(Test Bank) Corrections in the 21st Century

Schmalleger,Smykla, 8

Social Science

Test Bank

8th Edition

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Test Bank for Corrections in the 21st Century, The downloadable file consists of 179 pages, and the total size of the file is 0.84 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Schmalleger, Smykla

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1-1 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter 01 Corrections: An Overview Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following statements is true of the crime rates and the prison population in the United States? A. Serious crime continues to increase, while the prison population continues to decrease. B. Serious crime continues to decrease, while the priso n population continues to increase. C. Serious crime continues to increase, causing the prison population to increase. D. Serious crime continues to decrease, causing the prison population to decrease. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 2. A serious criminal offense that is punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for more than a year is called a(n) _____. A. infraction B. misdemeanor C. felony D. perjury Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 3. Which among the following is an ex ample of a felony? A. Burglary B. Simple assault C. Jaywalking D. Littering Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation (Corrections in the 21st Century, 8e Frank Schmalleger, John Ortiz Smykla) Test Bank all Chapters)Chapter 01 - Corrections: An Overview 1-2 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 4. A relatively minor violation of the criminal law, such as petty theft or simple assault, punishable by confinement for one year or less is called a(n) _____. A. infraction B. misdemeanor C. felony D. perjury Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 5. Which among the following is an example of a misdemeanor? A. Robbery B. Simple assault C. Arson D. Jaywalking Accessibility: Keyboard N avigation 6. A minor violation of a state statute or local ordinance punishable by a fine or other penalty, or by a specified, usually very short term of incarceration, is called a(n) _____. A. infraction B. misdemeanor C. felony D. perjury Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 7. Which among the following is an example of an infraction? A. Murder B. Breaking and entering C. Littering D. Auto theft Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Chapter 01 - Corrections: An Overview 1-3 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 8. Who among the following is a correctional client? A. A recreation coordinator B. A unit leader C. A field administrator D. A probationer Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 9. Identify a component of the criminal justice system. A. Courts B. Sole proprietorship C. Arbitration D. Cooperatives Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 10. A prosecutor's choice to drop charges after filing them is called _____. A. nollo judicus B. nolo contendere C. nolle prosequi D. noelle persecutus Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 11. The main function of the preliminary hearing is to: A. ensure the incarceration and rehabilitation of adults and juveniles convicted of offenses against the law. B. determine whether there is cause to believe that the accused committed a crime within the jurisdiction of the court. C. ensure the maintenance and upkeep of the correctional facilities that are used for incarceration. D. determine whether there are adequate facilities in the correctional facilities for the convicted offenders. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Chapter 01 - Corrections: An Overview 1-4 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 12. The process by which a court arrives at a final decision in a case is called _____. A. arbitration B. arraignment C. certification D. adjudication Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 13. If a defendant accepts a penalty wit hout admitting guilt, it is called _____. A. nollo judicus B. nolo contendere C. nolle prosequi D. noelle persecutus Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 14. The various aspects of the pretrial and postconviction management of individuals accused or convicted of crimes are referred to as _____. A. adjudications B. corrections C. arraignments D. incarcerations Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation True / False Questions 15. The current rate of imprisonment i n the United States is close to an all -time high. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Chapter 01 - Corrections: An Overview 1-5 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 16. Murder, rape, aggravated assault, robbery, burglary, and arson are felonies in all jurisdictions within the United States. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 17. A few states make conviction of a felony and the resulting incarceration grounds for uncontested divorce. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 18. Some crimes classified as felonies in one part of the count ry may be misdemeanors in another. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 19. Major violations of the law that often involve long -term incarceration are called infractions. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 20. The process of achieving justice through the application of the criminal law and through the workings of the criminal justice system is called criminal justice. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Chapter 01 - Corrections: An Overview 1-6 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 21. The process of criminal justice begins when a convicted criminal ente rs the correctional system. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 22. The criminal justice system does not respond to all crime because of the sheer volume of crime in the United States. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 23. pleas ar e used by defendants who wish to contest conviction. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 24. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, noninstitutional corrections, which is sometimes called community corrections, includes pardon, probation , and parole activities, correctional administration not directly connectable to institutions, and miscellaneous [activities] not directly related to institutional care. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Fill in the Blank Questions 25. _____ refers to the overuse of correctional facilities, particularly prisons, in the United States. Mass incarceration Chapter 01 - Corrections: An Overview 1-7 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 26. _____ is defined as criminal laws and criminal justice institutions, policies, and practices that achieve justice in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to have the benefits of a just society. Sustainable justice 27. A serious criminal offense that is punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for more than a year is called a(n) _ ____. felony 28. A relatively minor violation of the criminal law, such as petty theft or simple assault, punishable by confinement for one year or less is called a(n) _____. misdemeanor 29. The collection of all the agencies that perform criminal j ustice functions is referred to as the _____. criminal justice system 30. A prosecutor can drop charges after filing them. Such a choice is called _____. nolle prosequi 31. _____ is the process by which a court arrives at a decision in a case. Adjud ication 32. An appearance in court prior to trial in a criminal proceeding is called a(n) _____. arraignment Chapter 01 - Corrections: An Overview 1-8 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 33. If a defendant accepts a penalty without admitting guilt, it is called _____. nolo contendere 34. After losing all their available direct appeals, state prisoners may also seek to have their convictions reviewed collaterally in the federal courts via a(n) _____. writ of habeas corpus Chapter 02 - Corrections Today: Evidence -Based Corrections and Professionalism 2-1 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. Chapter 02 Corrections Today: Evidence -Based Corrections and Professionalism Multiple Choice Questions 1. _____ is a hallmark of contemporary corrections and is regarded as the gold standard by which correctional programs and services are evaluated today. A. Evidence -based corrections B. Specific deterrence C. Correctional econometrics D. Restorative justice Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 2. Identify a difference between evidence -based practice (EBP) and evidence -based corrections (EBC). A. EBP uses empirical data, while EBC uses theoretical knowledge. B. EBP works at preventing future crimes, while EBC works at reintegrating probationers into society. C. EBP is defined according to immeasurable moral or value -oriented standards or beliefs , while EBC is defined according to practical realities. D. EBP focuses on the practical use of programs that have been found to be effective, while EBC is primarily concerned with study and evaluation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 3. The fir st training standards established by the American Correctional Association on Accreditation set _____ hours for preservice. A. 70 B. 150 C. 100 D. 120 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Chapter 02 - Corrections Today: Evidence -Based Corrections and Professionalism 2-2 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 4. The major Code of Ethics governing the field of corrections was created by the _____. A. Federal Bureau of Investigation B. American Correctional Association C. National Criminal Justice Association D. Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 5. In _____, the Professional Educat ion Council of the American Correctional Association developed a model entry test for correctional officers. A. 1970 B. 1980 C. 1990 D. 2000 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 6. Which of the following traits was identified by Mark S. Fleisher of Ill inois State University as essential to effective work in corrections? A. Strong writing skill B. Quantitative aptitude C. Legal knowledge D. Experience in law enforcement Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 7. A creden tialing process, usually involving testing and career development assessment, through which the skills, knowledge, and abilities of correctional personnel can be formally recognized is called _____. A. legislation B. accreditation C. adjudication D. certification Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Chapter 02 - Corrections Today: Evidence -Based Corrections and Professionalism 2-3 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 8. Which of the following is a formal process that highlights the quality of a facility in an effort to ensure that it meets health, safety, and other correctional standards? A. Supervising B. Accreditatio n C. Credentialing D. Adjudication Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 9. Which of the following qualifications is required of those applying for Certified Corrections Executive (CCE) certification? A. A high school diploma or equivalent B. A two -year college degree or its equivalent C. A four -year college degree or equivalent D. A month -long practicum with the Department of Corrections Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 10. It wasn't until the _____ that women began to enter the correct ions professions in significant numbers. A. 2000s B. 1990s C. 1980s D. 1970s Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation True / False Questions 11. The National Institute of Corrections says that evidence -based practice is defined according to immeasurab le moral or value -oriented standards or beliefs. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Chapter 02 - Corrections Today: Evidence -Based Corrections and Professionalism 2-4 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 12. The word "evidence" refers to criminal evidence, not to scientific evidence. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 13. The attitu de of a true professional is characterized by a spirit of public service and interest in the public good. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 14. The model entry test for correctional officers developed by the Professional Education Council of th e American Correctional Association was intended to provide a standard criminal justice curriculum. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 15. A person's race is recognized as an objective biological fact and not as a social construct. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 16. In the United States, there are more female police officers than female correctional officers. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Chapter 02 - Corrections Today: Evidence -Based Corrections and Professionalism 2-5 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 17. Women working in corrections tend to be concentrated in the higher r anks and are well represented in supervisory positions. