(Test Bank) Analytics, Data Science, & Artificial Intelligence, Systems for Decision Support

Sharda, 11

Computer Science & Engineering

Test Bank

11th Edition

• $10.00 $35.00

---

Description

Test Bank for Analytics, Data Science, & Artificial Intelligence, Systems for Decision Support, The downloadable file consists of 157 pages, and the total size of the file is 1.41 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Sharda

---

---

Study Note Preview

1 Copyright © 20 20 Pearson Education , Inc. Analytics, Data Science, & Artificial Intelligence, 11e (Sharda) Chapter 1 Overview of Business Intelligence, Analytics, Data Science, and Artificial Intelligence: Systems for Decision Support 1) In the opening case KONE has minimized downtime and short ened the repair time. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 2) Intelligent technologies are limited to small -scale projects when they include AI combined with IoT. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 3) Decision making is one of the most important a ctivities in organizations of all kind – probably the most important one. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5 4) Managers historically considered decision making purely a science. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6 5) With more data and analysis t echnologies, more al ternatives can be evaluated, forecasts can be improved, risk analysis can be performed quickly, and the views of experts can be collected quickly and at a reduced cost. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 6) It is generally best to rely on a trial -and-error approach to management. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 7) A major characteristic of computerized decision support and many BI tools (notably those of business analytics) is the inclusion of at least one model. Answer: T RUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 8) The definition of implementation is straightforward because implementation is a simple, direct process with defined boundaries. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 9) Structured problems are encountered in only uniqu e situations. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 16 2 Copyright © 20 20 Pearson Education , Inc. 10) Unstructured problems can be fully supported by standard computerized quantitative methods. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 16 11) During the 1990s, the primary focus of information system s support for decision making focused on providing structured, periodic reports that a manager could use for decision making. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 22 12) Decision support systems couple the intellectual resources of individuals with the c apabilities of the computer to improve the quality of d ecisions. It is a computer -based support system for management decision makers who deal with semistructured problems. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 13) The term decision support system is a very specific term that implies the same tool, system, and d evelopment approach to most developers. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 23 14) BI systems rely on a DW as the information source for creating insight and supporting managerial decisions. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 15) One of the four components of BI systems, business performance management, is a collection of source data in the data warehouse. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 25 16) Analytics is the process of developing actionable decisions or recommendations for act ions based on insights gene rated from historical data. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 31 17) The use of dashboards and data visualizations is seldom effective in finding efficiencies in organizations, as demonstrated by the Seattle Children's Hospital Ca se Study. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 18) The use of statistics in baseball by the Oakland Athletics, as described in the Moneyball book, is an example of the effectiveness of prescriptive analytics. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 39 3 Copyright © 20 20 Pearson Education , Inc. 19) Pushing programming out to distri buted data is achieved solely by using the Hadoop Distributed File System or HDFS. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 37 20) Volume, velocity, and variety of data characterize the Big Data paradigm. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 60 21) What type of exter nal decision -making factor are included by government policy? A) political factors B) economic factors C) sociological and psychological factors D) environm ental factors Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 6-7 22) What type of external decision -making factor are related to a country's market growth and financial conditions? A) political factors B) economic factors C) sociological and psychological factors D) environmental factors Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 6-7 23) What type of external decision -making factor a re related to a company's ecosystem? A) political factors B) economic factors C) sociological and psychological factors D) environmental factors Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 6-7 24) Organization objectives c omes in what stage of the decision -making proces s? A) intelligence B) design C) choice D) implementation Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 4 Copyright © 20 20 Pearson Education , Inc. 25) Setting the criteria for a choice comes i n what stage of the decision -making process? A) intelligence B) design C) choice D) implementation Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 26) Sensitivity analysis comes in what stage of the decision -making process? A) intelligence B) design C) choice D) imp lementation Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 27) What is the conceptu alization of a problem in an attempt to place it in a de finable category, possibly leading to a standard solution approach? A) problem classification B) problem decomposition C) prob lem ownership D) problem design Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 28) What problem -solving