(Test Bank) Criminological Theory Context and Consequences

Lilly, 7

Criminology & Criminal Justice

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7th Edition

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Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Chapter 1: The Context and Consequences of Theory Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Each year the FBI publishes the ______ in which it lists the numbers of various crimes that have become known to the nation’s police departments. A. Uniform Crime Reports B. Self-Report Survey C. Universal Crime Report D. National Crime Report Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Which of the following is not included in the Uniform Crime Reports “Crime Index?” A. murder B. assault C. drug offenses D. rape Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. ______ is a study in which citizens are asked whether they have been victimized. A. Universal Crime Report B. National Crime Report C. National Crime Victimization Survey D. Uniform Crime Report Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Lawlessness in ______ surpasses that in other industrialized nations. A. England B. the United States C. Canada D. Italy Ans: B Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 5. ______ crime is especially prominent in the United States. A. Property B. Drug C. Traffic D. Violent/lethal Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehensive Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Most people have developed their own ______ of criminal behavior. A. penalties B. experiments C. laws D. theories Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theory in Social Context Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Sally has been burglarized by someone who is homeless. She then begins to think poverty is a cause of crime. This is an example of how Sally’s ______ have/has shaped the way she has come to think about crime. A. social experiences B. stereotypes C. media consumption D. peers Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Theory in Social Context Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Americans’ views on crime have ______ since the settlers first landed on the nation’s shores. A. changed B. become less harsh C. become more lenient D. stayed the same Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theory in Social Context Difficulty Level: Easy Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 9. Support for criminal justice policies eventually will collapse if the ______ on which they are based no longer makes sense. A. data B. theory C. community D. research Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theory and Policy: Ideas Have Consequences Difficulty Level: Easy 10. The fact that criminal justice policies have changed over time is a product of the ______ in society. A. personalities B. individuals C. times D. transformations Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Theory and Policy: Ideas Have Consequences Difficulty Level: Medium 11. The ______ school emphasized the role of the rational human being who weighed costs and benefits. A. positivist B. Chicago C. classical D. New York Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Inventing Criminology: Mainstream Theories Difficulty Level: Medium 12. The ______ school sought to collect data in order to scientifically study criminals. A. positivist B. Chicago C. classical D. New York Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Inventing Criminology: Mainstream Theories Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Which of the following theory is not considered one of the three mainstream theories of criminology? Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 A. differential association theory B. anomie–strain theory C. labeling theory D. control theory Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Inventing Criminology: Mainstream Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 14. ______ suggests that the criminal justice system and its approaches to solving crime actually can increase crime rather than reduce it. A. Conflict theory B. Classical theory C. Labeling theory D. Functionalist theory Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Turmoil and the Rise of Critical Theories Difficulty Level: Medium 15. ______ explanations of crime argue that the answer to crime rests largely in harsher sanctions. A. Left B. Conservative C. Liberal D. Independent Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminological Theory in the Conservative Era Difficulty Level: Easy 16. ______ argues that crime is best understood as an “event” that involves not only a motivated offender, but also the “opportunity” to break the law. A. Strain theory B. Routine activities theory C. Conflict theory D. Differential association theory Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminological Theory in the Conservative Era Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Which of the following theories brings biological thinking into criminology? A. biosocial B. conflict C. labeling Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 D. environmental Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminological Theory in the 21st Century Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Jimmy had a mother who abused him as a child. When he went to school, he did poorly academically and was often treated poorly by teachers. He is now 31 years old and in trouble. Which theory would take all of the information provided into account when determining why Jimmy has engaged in criminal behavior? A. biosocial B. routine activities C. developmental criminology D. infant criminology Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Criminological Theory in the 21st Century Difficulty Level: Hard 19. ______ theorists would argue that the United States has greater levels of lawlessness due to its embracement of capitalistic ideals. A. Biosocial B. Conflict C. Labeling D. Environmental Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Social Turmoil and the Rise of Critical Theories Difficulty Level: Hard 20. In which decade