(Test Bank) Managing Business Ethics Straight Talk about How to Do It Right

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Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright ©2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1-1 File: Chapter 1, Introducing Straight Talk about Managing Business Ethics: Where we’re Going and Why True/False 1. The interest in business ethics is just a fad that has only recently been created by popular scandals (i.e. , Enron, WorldCom, etc.) repor ted in the news. Ans: False Response: See Introduction . Difficulty: Easy 2. The activities that brought down the U.S. economy and others around the world, in 2008, were unethical in that they ultimately produced great harm and were contrary to a number of ethical principles such as responsibility, transparency, and fairness. Ans: True Response: The Financial Disaster of 2008. Difficulty: Moderate 3. In the early 2000s, borrowers no longer needed to provide proof of employment or income. These were popular ly called “no doc” or “liar loans” because banks weren’t bothering to verify the “truth” of what borrowers were claiming on their mortgage applications. This was one of the factors that laid the groundwork for the disaster in the United States. Ans: True Response: Mortgage Originators Peddled “Liar Loans”. Difficulty: Moderate Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright ©2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1-2 4. In 2010, the U.S. Congress abolished the Dodd ‐Frank Financial Regulation Legislation —an attempt to revive the economy through stabilizing the financial industry. Ans: False Respo nse: Those Who Were Supposed to Protect Us Didn’t. Difficulty: Moderate 5. Discarding the few “ bad apples ” will usually solve all of the ethical problems within an organization. Ans: False Response: See Can Business Ethics Be Taught ? Difficult y: Easy 6. Good character is the main factor determining whether an individual acts ethically within an organization. Ans: False Response: See Shouldn’t Employees Already Know the Difference between Right and Wrong? Difficulty: Moderate 7. According to research, one’ s ethics are fully formed and unchangeable by the time one is old enough to enter college or a job. Ans: False Response: See Aren’t Adults’ Ethics Fully Formed and Unchangeable? Difficulty: Moderate 8. Federal laws define what is ethical . Therefore , all unethical behavior is considered unlawful. Ans: False Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright ©2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1-3 Response: See Ethics and the Law . Some unethical behavior is not covered by law (for example, lying to a manager about the reason for taking a sick day) . Difficulty: Difficult 9. Both c haracteristics of the environment and the individual contribute to unethical behavior. Ans: True Response: See Aren’t Bad Apples the Cause of Ethical Problems in Organizations ? Difficulty: Easy 10. When employees come to an organization, they have already developed into “good” or “bad” apples. Therefore, there is little a manager can do to impact an employee’s ethical behavior. Ans: False Response: See Aren’t Adults’ Ethics Fully Formed and Unchangeable? Difficulty: Moderate 11. According to the authors, most people are guided by a strict internal moral compass and will not be swayed by organization factors. Ans: False Response: See Aren’t Bad Apples the Cause of Ethical Problems in Organizations? Difficulty: Moderate 12. By ignoring the topic of ethical behavior, an orga nization may actually be encouraging unethical behavior through benign neglect. Ans: True Response: See Aren’t Adults’ Ethics Fully Formed and Unchangeable ? Difficulty: Easy Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright ©2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1-4 13. It is unethical for managers to “control” employees’ ethical behavior through direct management and the organization’s formal and informal cultural systems. Ans: False Response: See Aren’t Adults’ Ethics Fully Formed and Unchangeable? Difficulty: Difficult 14. A new group of economists, called behavioral economists, have found that people are not only less rational than classical economists assumed, but are more moral. Ans: True Response: Individuals Care about Ethics: The Motivation to Be Ethical. Difficulty: Difficult 15. For individuals, values can be defined as “one’s core belief s about what is important, what is valued, and how one should behave across a wide variety of situations.” Ans: True Response: See The Importance of Values . Difficulty: Moderate Multiple Choice 16. Which of these is Adam Smith’s first book? a) Wealth of Nations b) The Theory of Moral Sentiments c) The Corporation d) The Moral Dimension Ans: b Response: See Introduction . Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright ©2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1-5 Difficulty: Moderate 17. The implosion of the financial markets in 2008 was largely the result of: a) illegal behavior b) the Federal go vernment intervention c) government regulation d) unethical activities in that they ultimately produced great harm Ans: d Response: See The Financial Disaster of 2008 . Difficulty: Moderate 18. According to the authors, all of these are factors that laid th e groundwork for the disaster in the United States in 2008 EXCEPT : a) borrowing was expensive b) real estate became the investment of choice c) mortgage originators peddled “Liar Loans” d) banks securitized the poison and spread it around Ans: a Response: See Borrowing Was Cheap . Difficulty: Difficult 19. John and Jessica recently went to a local bank for borrowing money to purchase a home. If the bank offers them a 100-percent financing and are not required to provide proof of employment or income, it woul d classify as the _____ from the 2000s era in the United States. a) “liar loan” b) mortgage -backed security c) rating agency calamity d) LIBOR scandal Ans: a Response: See Mortgage Originators Peddled “Liar Loans” . Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright ©2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1-6 Difficulty: Difficult 20. Which of the fo llowing legislation was passed by the U.S. Congress to rein in the most egregious practices in the financial industry? a) The Credit ‐Default Swaps Legislation b) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 c) The 2008 Rehabilitation Act d) The Dodd ‐Frank Fin ancial Regulation Legislation Ans: d Response: See Mortgage Originators Peddled “Liar Loans”. Difficulty: Difficult 21. According to the 2016 Edelman Trust Barometer, only _____ percent of consumers trust institutions in general. a) 12 b) 33 c) 49 d) 72 Ans: c Response: See Moving Beyond Cynicism . Difficulty: Difficult 22. Your roommate tells you that she just refuses to buy products from a company that has bad reputation and she does not trust. According to the 2016 Edelman Trust Barometer, your roommate i s among the _____ percent of consumers who refuse to purchase products from a company they mistrusted. a) 91 b) 77 c) 49 d) 33 Ans: b Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright ©2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1-7 Response: See Moving Beyond Cynicism. Difficulty: Difficult 23. The Ethics Resource Center’s 2011 National Business Ethic s Survey found that only _____ percent of employees of for -profit enterprises report feeling pressured to compromise their ethical standards. a) 3 b) 9 c) 15 d) 21 Ans: b Response: See Moving Beyond Cynicism . Difficulty: Difficult 24. Which of the followin g statements is true? a) “Bad apples” are just a few individuals who spoil it for the rest of us. b) Employees’ good behavior can be spoiled by a “bad barrel.” c) Ethics cannot be taught because individuals come into an organization already as a “bad apple .” d) “Bad barrels” are caused by “bad apples” in an organization. Ans: b Response: See Aren’t Bad Apples the Cause of Ethical Problems in Organizations? Difficulty: Difficult 25. Given that you are a business student, research finds that you might need et hics training _____ than students in political science, law, and medicine. a) less b) more c) no different d) completely different Ans: b Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright ©2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1-8 Response: See Aren’t Adults’ Ethics Fully Formed and Unchangeable? Difficulty: Moderate 26. _________ students may nee d more ethics training because research has found that they rank lower in moral reasoning than other students. a) Philosophy b) Political science c) Business d) Medicine Ans: c Response: See Aren’t Adults’ Ethics Fully Formed and Unchangeable? Difficulty: Moderate 27. Definition of ethics —“the principles, norms, and standards of conduct governing an individual or group” —focuses on _______ . a) organization b) society c) business d) conduct Ans: d Response: See Aren’t Adults’ Ethics Fully Formed and Unchange able? Difficulty: Easy 28. According to the authors, ethical behavior is defined as: a) a set of moral principles or values that guide an individual b) rules of behavior set by the Federal government c) principles, norms, and standards agreed upon by societ y d) none of these Ans: c Response: See This Book is About Managing Ethics in Business . Difficulty: Moderate Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright ©2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1-9 29. In this book, the authors focus on _____________ factors because ____________ : a) individual; these factors are the main determinant of unethic al behavior b) organization; these factors can be directly controlled by managers c) individual; a few “bad apples” spoil it for the rest of us d) organization; these factors are particularly important in unambiguous situations Ans: b Response: See This B ook is About Managing Ethics in Business. Difficulty: Moderate 30. In a survey of millennial employees in the UK , more than 60 percent wanted to work for a company that ______. a) offers h onest company communications b) offers g ood pay c) gives r espectful treatment to animals d) makes a positive impact Ans: d Response: See Employees Care about Ethics: Employee Attraction and Commitment . Difficulty: Moderate 31. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce estimates that workplace theft costs U.S. businesses $40 billion each year, and ______ are thought to be responsible for much of it. a) employees b) customers c) community members d) government agencies Ans: a Response: See Managers Care about Ethics . Difficulty: Moderate Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright ©2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1-10 32. Parties who are affected by the business and its actions and who have an interest in what the business does and how it performs are called _______. a) stakeholders b) large customers c) community committees d) government parties Ans: a Response: See Society Cares about Ethics: Business and Social Responsibility . Difficulty: Moderate 33. Susan is describing to her teammates her core beliefs about what is important and how she would behave across a wide variety of situations. Susan is defining her ____. a) culture b) values c) ethics d) social respons ibility Ans: b Response: See The Importance of Values . Difficulty: Moderate Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-1 File: Chapter 2, Deciding What’s Right: A Prescriptive Approach True/False 1. An ethical dilemma is defined as a situation where two or more “right” values are in conflict. Ans: True Response: See Ethical Dilemmas Difficulty: Easy 2. A challenge involv ed in using a strictly consequentialist approach is that it is often difficult to obtain the in formation requ ired to evaluate all of the consequences for all stakeholders who may be directly or indirectly affected by an action or decision. Ans: True Respo nse: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Medium 3. A stakeholder is any person who only owns stock in a company. Ans: False Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 4. The consequentialist approach protects the rights of the minority . Ans: False Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-2 5. Business managers gen erally rely on the consequentialist appro ach. Ans: True Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 6. A major challenge of deontological approaches is deciding which duty, obligation, right, or principle takes precedence because ethical dile mma often pit these against e ach other. Ans: True Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 7. American political philosopher John Rawls proposed that decision makers use a veil of ignorance exercis e to arrive at fundamental principles of justice that should guide ethical decision making. Ans: True Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Difficult 8. A utility ethics perspective considers the actor’s character, motivations, and intentions. Ans: False Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Easy Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-3 9. A virtue ethics perspecti ve requires a moral actor to look to the community that will hold the moral actor to the highest ethical standard and support the moral actor’s intention to be a virtuous person. Ans: True Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 10. A virtue ethics approach is particularly useful for individuals who work within a professional community, such as the accounting profession, that has developed high standards of ethical conduct for community members. Ans: True Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Busines s Difficulty: Moderate 11. The Golden Rule asks, “How would you feel if your behavior appeared publicly on _____? You fill in the blank. Ans: False Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 12. Ethical dilemmas represent conflicts in values. Ans: True Response: See Ethical Dilemmas Difficulty: Moderate 13. According to Lawrence Kohlberg, developer of a key theory of moral reasoning, role taking is useless as nothing is gained by putting yourself in the shoes of others. Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-4 Ans: False Response: See Eight Steps to Sound Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 14. In business, concerning yourself with how your decision making affects stakeholders is useless given the number of stakeholders and their different interests. Ans: False Response: See Eight Steps to Sound Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 15. Despite the disclosure rule , making decis ions in private to avoid negative reaction is generally best for a business as it safeguards your firm’s reputation and keeps competitive information away from your competitors. Ans: False Response: See Eight Steps to Sound Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 16. Creativity and thinking out of the box are just a s coundrel’s way of saying that coming up with alternatives in solving how you handle ethical issues are valuable skills to keep you from being caught. Ans: False Response: See Eight Steps to Sound Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 17. An appearance of a conflict of interest can be as damaging as an actual conflict. Ans: True Response: See Practical Preventive Medicine Difficulty: Moderate Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-5 18. If you are asked to make hastily a decis ion that you beli eve raises potential ethical issues y ou should be a good