step is based on the understanding that solving the simpler subproblems may help in solving a complex problem? A) problem classification B) problem decomposition C) problem ownership D) problem design Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 29) In the classic decision support framework, types of decisi ons are broken apart into all except one of the following categories. A) structured B) semistructured C) unstructure d D) undefined Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14-15 5 Copyright © 20 20 Pearson Education , Inc. 30) In the classic decision support framework, types of control are broken apart into al l except one of the following categories. A) operational control B) managerial control C) strategic planning D) financial control Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 31) What type of analytics answe rs questions like "what happened?" A) descriptive B) predicti ve C) prescriptive D) business intelligence Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 32) All of the following have contributed to the growth of decision support systems EXCEPT: A) Group communication and collaboration. B) Improved data management. C) Anywhere, any time support. D) Increasing costs of computer hardware. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7-9 33) Business intelligence (BI) can be characterized as a transformation of: A) data to information to decisions to actions. B) Big Data to data to information to deci sions. C) actions to decisions to feedback to information. D) data to processing to informatio n to actions. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 25 34) Deep learning would be classified as what stage in the evolution of decision support, business intelligence, an alytics & AI? A) Executive IT B) Business Intelligence C) Analytics D) Automation Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 22 6 Copyright © 20 20 Pearson Education , Inc. 35) Predictive analytics aims to: A) understand what happened in the past B) understand why something happened in the past C) determine what is likely to happen in the future D) describe what is currently occurring Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 33 36) What type of analytics answers questions like "what will happen?" A) descriptive B) predictive C) prescriptive D) business intelligence Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 37) What type of analytics answers questions like " what should I do?" A) descriptive B) predictive C) prescriptive D) business intelligence Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 38) When examining the analytic application of market bask et analysis, which business q uestion is not being asked? A) What produc ts should I combined to create a bundle offer? B) Should I combined products based on slow -moving and fast -moving characteristics? C) What customer is buying what product at what locati on? D) Should I create a bund le from the same category or a different c ategory line? Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 48 39) Which of the following statements about Big Data is true? A) Data chunks are stored in different locations on one computer. B) Hadoop is a type of processor used t o process Big Data applications. C) M apReduce is a storage filing system. D) Pure Big Data systems do not involve fault tolerance. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 37 7 Copyright © 20 20 Pearson Education , Inc. 40) Big Data often involves a form of distributed storage and processing using Hadoop and MapReduce. One reason for this is : A) centralized storage creates too many vulnerabilities. B) the "Big" in Big Data necessitates over 10,000 processing nodes. C) the pro cessing power needed for the centralized model would overl oad a single computer. D) Big Data systems have to match the geographical spread of social media. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 37 41) To follow these decision -making processes, one must make sure t hat sufficient ________ solutions, including good ones, ar e being considered. Answer: alternative Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 42) Using ________ technology, managers can access information anytime and from any place, analyze and interpret it, and communicate wit h those using it. Answer: wireless Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 43) ________ is a process of choosing among two or more alternative courses of action for the purpose of attaining one or more goals. Answer: Decision making Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 44) The ________ ph ase includes the selection of a proposed solution to the m odel (not necessarily to the problem it r epresents). Answer: choice Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 45) One issue with data ________ is that it is often subjective. Answer: estimation Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 46) The ________ phase involves putting a recommended solu tion to work. Answer: implemen tation Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 47) In a(n) ________ problem, the procedures for obtaining the best (or at least a good enough) solution are known. Answer: structured Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14 48) A(n) ________ problem such as new technology developmen t is one that has very few structured elements. Answer: unstructured Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14 8 Copyright © 20 20 Pearson Education , Inc. 49) ________ is an umbrella term that combines architectures, tools, da tabases, analytical tools, applications, and methodologies. Answer: Business intelligen ce (BI) Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25 50) A(n) ________ is a major component of a Business Intelligence (BI) system that holds source data. Answer: data warehouse Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25 51) A(n) ________ is a major component of a Business Intellige nce (B I) system that is usually browser based and often presents a portal or dashboard. Answer: user interface Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20 52) ________ is defined as "interactive computer -based systems, which help decision makers utilize data and models to solv e unstructured problems." Answer: DSS Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 53) ________ is an umbrella term that combines architectures, tools, databases, analytical tools, applications, and methodologies. It is, like DSS, a content -free expression Answer: Busines s intelligence (BI) Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25 54) The goal of ________ ana lytics is to recognize what is going on as well as the likely forecast and make decisions to achieve the best performance possible. Answer: prescriptive Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 55) ________ a nalytics help managers understand current events in the organizati on including causes, trends, and patterns. Answer: Descriptive Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 56) ________ analytics help managers understand probable future outcomes. Answer: Pr edictive Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33 57) ________ refers to data that cannot be stored in a single storage unit and typically refers to data that come in many different forms: structured, unstructured, in a stream, and so forth. Answer: Big Data Diff: 2 Page Ref: 37 9 Copyright © 20 20 Pearson Education , Inc. 58) An onli ne retail site usually knows its customer as soon as the customer s igns in, and thus they can offer ________ pages/offerings to enhance the experience. Answer: customized Diff: 2 Page Ref: 47 59) AI is sometimes describe d as technology that can learn to do things ________ over time. Answer: better Diff: 2 Page Ref: 52 60) To exhibit real intelligence, machines need to perform the ________ range of human cognitive capabilities. Answer: full Diff: 2 Page Ref: 55 61) Describe the four step process of man agement decision -making. Answer: Managers usually make decisions by following a four -step process: 1. Define the problem (i.e., a decision situation that may deal with some difficulty or with an opportunity). 2. Const ruct a model that describes the real -world problem. 3. Identify possible solutions to the modeled problem and evaluate the solutions. 4. Compare, choose, and recommend a potential solution to the problem. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 62) Identify one technology for data analysis and decision suppor t and briefly discuss its impact. Answer: Student selections and discussions will differ. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7-8 63) Draw a model of the decision making/modeling process. Answer: Student drawings may vary, but will cl osely resemble figure 1.1. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 10 Copyright © 20 20 Pearson Education , Inc. 64) List some of the issues involved in data collection. Answer: The following are some issues that may arise during data collection and estimation and thus plague decision makers: • Data are not available. As a result, the model is made with and relies on potentially inaccurate estimates. • Obtaining data may be expensive. • Data may not be accurate or precise enough. • Data estimation is often subjective. • Data may be insecure. • Important data that influence the results may be qualita tive (soft). • There may be too many data (i.e., information overload). • Outcomes (or results) may occur over an extended period. As a result, revenues, expenses, and profits will be recorded at different points in time. To overcome this difficulty, a p resent -value approach can be used if the results are quantifiable. • It is assumed that future data will be similar to historical data. If this is not the case, the nature of the change has to be predicted and included in the analysis. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 65) Describe the types of computer support that can be used for structu red, semistructured, and unstructured decisions. Answ er: • Structured Decisions : Structured problems, which are enc ountered repeatedly, have a high level of structure. It is there fore possible to abstract, analyze, and classify them into specific categori es and use a scientific approach for automating portions of this type of managerial decision making. • Semistructure d Decisions : Semistructured problems may involve a combination o f standard solution procedures and human judgment. Management science can pr ovide models for the portion of a decision -making problem that is structured. For the unstructured portion, a DSS ca n improve the quality of the information on which the decision i s based by providing, for example, not only a single solution but also a ran ge of alternative solutions, along with their potential impacts. • Unstructured Decisions : These can be only partial ly supported by standard computerized quantitative methods. It i s usually necessary to develop customized solutions. However, such solutions may benefit from data and information generated from corporate or external data sources. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15-16 66) What are the four major components of a BI system? Answer: 1. A data warehouse , with its source data; 2. Business analytics , a collecti on of tools for manipulating, mining, and analyzing the data in the data warehouse; 3. Business performance m anagement (BPM ) for monitoring and analyzing performance; and 4. A user interface (e.g., a dashboard). Diff: 3 Page Ref: 26 11 Copyright © 20 20 Pearson Education , Inc. 67) List and describ e three levels or categories of analytics that are most often viewed as sequential and independent, but also occasionally seen as overlapping. Answer: • Descriptive or reportin g analytics refers to knowing what is happening in the organization and underst anding some underlying trends and causes of such occurrences. • Predictive analytics aims to determine what is likely to happen in the future. This analysis is based on statisti cal techniques as well as other more recently developed techniques that fall under the general category of data mining. • Prescriptive analytics recognizes what is going on as well a s the likely forecast and make decisions to achieve the best performance p ossible. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 31-35 68) List and briefly discuss the major benefi ts of AI. Answer: The major benefits of AI are as follows: • Significant reduction in the cost o f performing work. This reduction continues over time while the cost of doing t he same work manually increases with time. • Work can be performed much faster . • Work is consistent in general, more consistent than human work. • Increased productivity and profitability as well as a competitive advantage are the major drivers of AI. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 52 69) Describe and define Big Data. Why is a search engine a Big Data application? Answer: • Big Data is data that cannot be stored in a single storag e unit. Big Data typically refers to data that is arriving in many different forms, be they structured, unstruc tured, or in a stream. Major sources of such data are clickstreams from Web sites, postings on social media sites such as Facebook, or data from traffic, sensors, or weather. • A Web search engine such as Google needs to search a nd index billions of Web pa ges in order to give you relevant search results in a fraction of a second. Although this is not done in real time, generating an index of all th e Web pages on the Internet is not an easy task. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 37 70) Select an analytic application and d iscuss its related business questions and business values (hint: see table 1.1) Answer: Student selection of applications will vary, but go od details on the questions and values are found in table 1.1. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 48 1 Copyrigh t © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. Analytics, Data Science, & Artificial Intelligence, 11e (Sharda) Chapter 2 Artificial Intelligence Concepts, Drivers, Major Technologies, and Business Applications 1) The INRIX case illustrates to us how the collection and analysis of a selected subset of information can improve vehicles' mobility in large cities. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 76 2) Many experts agree that AI is concerned with two basic ideas: (1) the study of human thought processes (to understand what intelligence is) and (2) the representation and duplication of those thought processes in machines. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 76 3) A well -known early application of artificial intelligence was the chess program hosted at IBM's supercomputer (Deep Blue). Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 76 4) Most of the existing AI applications, which are between assisted and autonomous, are referred to as directed intelligence. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 82 5) The Garner Test is a well -known attempt to measure the intelligence level of AI machines. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 85 6) AI machines have demonstrated superiority over humans in playing complex games such as chess. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 84 7) Intelligent agents do not have the abili ty to l earn by using and expan ding the knowledge embedded in them. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 87 8) Intelligent agents are effective tools for overcoming the most critical burden of the Internet information overload and making computers more vi able decisio n support tools. Answer : TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87 9) Routine decisions are more likely to be fully automated, especially if they are simple. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 96 2 Copyrigh t © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 10) Beginning in 2015, researchers recognized the oppo rtunity of using AI fo r supporting the decisi on-making process and for completely automating decision making. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 95 11) The process of automated decision -making starts with knowledge refinement. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 94 12) Accountants use of AI, including b ots and professional routines, has increased. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 99-100 13) Advancements in AI are improving several areas in the insurance industry, mostly in issuing policies and h andling claims. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 103 14) AI in banking help banks improve only their back -office operations. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 102 15) After the initial hire, training and retraining employees is generally unimport ant. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 105 16) Wislow sees the use of AI as a continuation of automation that supports HRM and keeps changing it. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 105 17) The use of chatbots in HRM is increasing rapidly. Their abi lity to provide current information to employees anytime is a major reason. Answ er: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 106 18) AI can help in predicting the impact of different customer service options using ad targeting. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 107 19) NLP can be used for generating user documentation. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 108 3 Copyrigh t © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 20) AI can be used to mimi c the experience of in -store sales people. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 110 21) Which of the following is not listed in Gartner's 2016 and 2017 Hype Cycles for Emerging Technologies? A) natural language questions and an swering B) CRM systems C) virtual personal assistants D) IoT platforms Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 76 22) Which of the following is not a foundation of AI? A) neurology B) IoT C) intelligent agents D) statistics Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 77 23) Which of the following is not a technology or application of AI? A) speech understanding B) linguistics C) machine learning D) smart homes Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 77 24) Which of the following is not a limitation of AIW? A) lack human touch and f eel B) la ck attention to non -task surroundings C) AI optimizes knowledge work D) can be programmed to create destruction Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 81 25) In which area below does AI not have an advantage over human? A) computational speed B) consistenc y C) emot ional