did new criminologies emerge claiming that crime was due to the faults of individuals? A. 1960 B. 1970 C. 1980 D. 1990 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminological Theory in the Conservative Era Difficulty Level: Easy 21. ______ examines how controls influence criminal behavior. A. Control B. Conflict C. Environmental D. Classical Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Inventing Criminology: Mainstream Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 22. ______ perspective has led to the “gendering of criminology” in the United States and Britain. A. Masculinity B. Gendered C. Women-focused D. Feminist Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Social Turmoil and the Rise of Critical Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 23. ______ theories see crime as a choice shaped by the perceived costs and benefits. A. Feminist B. Control C. Perpetual deterrence D. Labeling Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminological Theory in the Conservative Era Difficulty Level: Easy 24. ______ explore how crime occurs when individuals learned cultural definitions supportive of illegal conduct. A. Differential association theories B. Anomie–strain theories C. Labeling theories D. Control theories Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Inventing Criminology: Mainstream Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Theories of ______ could be used to explain crimes committed by CEOs and politicians. A. white-collar crime B. blue-collar crime C. elitists D. professionals Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Social Turmoil and the Rise of Critical Theories Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Difficulty Level: Hard True/False 1. Crime is a serious matter and therefore does require scientific study and understanding. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Many citizens do not report crimes against them to the police. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Crime rates across the United States are similar. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Most people’s opinions about crime are drawn from sustained study of the topic. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Theories are mere empty ruminations and have no consequences in the real world. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Theory and Policy: Ideas Have Consequences Difficulty Level: Medium 6. As theories of crime change, so do criminal justice policies. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theory and Policy: Ideas Have Consequences Difficulty Level: Easy 7. It is acceptable to decontextualize criminological theory. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Context, Theory, and Policy: Plan of the Book Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Feminist thought has led to the gendering of criminology. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Social Turmoil and the Rise of Critical Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Although criminological theory historically has focused on what motivates people to commit crime, it has not systematically studied how variations in the opportunity to offend affect the amount and distribution of criminality in American society. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminological Theory in the Conservative Era Difficulty Level: Easy 10. According to labeling theory, the key to understanding crime is in studying how people develop into offenders and how they escape from their lives of crime. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criminological Theory in the 21st Century Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Differential association theory focuses on reducing opportunities for crime within a particular situation. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminological Theory in the Conservative Era Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Theory construction is a human enterprise. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Conservative theories argue that society is too soft on crime and punishes criminals too harshly. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criminological Theory in the Conservative Era Difficulty Level: Medium 14. The three mainstream theories call for the overthrow of the current social order. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Answer Location: Inventing Criminology: Mainstream Theories Difficulty Level: Medium 15. The FBI publishes the Uniform Crime Reports. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Compare the different ways in which we obtain crime statistics. Why is it important that we use multiple methods of obtaining crime statistics? Ans: The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) publishes the Uniform Crime Reports in which it lists the numbers of various crimes that have become known (mostly through reports by citizens) to the nation’s police departments. Victimization surveys examine people about their experience of being a victim. It is important to have both types as many people do not report crime to the police. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 2. How does criminality in the United States compare to criminality in other industrialized Western nations? Ans: For most forms of crime (e.g., property, assault), Americans’ involvement is similar to that of other industrialized Western societies. But for lethal violence, the United Sates is a clear outlier among highly developed nations. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 3. How do people develop their opinions about crime and criminality? Specifically, how have your views of crime been developed? Ans: Attitudes about crime, as well as about other social issues, can come from a variety of sources--parents, church sermons, how crime is depicted on television, whether one has had family members or friends who have turned to crime, whether one has experimented with criminal activity oneself or perhaps been victimized, and so on. In short, social experiences shape the ways in which people come to think about crime. