience model of drug addiction. d. the opponent -process theory of drug addiction. Ans: D Answer Location: Drive, Opponent -Process Theory, and Incentive -Salience Models of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 Cognitive Domain: Application Difficulty Level: Medium 40. A drug user finding that he couldn’t achieve the same rush from a drug after using it for some weeks is an example of: a. craving. b. goal-directed behavior. c. wanting the drug more. d. the development of opponent processes. Ans: D Answer Location: Drive, Opponent -Process Theory, and Incentive -Salience Models of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Application Difficulty Level: Medium 41. According to the opponent -process model, greater effects from opposing processes than effects produced by a drug would likely result in: a. greater incentive salience of paired stimuli. b. an increase in the rewarding effects of a drug. c. withdrawal effects. d. drug sensitization. Ans: C Answer Location: Drive, Opponent -Process Theory, and Incentive -Salience Models of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Application Difficulty Level: Medium 42. According to the incentive -salience model, the process of stimuli associated with drug use commanding attention and eliciting a motivational state to use a drug is called: Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 a. wanting. b. craving. c. liking. d. reinforcement. Ans: A Answer Location: Drive, Opponent -Process Theory, and Incentive -Salience Models of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 43. All of the following are features of the incentive -salience model except: a. stimuli associated with drug use come to elicit a motivational state for seeking a drug. b. liking a drug’s effects accounts for addictive drug use. c. users may like a drug less while wanting it more. d. relapse may occur when a former user encounters stimuli associated with past drug use. Ans: B Answer Location: Drive, Opponent -Process Theory, and Incentive -Salience Models of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Clinical Definitions and the Diagnosis of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 44. A reduced firing rate of mesolimbic neurons would likely cause: a. reduce control of movement. b. an inhibited ability to feel rewarding effects. c. an increased sensitivity to pain. d. an increase in heart rate. Ans: B Answer Location: Drugs of Abuse and Reward Circuitry Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 Cognitive Domain: Application Difficulty Level: Medium 45. Inhibiting the activity of GABA neurons that make synaptic contact with dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area would likely: a. increase dopamine release in the basal ganglia. b. increase dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. c. increase GABA release in the nucleus accumbens. d. decrease GABA release in the ventral tegmental area. Ans: B Answer Location: Drugs of Abuse and Reward Circuitry Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Analysis Difficulty Level: Hard 46. Where are the somas for mesolimbic dopamine neurons found? a. Hypothalamus. b. Nucleus accumbens. c. Substantia Nigra. d. Ventral tegmental area. Ans: D Answer Location: Drugs of Abuse and Reward Circuitry Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 47. An animal that presses a lever in order to intracranial self-stimulation is likely: a. engaging in goal-directed behavior. b. demonstrating latent inhibition. c. exhibiting tolerance. d. using the stimulant as a discriminative stimulus. Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 Ans: A Answer Location: Drugs of Abuse and Reward Circuitry Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Easy 48. Olds found that electrodes placed near the reinforcing effects than other places in the brain that he inserted the electrode. a. hippocampus b. hypothalamus c. nucleus accumbens d. medial forebrain bundle Ans: D Answer Location: Drugs of Abuse and Reward Circuitry Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium produced greater 49. Otto Loewi’s experiment involving transferring fluid from around the heart of one frog to around the heart of another frog demonstrated that: a. acetylcholinestase catabolizes acetylcholine. b. that the mesolimbic dopamine pathway affects heart rate. c. that neuronal communication can occur outside of the brain. d. that communication between neurons involves a chemical means of transmission. Ans: D Answer Location: Drugs of Abuse and Reward Circuitry Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Hard 50. The primary reason for Otto Loewi conducting his experiment was: Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 a. to determine if electrical stimulation could be used to reinforce behavior. b. to determine if stimulation of the vagus nerve could affect heart rate. c. to determine if neurotransmission was electrical or chemical. d. to determine if acetylcholine was a neurotransmitter. Ans: C Answer Location: Drugs of Abuse and Reward Circuitry Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Hard 51. All of the following are likely associated with increased levels of dopamine except: a. when going to a familiar place. b. when presented with stimuli that predict positive outcomes. c. while experiencing reinforcing effects. d. when encountering something new. Ans: A Answer Location: Drugs of Abuse and Reward