understanding D) durability Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 84 4 Copyrigh t © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 26) Which of the following universities is not actively studyin g the IQ of AI? A) University of Illinois B) Massachusetts Institute of Technology C) Stanford University D) Portlan d Univers ity Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 85 27) Which of the following strives to have computers produce ordinary spoken language so that people can understand the computers more easily? A) natural language processing B) natural language generation C) natural lan guage understanding D) intelligent ag ents Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 92 28) For many intelligent systems to work, it i s necessary for them to have knowledge. The process of acquiring this knowledge is referred to as: A) natural intelligence processing. B) deep learning. C) knowledge acquis ition. D) knowledge representation. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 93 29) This t ype of algorithm is necessary for making large -scale decisions, but may be difficult due to difficulties in measuring costs, risks, and bene fits. A) problem identification B) de cision nature identification C) method of least squares D) cost -benefit and ris k analyses Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 96 30) Which of the following is not a prediction of the effect of AI on accountants? A) AI and ana lytics will automate many routine tas ks done today by accountants B) many accountants may lose their job C) acc ountants will need to manage AI -based accounting systems D) AI will drive changes in the tax code Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 101 5 Copyrigh t © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 31) Which of the following is not a key finding related to the use of AI in banking? A) Technologies help banks improv e both their front -office and back -office operations. B) Growth of AI applications in banking has slowed. C) Facial recognition is used fo r safer onli ne banking. D) Advanced analytics helps customers with investment decision. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page R ef: 102 32) What is a Salesforce product that is an AI set of technologies that is used for enhancing customer interactions and supporting sal es? A) Mende l B) Hawkings C) Turing D) Einstein Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 108 33) When comparing artific ial intelligence versus human intelligence how would cost be compared? A) usually low and declining/may be high and increasing B) usually low and de clining/may be high but decreasing C) usually high and increasing/may be high but decreasing D) usually high and increasing/ may be high and increasing Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 84 34) When comparing artificial intelligence versus human intelligence how would form be compared? A) numbers/signals B) numbers/pictograms C) signals/numbers D) signals/pictog rams Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 84 35) Robots can help with online shopping by collecting shopping information, matching buyers and products, and conducting price and capability comparisons. These are known as: A) shopbots. B) EC droids. C) Turing AI toys. D) CRM. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 6 Copyrigh t © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 36) What is the recognition and unde rstanding of spoken languages by a computer? A) contextual analysis B) synthetic la nguage processing C) speech understanding D) accent obfuscation Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 37) What refers to the integration of digital information with the user envi ronment in real time? A) natural language processing B) virtual reality C) augmente d reality D) deep learning Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 95 38) What is the ap plication of knowledge derived from cognitive science (the study of the human brain) and computer science theories in order to simulate the human thought processes so that comput ers can exhibit and/or support decision -making and problem -solving capa bilitie s? A) natural language processing B) virtual reality C) augmented reality D) cognitive computing Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 94 39) This activity can be complex because it is n ecessary to make sure what knowledge is needed. It must fit the de sired system . A) knowledge identification B) knowledge acquisition C) knowledge representation D) knowledge reasoning Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 93 40) "The capabilities of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior" is the definition of: A) knowledge acquisi tion. B) deep learning. C) the Turing test. D) artificial intelligence. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 76 41) One of the goals of AI is to ________ and properly react to changes i n the environment that influence specific business proce sses and operations. Answer: perceive Diff: 1 Page Ref: 78 7 Copyrigh t © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 42) One of the benefits of AI is that AI machines can work ________ or be assistants to humans. Answer: autonomously Diff: 2 Page Ref: 79 43) The ________ is a people -made machine tha t is desired to be as intellige nt, creative, and self-aware as humans. Answer: artificial brain Diff: 2 Page Ref: 82 44) ________ is equivalent mostly to weak AI, which works only in narrow domains. Answer: Assisted intelligence Diff: 2 Page R ef: 81 45) ________ can be considered to be an umbrella term and is usually measured by an IQ test. Answer: Intelligence Diff: 2 Page Ref: 83 46) A test known as the ________ Test determines whether a computer exhibit s intelligent behavior. Answer: Turing Diff: 1 Page Ref: 85 47) An ________ is an autonomous, relatively small computer software program that observes and acts upon changes in its environment by running specific tasks autonomously. Answer: intelligent a gent (IA) Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87 48) At this time, AI systems do not have the same learning capabilities that humans have; rather, they have simplistic ________. Answer: machine