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Theory in Social Context Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Explain the relationship between theory and policy. Give a specific example of how a theory informed policy. Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: Different theories suggest different ways of reducing crime. Depending on what is proposed as the cause of illegal behavior, certain criminal justice policies and practices will seem reasonable, others will seem irrational and perhaps dangerously irresponsible. As theories of crime change, so do criminal justice policies. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Theory and Policy: Ideas Have Consequences Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Explain the distribution of crime across the United States. How does theory help us explain the distribution of crime? Ans: Crime is not evenly distributed within the United States. As Blumstein (2000) noted, in 1996 only “ten cities (New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Detroit, Philadelphia, Washington, New Orleans, Baltimore, Houston, [and] Dallas, in order of decreasing numbers of homicides) accounted for fully one quarter of all the nation’s homicides” (p. 36). Striking differences in criminality are also found within communities, and even across blocks located within the same neighborhood (Weisburd, Groff, & Yang, 2012). Theories help by identifying the causes of crime. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Compare the criminologist’s theory of crime and the average individual’s theory of crime. Which is more empirically sound and why? Ans: The average individual’s opinions about crime are drawn less from sustained thought and more from the implicit understandings that they have come to embrace during their lives. Criminologists have taken the time to read extensively on crime, have sifted through existing research studies, and have arrived at informed assessments of why laws are disregarded. Criminologists’ theories are more empirically sound because they are based on research. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Theory in Social Context Difficulty Level: Medium 7. How has theory changed with the social context? Give an example from the chapter. Ans: Social context plays a critical role in nourishing certain ways of theorizing about crime. If the prevailing social context changes and people begin to experience life differently, then there will be a corresponding shift in the way in which they see their world and the people in it. Previous theories of crime will lose their appeal, and other perspectives will increasingly make sense to larger numbers of people. Note that all of this can take place--and, indeed, usually does take place--without systematic analysis of whether the old theory actually was wrong or whether the new theory represents an improvement. Could use any of the theories with support evidence as their example. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Theory in Social Context Difficulty Level: Hard Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 8. Explain how the social context of the mid-1960s led to the rise of conflict theories. Ans: Starting in the mid-1960s, however, scholars increasingly sought to identify how conflict and power were inextricably involved in the production of crime and in the inequities found in the criminal justice system. They were influenced by the changing context of American society. During the 1960s and into the 1970s, the United States experienced contentious movements to achieve civil rights and women’s rights. Americans witnessed riots in the street, major political figures assassinated, widespread protests over the Vietnam War culminating with students shot down at Kent State University, and political corruption highlighted most poignantly by the Watergate scandal. These events sensitized a generation of criminologists to social and criminal injustices that compromised the American dream’s promise of equality for all and that led to the abuse of state power. Given this jaundiced view of American society, the new brand of theorizing that they developed was called critical criminology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Social Turmoil and the Rise of Critical Theories Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Why are anomie–strain theories, differential association theories, and control theories considered mainstream theories? Ans: These three theories are sometimes called mainstream criminology. For more than 80 years, they have occupied the center of American criminology. In the aftermath of World War II, they were particularly dominant. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Inventing Criminology: Mainstream Theories Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Describe the theories that arose during the conservative era. What about the social climate of the time that gave rise to these theories? Ans: Deterrence, rational choice, broken windows, moral poverty, routine activity, environmental--rejecting mainstream and critical criminology. America turned to the political right during the Reagan and Bush years of the 1980s and beyond. During this time, new criminologies emerged claiming that crime was due not to the faults in society but rather to the faults of individuals. To at least some degree, these explanations may be seen as attempts to revitalize--dressed in new language and with more sophisticated evidence--the models of crime that were popular a century ago. These theories vary in their scientific merit, but they are consistent in suggesting that the answer to crime rests largely in harsher sanctions--especially the expanded use of imprisonment--against offenders. In this sense, these theories are best considered conservative explanations of crime. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Criminological Theory in the Conservative Era Difficulty Level: Medium Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Chapter 2: The Search for the “Criminal Man” Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. ______ is the author of Crimewarps, a study of what crime might look like during the next 20–50 years. A. Bennett B. Binet C. Freud D. Cloward Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The view that individuals were hedonistic and acted upon free will is a main component of the ______ school of thought. A. positivist B. classical C. spiritualist D. psychoanalytic Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Classical School: Criminal as Calculator Difficulty Level: Medium 3. The ______ school can be created with the advent of evidence-based criminology. A. science B. empirical C. classical D. positivist Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Birth of the Positivist School: Lombroso’s Theory of the Criminal Man Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Explaining crime is caused by demonic possessions or the devil is classified as ______. A. pity B. positivism Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 C. spiritualism D. pyknics Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Spiritualism Difficulty Level: Medium 5. During the era of spiritualism, which of the following was not a method constructed for dealing with those accused of committing a crime? A. trial by battle B. trial by ordeal C. compurgation D. trial by jury Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Spiritualism Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Tenants of the classical school can be seen currently in the United States by ______. A. the call for evidence-based research to information policy B. the idea that there should be equal treatment before the law C. the role that religion plays in our society. D. the desire to distinguish criminals and noncriminals by their physical characteristics Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Classical School: Criminal as Calculator Difficulty Level: Medium 7. According to Beccaria, which of the following was the aim of a good system of legislation? A. the prevention of crime B. the harsh punishment of offenders C. the ability to make examples out of offenders D. the creation of a vast amount of laws Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Classical School: Criminal as Calculator Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Which of the following is one of the first naturalistic explanations in criminological theory? A. Darwin’s natural selection B. Darwin’s dictum that the brain is the organ of the mind C. Hippocrates’ dictum that the brain is the organ of the mind D. Hippocrates’ natural selection Ans: C Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Spiritualism Difficulty Level: Easy 9. What book was a defining work in the classical school? A. Origins of Species B. The Descent of Man C. On Crimes and Punishments D. Crimewarps Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Classical School: Crime as Calculator Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Which of the following early theorists argued that punishment should be a deterrent and also explained behavior as a result of free will and hedonistic calculus? A. Bentham B. Darwin C. Howard D. Freud Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Classical School: Crime as Calculator Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Paige burglarized a home and stole a television, jewelry, and a gun. According to Garofalo, Paige lacks ______. A. probity B. power C. pity D. perception Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Lombroso’s Legacy: The Italian Criminological Tradition Difficulty Level: Hard 12. The ______ school wanted scientific proof of the causes of crime. A. classical B. neoclassical C. positivist D. biological Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Positivist School: Criminal as Determined Difficulty Level: Easy Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 13. Lombroso’s search for objective, multifactor explanations to crime earned him the title of ______. A. the father of science B. the father of criminal justice C. the father of the classical school D. the father of criminology Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Classical School: Crime as Calculator Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Lombroso argued that criminals were ______ or throwbacks to an earlier form of evolutionary life. A. retrospective B. animalistic C. atavistic D. criminaloids Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Birth of the Positivist School: Lombroso’s Theory of the Criminal Man Difficulty Level: Easy 15. A criminal who could defined as an “idiot” or “imbecile” would be defined as a ______. A. born criminal B. insane criminal C. occasional criminal D. criminal of passion Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Birth of the Positivist School: Lombroso’s Theory of the Criminal Man Difficulty Level: Easy 16. ______, author of The Theory of Imputability and the Denial of Free Will, attacked freewill arguments and acknowledged the interrelatedness of social, economic, and political factors. A. Ferri B. Garofalo C. Lombroso D. Goring Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lombroso’s Legacy: The Italian Criminological Tradition Deleted: ¶Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Sam murdered a young man. According to Garofalo, how should Sam be punished? A. Sam should be rehabilitated. B. Sam should be banished. C. Sam should be killed. D. Sam should be fined. Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Lombroso’s Legacy: The Italian Criminological Tradition Difficulty Level: Hard 18. According to Garofalo, person who intentionally beat someone would be lacking ______, while a person who stole from someone would lack ______. A. probity; pity B. probate; propriety C. pity; probity D. propriety; probate Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Lombroso’s Legacy: The Italian Criminological Tradition Difficulty Level: Hard 19. His study of 3,000 English convicts concluded that there were no significant differences between the criminals and noncriminals except for stature and body weight. A. Ferri B. Garofalo C. Lombroso D. Goring Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lombroso’s Legacy: The Italian Criminological Tradition Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Joseph is tall, lanky, and skinny. Which body type would Sheldon classify Joseph as? A. endomorphy B. ectomorphy C. mesomorphy D. musclarmorphy Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Continuing Search for the Individual Roots of Crime Difficulty Level: Hard Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 21. ______ concluded that because youths came from parents who were delinquent in very much the same way that the boys were delinquent, the factors that produce delinquency were inherited. A. Sheldon B. The Gluecks C. Darwin D. Sampson and Laub Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Continuing Search for the Individual Roots of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Arguing that a person was a criminal because they lacked a superego would be classified as a theory based on the ______ school of criminology. A. classical B. biological C. psychogenic D. sociological Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Positivist School and Criminal Justice Reform Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Individuals who ascribe to the ideals of ______ would adamantly oppose programs to help the needy or the poor. A. progressives B. feminists C. social Darwinists D. natural Darwinists Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Continuing Search for the Individual Roots of Crime Difficulty Level: Hard 24. ______ is the name of the family that became involved in crime because its members suffered from degeneracy and innate depravity. A. The Johnsons B. The Jukes C. The Smiths D. The Dooks Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Continuing Search for the Individual Roots of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 25. The extermination and sterilization of many Jews under the Nazi regime in Germany can be credited to the study of ______. A. eugenics B. sociology C. criminology D. psychology Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Positivist School and the Control of the Biological Criminal Difficulty Level: Hard True/False 1. It is impossible to understand criminological theory outside of its social context. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Sara committed crime due to possession by the devil would be a statement that would be said by a classical school theorist. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Spiritualism Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Trial by ordeal allowed the accused to have reputable people swear an oath that he or she was innocent. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Spiritualism Difficulty Level: Medium 4. According to the classical school of thought, people committed crime on impulse without thinking about the consequences of crime. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Classical School: Criminal as Calculator Difficulty Level: Medium 5. According to Lombroso, criminals represent a peculiar physical type distinctively different from that of noncriminals. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Answer Location: The Birth of the Positivist School: Lombroso’s Theory of the Criminal Man Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Lombroso gave primary emphasis to the interrelatedness of social, economic, and political factors that contribute to crime. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lombroso’s Legacy: The Italian Criminological Tradition Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The work of the Italian positivists suffered from serious methodological issues. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lombroso’s Legacy: The Italian Criminological Tradition Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Alfred Binet developed an IQ test based on the idea that an individual should have a mental age that could be identified with an intelligence quotient. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Continuing Search for the Individual Roots of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Food stamps would be a program supported by social Darwinists. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Positivist School and the Control of the Biological Criminal Difficulty Level: Hard 10. Jeremy Bentham argued that behavior was the result of free will and hedonistic calculus. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Classical School: Criminal as Calculator Difficulty Level: Easy 11. An overweight body type is most related to criminal behavior. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Continuing Search for the Individual Roots of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Sterilizations in the United States stopped with the Buck v. Bell. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Answer Location: The Positivist School and the Control of the Biological Criminal Difficulty Level: Easy 13. The predictions set forth by Bennett in Crimewarps came true. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Placing your hand in boiling water to retrieve a stone is considered compurgation. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Spiritualism Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Motor vehicle theft is a form of probity. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Lombroso’s Legacy: The Italian Criminological Tradition Difficulty Level: Hard Essay 1. Where did the early theories of crime locate the cause of crime? How did the social context of the time shape these theories? Ans: Early theories of crime tended to locate the cause of crime not in demographic shifts (as did Bennett) but rather within individuals--in their souls (spiritualism/demonology), their wills (classical school), or their bodily constitutions (positivist school). Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Classical School: Criminal as Calculator Difficulty Level: Medium 2. What are the differences between the positivist school and the classical school? What aspects of both schools of thought are still seen in modern-day explanations of crime? Ans: The most significant difference between the classical school and the positivist school is the latter’s search for empirical facts to confirm the idea that crime was determined by multiple factors. Examples should discuss the classical school themes in the Constitution and the role of research seen the positivist school Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Classical School: Criminal as Calculator | The Positivist School: Criminal as Determined Difficulty Level: Medium Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 3. Compare and contrast the two distinct lines developed by the psychogenic school. Ans: One stressing psychoanalysis and the other stressing personality traits. Answer should include examples. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Continuing Search for the Individual Roots of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 4. List and describe Garofalo’s four categories of criminals. Make sure to explain their deficiencies in probity and pity. Ans: This conclusion led Garofalo to identify four criminal classes, each one distinct from the others because of deficiencies in the basic sentiments of pity and probity. Murderers were totally lacking in both pity and probity, and they would kill or steal when given the opportunity. Lesser criminals, Garofalo acknowledged, were more difficult to identify. He divided this category based on whether criminals lacked sentiments of either pity or probity. Violent criminals lacked pity, which could be influenced very much by environmental factors such as alcohol and the fact that criminality was endemic to the population. Thieves, on the other hand, suffered from a lack of probity, a condition that “may be more the product of social factors than the criminals in other classes” (Allen, 1973, p. 323). His last category contained cynics or sexual criminals, some of whom would be classified among the violent criminals because they lacked pity. Other lascivious criminals required a separate category because their actions stemmed from a “low level of moral energy” rather than from a lack of pity (p. 329). Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Lombroso’s Legacy: The Italian Criminological Tradition Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Explain Sheldon’s different body types, indicating what type is the one most associated with crime and why. Then explain the inherent flaws in this theory. Ans: Sheldon (1949) classified the boys’ physiques by measuring the degree to which they possessed a combination of three different body components: endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy. Each could dominate a physique. Endomorphs tended to be soft, fat people; mesomorphs had muscular and athletic builds; and ectomorphs had skinny, flat, and fragile physiques. Mesomorphs were most related to criminal behavior. Discussion on how body type can change. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Continuing Search for the Individual Roots of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Explain how social Darwinists believe we should control crime. How is this thought seen in today’s society? Ans: The best approach was minimal involvement. “Let nature take its course” became a frequent refrain uttered by social Darwinists. It carried the clear message that accelerated social change was undesirable. Policies designed to accomplish “equal treatment,” for example, were opposed strongly. Social welfare programs, it was argued, would perpetuate the survival of people who were negligent, shiftless, silly, or Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 immoral while, at the same time, retarding individual and national economic development. Hard work, saving, and moral constraint were called on as the solutions to individual and collective social and economic good fortune. Correct answers should discuss the political climate the view of social programs. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Positivist School and the Control of the Biological Criminal Difficulty Level: Medium 7. List and explain Lombroso’s criminal types. Provide an example of each to support your answer. Ans: Include (1) born criminals or people with atavistic characteristics; (2) insane criminals including idiots, imbeciles, and paranoiacs as well as epileptics and alcoholics; (3) occasional criminals or criminaloids, whose crimes are explained primarily by opportunity, although they too have innate traits that predispose them to criminality; and (4) criminals of passion, who commit crimes because of anger, love, or honor and are characterized by being propelled to crime by an “irresistible force.” Answers will vary with examples. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Birth of the Positivist School: Lombroso’s Theory of the Criminal Man Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Summarize Beccaria’s reasoned argument about crime. How is it seen in today’s criminal justice system? Why do you think this argument has been so enduring? Ans: Beccaria’s tightly reasoned argument can be summarized in relatively simple terms (Radzinowicz, 1966; Vold, 1958). First, to escape war and chaos, individuals gave up some of their liberty and established a contractual society. This established the sovereignty of a nation and the ability of the nation to create criminal law and punish offenders. Second, because criminal laws placed restrictions on individual freedoms, they should be restricted in scope. They should not be employed to enforce moral virtue. To prohibit human behavior unnecessarily was to increase rather than decrease crime. Third, the presumption of innocence should be the guiding principle in the administration of justice, and at all stages of the justice process the rights of all parties involved should be protected. Fourth, the complete criminal law code should be written and should define all offenses and punishments in advance. This would allow the public to judge whether and how their liberties were being preserved. Fifth, punishment should be based on retributive reasoning because the guilty had attacked another individual’s rights. Sixth, the severity of the punishment should be