Circuitry Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 52. A study in rats finding that greater concentrations of sucrose, an enjoyable taste for rats, led to greater concentrations of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens suggests that: a. sucrose serves as an agonist for dopamine neurons. b. dopamine levels increase as the value of reward increases. c. an increased firing rate of GABA neurons occurred in the ventral tegmental area. d. sucrose was likely a novel stimulus. Ans: B Answer Location: Drugs of Abuse and Reward Circuitry Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 Difficulty Level: Medium 53. During chronic drug abuse, which structure forms associations between stimuli commonly present during drug use and the reinforcing effects of the drug? a. Nucleus accumbens b. Amygdala c. Thalamus d. Dorsal striatum Ans: B Answer Location: Drug Abuse and Changes to Learning and Memory Systems Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy 54. Which structure stores contextual information related to recreational drug taking? a. Amygdala b. Hippocampus c. Orbitofrontal cortex d. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Ans: B Answer Location: Drug Abuse and Changes to Learning and Memory Systems Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy 55. The involvement of the hippocampus, amygdala, orbitofronta l cortex, and dorsolateral cortex as a drug addiction develops suggests that: a. drugs spread to damage many structures in the brain. b. drug addiction involves more than simply enjoying the effects of a drug. c. drugs produce stronger effects than natural rewards. d. drugs have a clear affect on one’s movement. Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 Ans: B Answer Location: Drug Abuse and Changes to Learning and Memory Systems Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Difficulty Level: Hard 56. While the amygdala pairs stimuli associated with the reinforcing effects of a drug, the orbitofrontal cortex: a. weakens conditioning by inhibiting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. b. produces reinforcing effects. c. assigns value to stimuli paired with a drug’s reinforcing effects. d. stores contextual information about this stimulus. Ans: C Answer Location: Drug Abuse and Changes to Learning and Memory System Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 57. Habits learned while using a drug are mediated by the: a. amygdala. b. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. c. dorsal striatum. d. thalamus. Ans: C Answer Location: Drug Abuse and Changes to Learning and Memory Systems Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy 58. If someone is planning out a series of steps, such as getting money and driving to meet a dealer, to obtain a drug of abuse, which structure is likely mediating these plans? Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 a. Nucleus accumbens b. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex c. Amygdala d. Hypothalamus Ans: B Answer Location: Drug Abuse and Changes to Learning and Memory Systems Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Application Difficulty Level: Medium 59. Many of the symptoms of physical withdrawal from a drug are due to changes in: a. pairing of stimuli in the amygdala. b. nucleus accumbens activity. c. autonomic nervous system function. d. the integration of sensory information in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Ans: C Answer Location: Drug Abuse and Changes to Learning and Memory Systems Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and th e Features of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Application Difficulty Level: Medium 60. The withdrawal symptoms. elicits autonomic system effects associated with physiological a. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex b. hypothalamus c. medula d. amygdala Ans: B Answer Location: Drug Abuse and Changes to Learning and Memory Systems Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Instructor Resource Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology SAGE Publishing, 2017 Difficulty Level: Hard 61. Which of the followin g is an example of dorsal striatum functioning when using a drug? a. A person experiences physical withdrawal symptoms after time has passed since using a drug. b. A person injects a drug and experiences an intense rush. c. A person develops an intense motivation to use drug after encountering something associated with prior use. d. After taking a bottle, a person twist -opens the cap, taps out the usual three pills, and swallows the pills. Ans: D Answer Location: Drug Abuse and Changes to Learning and Memory Systems Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction Cognitive Domain: Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 62. Describing someone as intoxicated implies: a. the person is engaging in drug seeking behavior. b. the person is experience withdrawal effects from a drug. c. the person currently appears to be impaired by a drug’s effects. d. the person is unresponsive due to a drug overdose. Ans: C Answer Location: Neurobiology and the Stages of Drug Addiction Learning Objective: Theoretical Models and the Features of Drug Addiction? Cognitive Domain: Application Difficulty Level: Easy 63. During the stages of drug addiction, the first stage of addiction is: a. intoxication. b. dependence. c. preoccupation and anticipation. d. novelty seeking.