learning Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 49) Robots that match buyers and products and c onduct price and capability comparisons are known as ________. Answer: shopbots Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 50) ________ is a technology that gives users the ability to communicate with a computer in their native l anguage. Answer: Natural language processing ( NLP) Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 8 Copyrigh t © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 51) ________ computing is the application of knowledge derived from cognitive science (the study of the human brain) and computer science theories in order to simulate the human tho ught processes (an AI objective) so that comput ers ca n exhibit and/or support decision -making and problem -solving capabilities. Answer: Cognitive Diff: 3 Page Ref: 94 52) AI can drive some types of decisions many times ________ and more consistently than humans can. Answer: faster Diff: 2 Page R ef: 95 53) The report "AI and the Future of Accountancy" from ICAEW (2017) points to the use of machine learning for detecting ________ and predicting fraudulent activities. Answer: fraud Diff: 3 Page Ref: 101 54) The major objectives of the AI su pport are to improve analysis results and enhance ________ experience. Answer: customer Diff: 2 Page Ref: 103 55) ________ help banks identify and block fraudulent activities including money laundering. Answer: AI algorithms Diff: 1 Page Ref: 102 56) The use of _______ _ in HRM is increasing rapidly due to their ability to provide current information to employees anytime is a major reason. Answer: chatbots Diff: 2 Page Ref: 106 57) Compared to other business areas, there are probably mor e applications of AI in ________ and advertising. Answer: marketing Diff: 2 Page Ref: 107 58) Using ________ retailers can learn about customers' needs and provide targeted advertisements and product recommendations directly. Answer: social semanti cs Diff: 2 Page Ref: 107 59) Salesfo rce ________ is an AI set of technologies that is used for enhancing customer interactions and supporting sales. Answer: Einstein Diff: 2 Page Ref: 108 9 Copyrigh t © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 60) Discuss the drivers of AI. Answer: The use of AI h as been driven by the following forces: • Peopl e's interest in smart machines and artificial brains • The low cost of AI applications versus the high cost of manual labor (doing the same work) • The desire of large tech companies to capture competitive a dvantage and market share of the AI market and their willingness to invest billions of dollars in AI • The pressure on management to increase productivity and speed • The availability of quality data contributing to the progress of AI • The increasing f unctionalities and reduced cost of comp uters in general • The development of new technologies, particularly cloud computing Diff: 2 Page Ref: 79 61) Describe the Turing test. Answer: According to this test, a computer can be considered sm art only w hen a human interviewer asking the same ques tions to both an unseen human and an unseen computer cannot determine which is which. This test is limited to a question -and-answer (Q&A) mode. To pass the Turing Test, a computer needs to be able to un derstand a human language (NLP), to possess human inte lligence (e.g., have a knowledge base), to reason using its stored knowledge, and to be able to learn from its experiences (machine learning). Diff: 3 Page Ref: 85 62) List and discuss two new emerging AI technologies addressed in the chapter. Answer: Se veral new AI technologies are emerging. Here are a few examples: • Effective computing. These technologies detect the emotional conditions of people and suggest how to deal with discovered problems • Biome tric analysis. These technologies can verify an i dentity based on unique biological traits that are compared to stored ones (e.g., facial recognition) Diff: 2 Page Ref: 94 63) Discuss some issues and factors that would drive the decision to successfu lly use AI. Answer: Several issues determine the just ification of using AI and its chance of success. These include: • The nature of the decision. For example, routine decisions are more likely to be fully automated, especially if they are simple. • The method of support, what technology(ies) is (are) used . Initially, automated decision supports were rule -based. Practically, expert systems were created to generate solutions to specific decision situations in well -defined domains. Another popular technolo gy mentioned earlier was "recommender," which appeared with e -commerce in the 1990s. Today, there is an increased use of machine learning and deep learning. A related technology is that of pattern recognition. Today, attention is also given to biometric ty pes of recognition. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 96 10 Copyrigh t © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 64) Accordi ng to ICAEW (2017), what are the advantages of AI in accounting? Answer: The report sees the advantage of AI by: • Providing cheaper and better data to support decision making and solve accountin g pro blems • Generating insight from data analysis • Free ing time of accountants to concentrate on problem solving and decision making Diff: 2 Page Ref: 101 65) List the ways that Savar (2017) believes AI will transform HRM, especially in recruitin g. Answer: 1. reducing human bias 2. increasing efficiency, pr oductivity, and insight in evaluating candidates 3. improving relationships with current employees Diff: 2 Page Ref: 105 66) List the ways Meister (2017) suggests introducing AI to HRM o perations. Answer: 1. Experiment with a variety of chatbots. 2. Dev elop a team approach involving other functional areas. 3. Properly plan a technology roadmap for both the short and long term, including shared vision with other functional areas. 4. Identify new job roles and modifications in existing job roles in the t ransformed environment. 5. Train and educate the HRM team to understand AI and gain expertise in it. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 106 67) Discuss how conversational bots can improve customer e xperience. Answer: Gangwani (2016) lists the following ways to improve cu stomers' experiences: 1. Use NLP for generating user documentation. This capability also improves the customer — machine di alogue. 