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Fill in the Blank Questions 18. The scientific study of corrections, and of correctional policies and programs, is referred to as _____. evidence -based corrections or evidence based corrections 19. _____ refers to the implementation of corrections programs that have been studied and found to be effective. Evidence -based practice 20. _____ is an important component of evidence -based correction s that seeks to assess the effectiveness of correctional approaches relative to their costs. Cost -benefit analysis or Cost benefit analysis 21. An occupation granted high social status by virtue of the personal integrity of its members is called a(n) _____. profession 22. A dedicated person of high moral character and personal integrity who is employed in the field of corrections and takes professionalism to heart is called a(n) _____. corrections professional Chapter 02 - Corrections Today: Evidence -Based Corrections and Professionalism 2-6 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 23. Organized groups of like -minded individuals who work to enhance the professional status of members of their occupational group are called _____. professional associations 24. Race, ethnicity, and gender are all aspects of _____. social diversity 25. _____ refers to social practices that explicitly or implicitly attribute merits or allocate value to individuals solely because of their race. Racism Chapter 03 - Sentencing: To Punish or to Reform? 3-1 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. Chapter 03 Sentencing: To Punish or to Reform? Multiple Choice Questions 1. Punishment as vengeance is also called: A. revenge. B. incapacitation. C. rehabilitation. D. restitution. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 2. A sentencing goal that involves retaliation against a criminal perpetrator is called: A. deterrence. B. incapacitation. C. rehabilitation. D. retribution. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 3. The expression "an eye for an eye" refers to: A. retribution. B. incapacitation. C. rehabilitation. D. deterrence. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Chapter 03 - Sentencing: To Punish or to Reform? 3-2 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 4. _____ means "paying back" the offender for what he or she has done. A. Deterrence B. Retribution C. Rehabilitation D. Incapacitation Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 5. Which of the following punishment philosophies considers criminal offenders to be morally blameworthy and deserving of punishment? A. Deterrence B. Incapacitation C. Rehabilitation D. Just deserts Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 6. The concept of just deserts de -emphasizes the emotional component of revenge by claiming that criminal acts are _____ of punishment. A. considerate B. artifacts C. precursors D. deserving Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 7. The concepts of retribution and just deserts are: A. future oriented. B. present oriented. C. past oriented. D. none of these. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Chapter 03 - Sentencing: To Punish or to Reform? 3-3 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 8. The discouragement or prevention of crimes through the fear of punishment is called: A. deterrence. B. incapacitation. C. rehabilitation. D. just deserts. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 9. If you punish a person seeking to change that person's behavior, it is called: A. general deterrence. B. incapacitation. C. specific deterrence. D. universal deterrence. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 10. The use of individual punishment to di ssuade others from committing crimes is called: A. rehabilitation. B. incapacitation. C. retribution. D. general deterrence. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 11. The idea that actions are motivated primarily by a desire to experience pleasure and a void pain is called: A. the happiness principle. B. the pleasure -pain principle. C. the satisfaction principle. D. profit motive. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Chapter 03 - Sentencing: To Punish or to Reform? 3-4 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 12. A punishment must be _____ in order to serve as effective deterrence. A. swift B. certain C. severe D. all of these Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 13. The use of imprisonment or other means to reduce an offender's capability to commit future crimes is called: A. rehabilitation. B. incapacitation. C. specific deterrence. D. general deterrence. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 14. The process of changing criminal lifestyles into law -abiding ones by "correcting" the behavior of offenders through treatment, education, and training is called: A. rehabilitation. B. incapac itation. C. specific deterrence. D. general deterrence. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 15. According to Cullen and Gendreau, rehabilitation: A. works very well only with murderers. B. fails when it's ill -conceived and/or not implemented as design ed. C. works well in treatment centers but not in prison. D. produces few real changes in offender attitudes. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Chapter 03 - Sentencing: To Punish or to Reform? 3-5 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 16. The process of making an offender a productive member of the community is called: A. retribution. B. reintegration. C. just deserts. D. incapacitation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 17. Francis T. Cullen and Paul Gendreau have called for: A. a strong just deserts model. B. a strong deterrence model. C. a strong rehabilitation model. D. a strong retribution model. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 18. The process of returning all those involved in or affected by crime, including victims, offenders, and society, to their previous condition is called: A. rehabilitation. B. incapacita tion. C. restoration. D. universal deterrence. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 19. Restorative justice is especially concerned with repairing the harm to : A. the offender's family. B. the offender. C. the victim. D. none of these. Accessibilit y: Keyboard Navigation Chapter 03 - Sentencing: To Punish or to Reform? 