limited and should not go beyond what is necessary for crime prevention and deterrence. Seventh, criminal punishment should correspond with the seriousness of the crime; the punishment should fit the crime, not the criminal. For example, fines would be appropriate for simple thefts, whereas the harsher sanctions of corporal punishment and labor would be acceptable for violent crimes. Eighth, punishment must be a certainty and should be inflicted quickly. Ninth, punishment should not be administered to set an example and should not be concerned with reforming the offender. Tenth, the offender should be viewed as an independent and reasonable person who weighed the consequences of the crime. The Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 offender should be assumed to have the same power of resistance as nonoffenders. Eleventh, for Beccaria, the aim of every good system of legislation was the prevention of crime. He reasoned that it was better to prevent crimes than to punish those who commit them. Why part of the question will have varying answers? Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Classical School: Criminal as Calculator Difficulty Level: Medium 9. What kind of policies to control crime did early biological theories of the positivist school support? Be sure to discuss eugenics. How did this policy have a worldwide effect? Ans: Discuss role of incapacitation, rehabilitation in biological terms, and eugenics. Discuss the role of eugenics in Nazi Germany. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Positivist School and the Control of the Biological Criminal Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Explain how Beccaria’s background influenced his work in the classical school and how his life is an example of social context influencing theory. Ans: The criminal justice system of Beccaria’s Europe, especially the ancient regime in France, was “planned to ruin citizens” (Radzinowicz, 1966, p. 1), a characterization that applied to the police, criminal procedures, and punishment. The police of Paris, for example, were “the most ruthless and efficient police marching in the world” (p. 2). They were allowed by the French monarchy to deal not only with criminal matters but also with the morals and political opinions of French citizens. They relied heavily on spies, extensive cover letter opening, and the state-approved capacity not only to arrest people without warrants but also to pass judgment and hold people in custody indefinitely on unspecified charges. Once arrested, the accused had few legal protections. He or she was cut off from legal assistance, subjected to torture, and hidden from family and friends. Witnesses against the accused testified in secret. Once guilt was determined, punishments were severe, “ranging from burning alive or breaking on the wheel to the galleys and many forms of mutilation, whipping, branding, and the pillory” (Radzinowicz, 1966, p. 3). Death by execution in early 18th-century London took place every 6 weeks, with 5–15 condemned hanged on each occasion (Lofland, 1973, p. 35). Beccaria became familiar with these conditions through the association and friendship of Alessandro Verri, who held the office of protector of prisoners in Milan, Italy, where Beccaria lived. Outraged by these conditions and recently having become familiar with the writings of scholars such as Montesquieu, Helvetius, Voltaire, Bacon, Rousseau, Diderot, and Hume, Beccaria was encouraged by a small group of intellectuals to take up his pen on behalf of humanity. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Classical School: Criminal as Calculator Difficulty Level: Medium Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Chapter 3: Rejecting Individualism: The Chicago School Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The ______ school of criminology argued that one aspect of American society, the city, contained potent criminogenic forces. A. Chicago B. New York C. Boston D. Los Angeles Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The ______ movement was troubled by the plight of the urban poor and argued that the poor were pushed by the environment into lives of crime. A. reformist B. retreatist C. progressive D. Darwinist Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Chicago School of Criminology: Theory in Context Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The age of ______ would place much faith in the government. A. rehabilitation B. retribution C. retraining D. reform Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Chicago School of Criminology: Theory in Context Difficulty Level: Hard 4. ______ concluded that Chicago’s development and organization were not random or idiosyncratic, but rather patterned, and could be understood in terms of basic social processes. A. Binet B. Marx Lilly, Criminological Theory, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2019 C. Park D. Bonger Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Chicago School of Criminology: Theory in Context Difficulty Level: Easy 5. ______ would recommend policies that increase neighborhood organization to prevent crime. A. Shaw and McKay B. Freud C. Binet D. Adler Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Juvenile Delinquency Difficulty Level: Hard 6. ______ contended that cities grow radically in a series of concentric zones or rings. A. Durkheim B. Weber C. Burgess D. Sutherland Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Burgess’s Concentric Zone Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 7. An area that has many people moving out, not making social bonds, and strained community resources would be defined as ______. A. the zone of the workingmen’s home B. the zone in transition C. the residential zone D. the commuters zone Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Burgess’s Concentric Zone Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 8. According to ______, disorganized neighborhoods helped to produce and sustain criminal traditions, which could be transmitted through successive generations of boys. A. Beccaria B. Freud C. Marx D. Shaw and McKay Ans: D