2. Use visual categorization to organize images (fo r example, see IBM's Visual Recognition and Clarifai). 3. Provide persona lized and segmented services by analyzing customer data. This includes improving shopping experience and CRM. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 108 68) Describe how AI can be used in marketing to provide lead generation. Answer: As seen in the case of Einstein, AI can h elp generate sales leads by analyzing customers' data. The program can generate predictions. Insights can be generated by intelligent analytics. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 110 11 Copyrigh t © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 69) Describe the model for the use of intelligent technologies in manufacturing compani es. Answer: Bollard, et al. (2017) proposed a five -component model for manufacturing companies to use intelligent technol ogies. This model includes: • Streamlining process es, including minimizing waste, redesigning processes, and using business process ma nagement (BPM) • Outsourcing certain business processes, including going offshore • Using intelligence in decision making by deploying AI and analytics • Replacing human ta sks with intelligent automation • Digitizing customers ʹ experiences Diff: 3 Page Ref: 77-111 70) Describe implementation model and why you feel it will be significant. Answer: Student opinions, responses and justifications will vary. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 77-111 1 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. Analytics, Data Science, & Artificial Intelligence, 11e (Sharda) Chapter 3 Nature of Data, Statistical Modeling, and Visualization 1) It is possible to perform analytics without data. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 121 2) When we refer to data, we are only referring to information that is well structured. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 121 3) Nominal data refers to measurements. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 125 4) Numeric data is an example of structured data. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 125 5) Data preprocessing is generally simple, straightforward, and quick. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 129 6) Normalizing data is a common step in the data consolidation process. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 130 7) The OLAP branch of descriptive analytics has also been called business intelligence. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 139 8) Skewness is a measure of symmetry in a distribution. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 145 9) A time series is a sequence of data points of the variable of interest, measured and represented at successive points in time spaced at uniform time intervals. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 156 10) The linearity assumption in a regression model states that the errors of the response variable are uncorrelated with each other. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 154 2 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 11) A data dashboard is any communication artifact prepared with the specific intention of conveying information in a digestible form to whoever needs it whenev er and wherever. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 163 12) There has been an increase in the use of computing power to produce unified reports. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 164 13) Information is the aggregation, summarization, and contextual ization of data. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 166 14) Data visualization is closely related to the fields of DW management and MIS application development. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 166 15) The Gantt chart (also called a network diagr am) is developed primarily to simplify the planning and scheduling of large and complex projects. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 173 16) Some charts or graphs are better at answering certain types of questions. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 171 17) There is a growing number of data visualization techniques being used to better portray business results. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 176 18) According to Eckerson , the most distinctive feature of a dashboard is its three layers of information. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 185 19) Dashboards are not a new concept and their roots can be traced at least to the executive information system of the 1980s. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 184 20) An ideal dashboard would not be t ransparent to the user. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 187 3 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. 21) To satisfy this requirement, data is recorded at or near the time of the event or observation so that the time delay —related misrepresentation is minimized. A) data source reliabi lity B) data accessibility C) data granularity D) data currency Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 124 22) To satisfy this requirement, this data has variables that are defined at the lowest (or as low as required) level of detail for the intended use. A) data source reliability B) data accessibility C) data granularity D) data currency Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 124 23) These contain codes assigned to objects or events as labels that also represent the rank order among them. A) numeric data B) ordi nal d ata C) interval data D) nominal data Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 126 24) These contain measurements of simple codes assigned to objects as labels, which are not measurements. A) numeric data B) ordinal data C) interval data D) nominal data Answ er: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 125 25) Eliminating duplicate data is typically a part of which data preprocessing step? A) Data Consolidation B) Data Cleaning C) Data Transformation D) Data Reduction Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 130