3-6 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 20. Which of the following philosophies of punishment would be most likely to allow victim - impact statements? A. Rehabilitation B. Incapacitation C. Specific deterrence D. Restorative justice Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 21. Payments made by a criminal offender to his or her victim as compensation for the harm caused by the offense are called: A. bail. B. bonds. C. fines. D. restitution. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 22. Sentences that are required by law und er certain circumstances are referred to as: A. indeterminate sentences. B. indefinite sentences. C. mandatory sentences. D. flat sentences. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 23. Sentences that are served together are called: A. consecutive sentences. B. concurrent sentences. C. flat sentences. D. unconstitutional sentences. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Chapter 03 - Sentencing: To Punish or to Reform? 3-7 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 24. Sentences served one after the other are called: A. consecutive sentences. B. concurrent sentences. C. repeat ti me. D. flat time. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 25. When a person is convicted of multiple offenses, a judge might impose a sentence of 10 years for one offense and 20 years for the other offense, so the offender would serve 30 years. This type o f sentencing is called: A. just deserts sentencing. B. consecutive sentencing. C. concurrent sentencing. D. real-time sentencing. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 26. A sentence that specifies a given amount of time to be served in custody and allows little or no variation from the time specified is called a(n): A. indeterminate sentence. B. indefinite sentence. C. mandatory sentence. D. flat sentence. Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation 27. A sentence in which a judge specifies a maximum length and a minimum length and an administrative agency determines the actual time of release is called a(n) _____. A. indeterminate sentence B. mandatory sentence C. flat senten ce D. presumptive sentence Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Chapter 03 - Sentencing: To Punish or to Reform? 3-8 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 28. A sentence of exactly five years in prison is an example of a(n): A. indeterminate sentence. B. mandatory sentence. C. flat sentence. D. presumptive sentence. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 29. The number of days or months prison authorities deduct from a sentence for good behavior is called: A. free days. B. out days. C. good time. D. free time. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 30. A sentence with a fixed term of incarceration that can be reduced by good time is called a(n): A. indeterminate sentence. B. mandatory sentence. C. determinate sentence. D. presumptive sentence. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 31. Legislatively approved provisio ns that mandate longer prison terms for specific criminal offenses committed under certain circumstances are called _____. A. presumptive sentences B. judicial sentences C. sentencing enhancements D. intermediate sanctions Accessibility: Keyboard Navig ation Chapter 03 - Sentencing: To Punish or to Reform? 3-9 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 32. The imposition of sentences required by statute for those convicted of a particular crime or a particular crime with special circumstances is called: A. voluntary sentencing. B. indeterminate sentencing. C. presumptive sentencing. D. mandator y minimum sentencing. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 33. The _____ is a law that allows a person's criminal history to be considered at sentencing or makes it possible for a person convicted of a given offense and previously convicted of another s pecified offense to receive a more severe penalty than that for the current offense alone. A. Fair Sentencing Clarification Act (FSCA) B. Federal Fair Sentencing Act (FSA) C. Determinate sentencing law (DSL) D. Habitual offender statute Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 34. The control of offenders in the community under strict conditions, by means of frequent reporting to a probation officer whose caseload is generally limited to 30 offenders, is called _____. A. mandatory minimum sentencing B. truth -in-sentencing C. intensive supervision probation D. remote -location monitoring Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Chapter 03 - Sentencing: To Punish or to Reform? 3-10 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 35. Sentences that judges are expected to follow unless they document reasons for departing from the guidelines are known as _____. A. mandatory sentences B. presumptive sentences C. indeterminate sentences D. flat sentences Accessibility: Keyboard Navigat ion 36. When a judge delays a defendant’s serving of a sentence after he or she has been convicted or found guilty in order to allow the defendant to perform a period of community supervision, it is referred to as a(n) _____. A. straight sentence B. suspended sentence C. sentencing enhancement D. intermediate sanction Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 37. Statutes that impose mandatory prison sentences, generally a life sentence, on those convicted of an offense if they have been previously convic ted of two prior serious criminal offenses are called _____. A. three -strikes laws B. sentencing enhancements C. sentencing commissions D. intermediate sanctions Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation True / False Questions 38. Punishment as vengean ce is also called revenge. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Chapter 03 - Sentencing: To Punish or to Reform? 3-11 Copyright © 2017 McGraw -Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw -Hill Education. 39. A sentencing goal that involves retaliation against a criminal perpetrator is called rehabilitation. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 40. The expression "an eye for an eye" refers to deterrence. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 41. Retribution literally means "paying back" the offender for what he or she has done. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 42. Andrew von Hirsch is famous for his belief in rehabilitation. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 43. The concepts of retribution and just deserts are future oriented. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 44. The discouragement or prev ention of crimes through the fear of punishment is called just deserts. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation