(Test Bank) Counseling and Educational Research

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Test Bank for Counseling and Educational Research, 4e Rick A. Houser (All Chapters ) Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 Chapter 1: Science and the Research Process Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Knowledge with a focus on assessment is referred to as ______. A. predictive B. improvement C. descriptive D. explanatory Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Knowledge with a focus on identified outcomes is referred to as ______. A. predictive B. improvement C. descriptive D. explanatory Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Knowledge designed to determine the effectiveness of interventions is referred to as ______. A. predictive B. improvement C. descriptive D. explanatory Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What type of research knowledge may be the broadest of all and subsumes all the others? A. predictive B. improvement C. descriptive D. explanatory Ans: D Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 Cognitive Do main: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Most recently, counseling and psychology influenced by medicine has introduced the use of ______. A. managed care practices B. solution -focused practices C. evidenced -based practices D. practice -based evidence Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Relevance of Using and Applying Skills in Evaluating Research Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Science has two primary functions according to ______ and ______. A. Babbie ; Salkind B. Best; Kahn C. Montcalm ; Royce D. Moore ; Kahn Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The ultimate goal of science and research is ______. A. to obtain knowledge that is useful in understanding how our world operates B. to understand validity and reliabil ity issues C. to understand the concept of variables D. to learn how to develop charts and graphs Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Locat ion: Definitions of Science and Research Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Salkind (2006) argues that ______ is one of the key elements in conducting quality research. A. subjectivity B. political ideology C. objectivity D. relevance Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Know ledge Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research Difficulty Level: Easy Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 9. Babbie (2001) argues that there are ______ types of errors that occur in research inquiry. A. six B. nine C. seven D. four Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research Difficulty Level: Easy 10. A researcher makes a conclusion that is based more on their own theory versus what is actually observed in the data collected. This error is called ______. A. error of selective obse rvation B. error of overgeneralization C. inaccurate observation D. illogical reasoning Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research Difficulty Level: Medium 11. The Scientist –Practitioner model of research re quires prioritizing the relevance and importance of research in ______. A. practice B. research C. interests D. both practice and research Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Practitioner –Scientist Difficulty Level: Medium 12. The basic concept of the Scientist –Practitioner model is that those practicing the professions of psychology and counseling would split their time and focus ______ between research and practice. A. 20/80 B. 60/40 C. 50/50 D. 30/70 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Know ledge Answer Location: Practitioner –Scientist Difficulty Level: Easy Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 13. According to Manicas and Secord (1983), scientists practice by creating at least a partially ______ system. A. open B. closed C. permeable D. split Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Practitioner –Scientist Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Rick Houser argues the realities of how many master’s -level-trained counselors tend to emphasize a ______ first approach when utilizing research. A. science B. practice C. realit y D. objective Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Practitioner –Scientist Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Lawfulness in counseling and education is determined by ______. A. the extent to which we can find ways to predict and control events B. the laws of nature being understandable C. what is right and good in all situations D. scientific realism Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assumptions About Science and Research Difficulty Level: Easy 16. One of the first step s in using and conducting research is ______. A. evaluating sources B. citing sources C. choosing a search engine D. clarifying a topic and picking search terms Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Obtaining Information From Electronic D atabases and Articles in Journals Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Higher quality articles are ______ reviewed, meaning that a publication in a journal has been critiqued by professionals in the field before publication or acceptance. A. professionally Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 B. peer C. extensively D. none of the se Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Obtaining Information From Electronic Databases and Articles in Journals Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Obtaining information on the Internet outside of professional journals can be dangerous for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT ______. A. lack of systematic evaluation B. varying accuracy C. possible credibility issues D. author of Internet content can be found directly Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Obtaining Information From Electronic Databases and Articles in Journals Difficulty Level: Easy 19. All of the following are examples of plagiarism : ______. A. submitting another’s work as your own B. stating others’ work as your own without noting the source or giving credit C. not placing quotation marks around a direct quote or giving incorrect information D. changing words but using the same sentence structure E. all of the se are examples of plagiarism Ans: E Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Obtaining Information From Electronic Databases and Articles in Journals Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Cybercheating refers to ______. A. not using a firewall when doing research B. copying off another stu dent in class C. taking another’s work from the web and copying and pasting it into your paper D. not using citations in your research paper Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Obtaining Information From Electronic Databases and Articles in Journals Difficulty Level: Easy True/False Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 1. Science and scientific advances have never been purported to be critical in promoting the well -being of individuals and in societal functioning. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The advent of the telephone, electricity , and computers are examples of how science has changed and improved our lives. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. In our everyday lives we make decisions, some of which are based on scientific information and some that are based on personal sources. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Using the research method does not reduce subjective bias in any way. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research Difficulty Level: Easy 5. A potential criticism of research is that inevitably the researcher’s own bias and selection of what to observe creates problems. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research Difficulty Level: Easy 6. In cou nseling and psychology, there has been a relatively long tradition of graduate - level training from a Practitioner –Science orientation. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Practitioner –Scientist Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Most practitioner s have been dissatisfied with the heavy emphasis on scientific methods and knowledge. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Practitioner –Scientist Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Research advances knowledge in the field of psychology and often gui des clinical practice; therefore, most psychologists conduct research after graduate school. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Practitioner –Scientist Difficulty Level: Easy 9. The importance of using and applying skills in evaluating res earch is founded on the classic view of the Scientist –Practitioner model. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Relevance of Using and Applying Skills in Evaluating Research Difficulty Level: Easy 10. As professionals, we have an obligation to carefully evaluate knowledge and research results that may be used in the practice of our professions. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Relevance of Using and Applying Skills in Evaluating Research Difficulty Level: Easy Short Answer 1. Best and Kahn (2003) defined science as ______. Ans: an approach to the gathering of knowledge rather than a field of subject matter Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Moore (1983) defined research as ______. Ans: an objective, systematic, testable process for obtaining knowledge about our world Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Salkind (2006) suggested that there are a number of elements of quality research; they are ______. Ans: (1) can be replicated, (2) is generalizable to other settings, (3) is based on a reasonable rationale and linked to a theory or theories, (4) are not based upon political beliefs, (5) is subjective. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research Difficulty Level: Easy Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 4. Your text identified two sources’ of knowledge; discuss each . Ans: experience; authority Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research Difficulty Level: Easy 5. What are the four different types of knowledge according to the text? Discuss each. Ans: description, predictio n, improvement, and explanation Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research Difficulty Level: Easy 6. List and discuss the four types of errors noted by Babbie ( 2011 ). Ans: (1) inaccurate observation, (2) overgener alization, (3) selective observation, and (4) illogical reasoning Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definitions of Science and Research Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Discuss the concept of Practitioner –Scientist. Ans: A professional splitting h is or her focus on both practice and using the scientific method through research. Using research to inform practice and using practice to inform research evaluation. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Practitioner –Scientist Difficulty Level: Medi um 8. Accepting the results of a scientific study without ______ the methods is analogous to buying something without ever test -driving it. Ans: systematically evaluating Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Relevance of Using and Applying Skil ls in Evaluating Research Difficulty Level: Easy 9. A research article is typically composed of four major sections: ______ , ______ , ______ , and______ . Ans: introduction ; methods ; results ; discussion Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Purpose and Overview of the Text Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Discuss the scientific realism view for explaining events. Ans: The world is composed of layers of causal structures, some of which are not easily observable. The job of the researcher is to identify the various causal structures and how they interact to produce and effect. Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assumptions About Science and Research Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. The words science and research have significant meaning in our current world. Discuss how they have impacted our lives over the last fifty (50) years. Ans: Student should discuss the media, technology, and government. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Discuss the relevance of using and applying skills in evaluating research. Ans: Students must include in their response that evaluating how knowledge is generated is a key to functioning as a professional and differentiates those with advanced degrees from those who are not trained. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Relevance of Using and Applying Skills in Evaluating Research Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Heiman (1995) cited several important assumptions about science that may be helpful in understanding the difference between scientific activity and nonscience. Identify and discuss these assumptions. Ans: Students should include in their response the concept of lawfulness, that nature is understandable, postpositivist approach , and the scientific realism view. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Assumptions About Science and Research Difficulty Level: Medium 4. List the steps to scientific research. Give an example in educational research illustrating each step. Ans: ( 1) identify the problem, (2) define the problem operationally, (3) develop hypotheses or research question, (4) identify and develop the research design (procedures), (5) develop and/or identify techniques or instruments that can be used to gain knowledge about the identified problem, (6) collect data, (7) analyze the data collected and (8) generate conclusion about the data. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Steps in the Scientific Process Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Explain how the steps in sc ientific research relate to sections of a journal article. Ans: (1) Introduction , (2) review of the literature , (3) purpose statement , (4) methods sample , (5) procedures , (6) instruments , (7) results , and (8) discussion. Cognitive Domain: Application Answe r Location: Purpose and Overview of the Text Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 Difficulty Level: Hard Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 Chapter 2: Ethics and Research Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Beauchamp and Childress (2012) defined ______ theories in terms of the end justifying or legitimizing the means and the promotion of the greatest good for the greatest number of people. A. utilitarian B. deontological C. altruistic D. liberal Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Eth ical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Beauchamp and Childress (201 2) defined the ______ approach in terms of decisions about right and wrong. A. utilitarian B. deontological C. altruistic D. liberal Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 3. In the ______ theory, the outcome is less important than following the rule or principle. A. utilitarian B. deontological C. altruistic D. liberal Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 4. One rule within ______ theory is the Golden Rule (treat others as you would like to be treated) that guides actions. A. utilitarian B. deontological Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 C. altruistic D. liberal Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 5. ______ , according to Beauchamp and Childress, involves the concept of self -rule and self-choice. A. Autonomy B. Justice C. Fidelity D. Nonmaleficence Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 6. ______ refers to doing what is best for another or looking out for another. A. Autonomy B. Beneficence C. Fidelity D. Nonmaleficence Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 7. ______ is the c omplementary to beneficence and concerns doing no intentional harm. A. Autonomy B. Justice C. Fidelity D. Nonmaleficence Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 8. ______ involves the fair distribution of resources. A. Autonomy B. Justice C. Fidelity D. Nonmaleficence Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 9. ______ refers to keeping one’s promise or commitment. A. Autonomy B. Justice C. Fidelity D. Nonmaleficence Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Peer review of research is done through a formally established institutional body referred to as the ______. A. IBR B. IRB C. BRI D. RIB Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 11. ______ monitors and sanctions scientists who engage in ethical violations or scientific misconduct. A. The United States Institutional Review Board B. The Office of Research Integrity C. The Food and Drug Administration D. The Office of Ethical Sanctions Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Professional Association Standards for Research (American Counseling Association and National Education Association) Difficulty Level: Easy 12. The focus of professional codes has been on ______. A. the ethical treatment of research parti cipants B. the ethics of population research C. the ethical treatment of animals used in research D. the ethical treatment of consumers Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethical Research Violations Difficulty Level: Easy Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 13. In ______ , the Alabama state health officer solicited assurance from the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) that participants would eventually receive treatment. A. the Milgram study B. the Alabama Public Health Service study C. the Tuskegee Syphilis study D. the Tuskegee HIV study Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Tuskegee Syphilis Study Difficulty Level: Easy 14. In ______ , subjects were led to believe by the experiment that they were participating in a learning study. A. the Milgram study B. the Alabama Public Health Service study C. the Tuskegee Syphilis study D. the Tuskegee HIV study Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Milgram Study Difficulty Level: Easy 15. A study addressing the effects of various childr en’s services on outcomes like incarceration, hospitalization, and pregnancy among your adults was conducted by ______. A. Gostin B. Pandiani, Banks , and Schacht C. Kelman D. Blanton and Dagenais Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Addition al Examples of Ethics in Research Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 16. According to Houser, studies like the one used by Stanley Milgram may contribute to ______ in participating in psychological research. A. shame B. deception C. mistrust D. hesitation Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Milgram Study Difficulty Level: Medium Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 17. All of the following are questions that consumers of counseling and education research might ask to determine the ethical quality of research published , EXCEPT ______ A. Are there possible negative implications? B. What are the possible benefits? C. Is the sample representative? D. Is the study useful for the researchers? Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Guidelines and Questions for Evaluating the Research Literature for Ethical Concerns Difficulty Level: Hard 18. The following provide ethical guides that address specific procedures for the protection of human subjects EXCEPT ______. A. IRB B. OHRP C. ACA D. ARP Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Medium 19. When applying the principle of beneficence to population research, researchers ask all of the following, EXCEPT ______ A. What are the possi ble benefits of the research for the population? B. What population will most benefit from the services provided by the research? C. Will the research yield services that are of high quality ? D. Will the research serve the researchers needs? Ans: D Cogniti ve Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Guidelines and Questions for Evaluating the Research Literature for Ethical Concerns Difficulty Level: Hard 20. The Tuskegee study ended in 1972 when it became ______ that the subjects had standard treatment withheld. A. apparent B. public C. obvious D. observable Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Tuskegee Syphilis Study Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 Difficulty Level: Medium True/False 1. There are no federal laws that protect human subjects against potentially harmful research practices. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Self -choice includes full disclosure of information, which makes it possible to make an informed choice. Ans: T Cognitive D omain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 3. In obtaining informed consent for research purposes, counselors must use language that is clear and understandable to participants. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Deception in research is used even when other methods are available. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 5. There are ethical guides that address specific procedures for the protection of human subjects. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Federal legislation (O HRP, 1993) requires that investigators who are associated with institutions that receive federal funds must submit their studies to an extensive review by peers after the study has been conducted. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethical P rinciples and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 7. Guidelines for reviewing research proposals include requirements for informed consent, an evaluation of risks and benefits, and confidentiality. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Consumers of research are interested in the ethics of research that focuses on interpreting results, and the implications for those for whom they provide services in the practice of their professions. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Both the APA and the ACA include ethical codes that specifically address population research ethics. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Ethical Principle s and Guidelines Answer Location: Grounded Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 10. The National Institutes of Health (NIH), which in part funds medical research, has historically approved mostly studies involving White males, to the general exclusion of women. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Guidelines and Questions for Evaluating the Research Literature for Ethical Concerns Difficulty Level: Easy Short Answer 1. List the general principles of ethical guidelines. Ans: These include autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and fidelity. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 2. List two of the four areas the ACA Ethical Codes address under resea rch. Ans: (a) research responsibilities of the counselor, (b) the importance of informed consent, (c) reporting of results, and (d) issues of publication. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 3. List three of the eight areas the APA ethical codes address regarding research. Ans: (a) informed consent, (b) communication of risks possible when participating in research, (c) research with special populations, (d) providing p articipants with results of a study, (e) use of deception, (f) minimizing the invasiveness of data gathering methods, (g) socially sensitive research, and (h) protection for withdrawing from research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ethica l Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Provide a brief description of “Do no harm.” Ans: Do no harm can be interpreted in regard to population research based on the results and conclusions from research studies as to whether the outcomes ha rm the welfare of the populations studied. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Guidelines and Questions for Evaluating the Research Literature for Ethical Concerns Difficulty Level: Easy 5. A review of public records shows that researchers do engage in scientific misconduct and there are consequences. What are some of these consequences? Ans: Consequences may include a ban on submission of proposals to federal grants and institutional monitoring of scientific activity. Cognitive Domain: Compre hension Answer Location: Summary Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Define utilitarian theoretical approach in ethics. Ans: Utilitarian is defined in terms of the end justifying or legitimizing the means and promotion of the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Define deontological theoretical approach in ethics. Ans: The deontological approach is defined in terms about right and wrong. There are rules or principles of right and wrong. In this theory , the outcome is less important than following the rule or principle. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Define populati on research purported by Gostin. Ans: Population research is defined by Gostin as “all research and practice performed on, or which affects groups of people or populations. ” Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ethical Research Violations Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Briefly discuss the guidelines of the Office of Research Integrity. Ans: Requires that investigators who are associated with institutions that receive federal funds must submit their studies to an extensive review by peers before the studies can be conducted; the primary focus is on ensuring that adequate protection for research subjects are in place; the peer review is done through a formally established institutional body, the Human Subjects Institutional Review Board (IRB); guideli nes for reviewing research proposal include requirements for informed consent, an evaluation of risks and benefits, and confidentiality; the IRB must evaluate the risks as being reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Ethical Research Violations Difficulty Level: Medium 10. In population research, three ethical principles seem particularly relevant. What are these? Ans: nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Locat ion: Ethical Research Violations Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. When one considers ethical issues in research, it is helpful to conceptualize the guidelines available in the form of an inverted triangle. Please draw a diagram of what should be included in this triangle. Ans: At the top of the inverted triangle are general theories of ethics, and the space represents the number of situations that can be addressed with the theories. Conversely, the space may also represent the amount of ambiguity in decision -making because there is not the specific clarity that some of the other guides provide. Next are general principles such as autonomy, nonmaleficence, and so on. These general principles allow for a somewhat clearer interpretation than the gener al theories but do not allow the same number of situations to be addressed. The third type of guide is the professional ethical code, such as that of the American Psychological Association (APA) or the American Counseling Association (ACA). As we move down the triangle with the codes of ethics there is an increased clarity in how and when to use the guidelines and a decrease in the number of situations to which they can be applied. Finally, at the bottom of the triangle are laws and federal or state statute s and regulations. These are the most specific and clear -cut guides for ethical decision -making, but they apply to (generally) the fewest situations and circumstances. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Ethical Principles and Guidelines | Figure 2.1: Ethical Guidelines for Research Difficulty Level: Medium Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 2. Redman and Merz (2008) reviewed the public records for outcomes and consequences for investigators that were found to have engaged in scientific misconduct. Discuss what they found during the ir review. Ans: They identified 106 individuals over an 8-year period, 1994 –2001, that were reported publicly by the Office of Research Integrity. These individuals include those with a Ph.D . and/or a M.D. The scientific misconduct was identified as data falsification or plagiarism. Consequences for those engaging in scientific misconduct were found to be removal from grant funding opportunities and institutional oversight. Finally , some were required to correct scientific papers that included the falsified or plagiarized information. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Ethical Research Violations Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Discuss the questions that consumers of counseling and educat ion research might ask to determine the ethical quality of research published in professional journals. Ans: What possible negative implications can be applied or harm can come to a population due to the results of a particular study? What are the possible benefits of the research results for the population? Are the sample and population studied fairly representative of the general population that could benefit from the research results? More specifically, did the researcher or researchers present a reasona bly clear argument for studying the population, if the study was restricted to a particular group? Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Guidelines and Questions for Evaluating the Research Literature for Ethical Concerns Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Discuss The Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Ans: This study was intended to follow the natural course of syphilis, specifically in African American males. The study spanned 40 years, beginning in 1932 and ending in 1972. It was originally hypothesized that there were differences by race in the natural progression of syphilis (Thomas & Quinn, 1991). The study was designed to last for 6 –9 months and was conducted in Macon, AL. The Alabama state health officer solicited assurance from the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) that participants would eventually receive treatment (Thomas & Quinn, 1991). However, the participants in this study never received treatment, even though treatment was available as early as 1943, when the USPHS began administering penicil lin as a treatment for syphilis across the country. One reason given for not providing treatment was that of the attitudes of the officials who were overseeing the study. For example, Dr. John Heller, Director of the Division of Venereal Diseases, stated t hat: “the men’s status did not warrant ethical debate, they were subjects not patients, clinical material, not sick people” (Jones, 1981, p. 179). The Tuskegee study was ended in 1972 when it became public that these men had had standard, effective medical treatment withheld. Numerous other reasons were cited for the treatment these men received, and many centered on the attitudes of the medical community toward those of different races, particularly African Americans (Gamble, 1993; Thomas & Quinn, 1991). F or example, Gamble (1993) stated that Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 certain assumptions about African Americans led to the unethical treatment of subjects in this study, such as beliefs that African Americans are promiscuous, lustful, and generally do not seek out medical treatment. Co nsequently, not providing medical treatment was justified in the minds of the study officials. It has been estimated that 28 – 100 of the participants died as a consequence of their untreated syphilis (Gamble, 1993). Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Loca tion: Tuskegee Syphilis Study Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Discuss qualitative research through a phenomenological approach. How did The Milgram Study inappropriate use deception in research? Ans: Subjects were led to believe by the experiment that they were participating in a learning study. Subjects were requested to train or teach another through the systematic use of electrical shock. In reality, the learner was an actor, who did not actual ly receive a shock. The “teacher” in this experiment (the actual subject) was instructed to administer an electrical shock whenever the learner responded with an incorrect answer. With each incorrect answer, the teacher was informed that he should increase the intensity of the shock. The electrical shocks were presented on a board to the teacher, starting at 15 V and rising to 450 V at 14 -V intervals. Also, there were designations on the shock board indicating slight shock to “danger: severe shock” (Milgram , 1963). Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Milgram Study Difficulty Level: Hard Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 Chapter 3: Quantitative R esearch Designs Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Quantitative research has been associated with the philosophical paradigm of ______. A. positivism B. dualism C. existentialism D. ontology Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Quantitative research by definition is associated with ______ control by the researcher. A. decreased B. increased C. no D. limited Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Control over the variables being studied ______ the predictions a researcher can make. A. decreases B. increases C. limits D. elimina tes Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research Difficulty Level: Easy 4. One weakness of quantitative research is that it requires the use of ______ sample sizes. A. larger B. smaller C. randomize d Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 D. stratified Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research Difficulty Level: Easy 5. A(n) ______ variable is an event, condition, or measured attribute or characteristic that the researcher for the most part controls. A. confounding B. dependent C. independent D. control Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 6. An independent variable must have at least ______ or more levels or groups to compare. A. one B. two C. three D. four Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The ______ variable is defined in terms of changes in the subject as a consequence of the independent va riable. A. confounding B. dependent C. independent D. control Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 8. ______ variables are considered to be either uncontrolled or unknown factors that can potentially affect the results or the response to the dependent variable. A. Confounding B. Extraneous C. Independent D. Control Ans: B Houser, Counseling and Education Research, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2020 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Variables Difficulty Level: Easy 9. ______ type of design is one in which there is a manipulation that is controlled by the researcher but no random assignment to groups. A. Quasi -experimental B. Correlational C. True experimental D. Preexperimental Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Quasi -Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Easy 10. ______ type of design typically do not allow for detection of differences through comparisons with other groups or with multiple assessments of baseline. A. Quasi -experimental B. Correlational C. True experimental D. Preexperimental Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Pre -Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Easy 11. ______ type of design involve no random assignment to groups, nor is there any manipulation of an independent variable. A. Quasi -experimental B. Correlational C. True experimental D. Descriptive Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Descriptive Designs Difficulty Level: Easy 12. The static group comparison is an example of ______. A. quasi -experimental desi gn B. descriptive design C. preexperimental design D. true experimental design Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Pre experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Easy