team player and proceed with the decision. Ans: False Response: See Practical Preventive Medicine Difficulty: Moderate 19. It is good advice to go with your gut. Ans: False Response: See Eight Steps to Sound Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 20. Most business managers rely on a deontological approach. Ans: False Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business . Most managers rely on a utilitarian (or teleological) approach. Difficulty: Moderate 21. Utilitarianism is the best known example of a consequential theory . Ans: True Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Easy 22. Although all of the philosophical approaches have limitations, an i ndividual must choose one approach and follow its guidance in every situation. Ans: False Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-6 Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 23. Generally, ethical dilemmas are not routine. Therefore, there i s no way that an individual can be prepared or informed for a problem ahead of time. Ans: False Response: See Eight Steps to Sound Ethical Decision Making in Business. It is important that you do your homework and understand how to protect yourself and your employer. This will give you a “head’s up” when you face potential ethical dilemmas. Difficulty: Easy Multiple Choice 24. A _______________ is any person or group with a stake in the issue at hand. a) stakeholder b) large customer c) community co mmittee d) government party Ans: a Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Easy 25. Rachael likes to win. She also holds the value of being honest and having high levels of integrity. Given that these two va lues, winning and integrity, are in conflict, Rachael likely confronts which of these often? a) Consequentialist theory b) Utility approach c) Ethical dilemma d) Principled position Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-7 Ans: c Response: See Ethical Dilemmas Difficulty: Moderate 26. Bianca foc uses on the consequences when deciding what is right or wrong. Which of these theories is Bianca focused on ? a) Virtue -based b) Deontological c) Teleological d) Principled Ans: c Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 27. The ___________ approach to ethical decision making focuses on how people actually make ethical decisions. a) prescriptive b) descriptive c) illustrative d) regulatory Ans: b Response: See Ethics and the Individual Difficulty: Ea sy 28. The ___________ approach to ethical decision making focuses on what decision an individual should make. a) prescriptive b) descriptive c) illustrative d) regulatory Ans: a Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-8 Response: See Ethics and the Individual Difficulty: Easy 29. The prescriptive approach is to ____________ as the descriptive approach is to _____________. a) psychology; philosophy b) philosophy; psychology c) would; does d) none of these Ans: b Response: See Ethics and the Individual Difficulty: Difficult 30. ______ is probably the best-known consequentialist theory . a) Utilitarianism b) The disclosure rule c) Deontological d) Principle of value Ans: a Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 31. The ___________ states that a n ethical decision should maximize benefits to society and minimize harms. a) principle of value b) theory of cost -benefit analysis c) principle of efficacy d) principle of utility Ans: d Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-9 32. A ________ focuses on doing what is “right” (based on moral principles or values such as honesty), whereas a _________ focuses on doing what will maximize societal welfare. a) utilitarian; virtue follower b) deontologist; consequentialist c) virtue follower; utilitarian d) consequentialist; deontologist Ans: b Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Difficult 33. A major challenge of _____ approaches is deciding which duty, obligation, right, or principle takes precedence because, as we said earlier, ethical dilemmas often pit these against each other. a) utilitarian b) deontological c) teleological d) consequentialist Ans: b Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 34. Jerome abides by the “Golden Rule -- Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” This is an example of which of these approaches to ethical decision making? a) Utilitarian b) Deontological c) Tele ological d) Consequentialist Ans: b Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-10 35. The _____ approach focuses more on the integrity of the moral actor (the person) than on the moral act itself (the dec ision or behavior). a) utilitarian b) deontological c) teleological d) virtue ethics Ans: d Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 36. The __________ challenges one to ask, “how would you feel if y our behavior appeared i n The Wall Street Journal ?” a) veil of ignorance b) categorical imperative c) disclosure rule d) confession constraint Ans: c Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 37. Which of these is the first step in the sound ethical decision making in business? a) Define the ethical issues b) Gather the facts c) Identify the affected parties d) Check your gut Ans: b Response: See Eight Steps to Sound Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-11 38. In her desire to make sound ethical decisions, Maggie was advised to “Do your homework” by her mentor. This is part of which step in the sound ethical decision making in business? a) Define the ethical issues b) Gather the facts c) Identify the affected parties d) Check your gut Ans: b Response: See Eight Steps to Sound Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 39. “Role taking” is a skill appropriate in which step in the sound ethical decision making in business? a) Define the ethical issues b) Gather the facts c) Identify the affected parties d) Check your gut Ans: c Response: See Eight Steps to Sound Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 40. Disclosure rule is appropriate to explore in which step in the sound ethical decision making in business? a) Define the ethical issues b) Gather the facts c) Consider your character and integrity d) Check your gut Ans: c Response: See Eight Steps to Sound Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderat e 41. Which of these is the final step in the sound ethical decision making in business? Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-12 a) Define the ethical issues b) Gather the facts c) Identify the affected parties d) Check your gut Ans: d Response: See Eight Steps to Sound Ethical Decision Making i n Business Difficulty: Moderate Matching Exercise I Reference 42-48: Matching Key Terms and Descriptions (each can be used more than once) a) Deontological approach b) Teleological (or Consequential) approach c) Virtue ethics approach 42. Focuses on d oing what is “right” based on broad, absolute and universal moral principles or values Ans: a Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 43. “What kind of world would this be if everyone behaved this w ay or made this kind of decision in this type of situation?” Ans: a Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Easy Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-13 44. Focuses on the integrity of the moral actor. Ans: c Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Moderate 45. The______________ approach best known as consequentialist theory is Utilitarianism. Ans: b Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Medium 46. For example, followers of this approach would rely on Western biblical tradition or moral intuition for guidance. Ans: a Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Medium 47. A philosophical tradition that began with Aristotle and primarily considers the actor’s character, motivations, and intentions. Ans: c Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Medium 48. Focuses on the results or consequences of the decision or action. Ans: b Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Medium Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-14 Matching Exercise II Reference 49-53: Matching Approach and Weakness (each can be used more than once) a) Deontological approach b) Teleolo gical approach c) Virtue ethics approach 49. This approach that stresses community standards is limited in business because in many areas of business there is limited agreement about what the standards are. Ans: c Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to E thical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Difficult 50. An individual’s principles may be in conflict with what is best and causes the least amount of harm to another individual. For example, an individual who believes that he or she should not lie would be conflicted about telling the Nazi’s he or she is hiding Jews in the basement. Ans: a Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Difficult 51. It is difficult to obtain the information required to evaluat e all of the consequences for all indirect and direct stakeholders. Ans: b Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Difficult Trevino & Nelson / Managing Business Ethics Test Bank Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-15 52. The rights of a minority group can easily be sacrificed for the benefit of the majority (for example, slavery in the United States). Ans: b Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Difficult 53. A major challenge is deciding which duty, obligation, right, or principle takes precedence. Ans: a Response: See Prescriptive Approaches to Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Medium Matching Exercise III Reference 54-58: Matching Approach and Weakness (each can be used more than once) a) Step one: gather the facts b) Step two : define the ethical issues c) Step three: identify the affected parties (the stakeholders) d) Step four: identify the consequences e) Step five: identify the obligations f) Step six: consider your character and integrity g) Step seven: think creatively ab out potential actions h) Step eight: check your gut 54. We can’t always say exactly why we’re uncomfortable in a situation, but years of socialization have likely made us sensitive to situations where something just doesn’t feel quite right. Ans: h Respons e: See Eight Steps to Sound Ethical Decision Making in Business Difficulty: Difficult