(Test Bank) A History of Psychology, The Emergence of Science and Applications

Woody,Viney, 6

History & Arts

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Author(s): Woody, Viney

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Chapter 1 1 Which of the following is NOT a contribution from Benjamin Rush? Answer: Feedback: See textbook section on Benjamin Rush. 2 The German term Ortgeist is relevant to the problem of causality in history. The term refers to (A) the spirit of the time (B) the spirit of the place (C) the causal role of persons in history (D) the importance of emphasizing biographical studies in history Answer: (B) the spirit of the place Feedback: Spirit of the time is Zeitgeist. Great person theory ascribes causal role to people. 3 The German term Zeitgeist is relevant to the problem of causality in history. The term refers to (A) the spirit of the time (B) the spirit of the place (C) the causal role of persons in history (D) the importance of emphasizing biographical studies in history Answer: (A) the spirit of the time Feedback: Spirit of the place is Ortgeist. Great person theory ascribes causal role to people. 4 The belief that history has no identifiable or universal meaning is (A) the linear -progressive hypothesis (B) the chaos hypothesis (C) the linear -regressive hypothesis (D) the cyclical hypothesis Answer: (B) the chaos hypothesis Feedback: Linear -progressive hypothesis is that history builds on previous generations. Cyclical hypothesis is that history repeats itself. 5 An individual who believes that the human situation is continually improving over time and generations accepts (A) the linear -progressive hypothesis (B) the chaos hypothesis (C) the linear -regressive hypothesis (D) the cyclical hypothesis Answer: (A) the linear -progressive hypothesis Feedback: Chaos hypothesis is that there is no pattern. Cyclical does not involve building on previous generations. 6 The term presentism, as used in the text, refers to (A) the correspondence between a historical narrative and the events of the past that it describes (B) the difficulties of separating historical facts from present perspectives (C) the attempt to understand the past for its own sake (D) the belief that past traditions and values are always superior to present values Answer: (B) the difficulties of sepa rating historical facts from present perspectives Feedback: See textbook explanation of biases that historians face. 7 The kind of objectivity we might reasonably expect of historical writing is that objectivity characterized by (A) correspondence between a historical narrative and the events of the past (B) an honest attempt to provide all sides of an issue (C) an attempt to simply chronicle the events of the past (D) the attempt to leave all feeling out of the historical narrative Answer: (B) an honest attempt to provide all sides of an issue Feedback: Objectivity contains the idea that there is rarely one side to an issue, event. 8 There are many definitions of history. The definition preferred by the authors of your text is that history is (A) the interpretive study of the events of the human past (B) the chronology of the even ts that provide the raw material for the historian (C) the scientific study of the past (D) all of the above Answer: (A) the interpretive study of the events of the human past Feedback: Check textbook for definition of history. 9 According to the text, history has an explanatory component. The explanatory component includes (A) attempts by historians to make sense of the data they collect (B) attempts by historians to define history (C) chronological records (D) data such as unpublished letters, newspaper accounts, etc. Answer: (A) attempts by historians to make sense of the data they collect Feedback: Explanatory means there is an aspect of interpretation. 10 According to the text, history has an empirical component. The empirical component includes (A) attempts by historians to make sense of the data they collect (B) only those rare instances when historians conduct experiments (C) explanations offered by historians (D) data such as unpublished letters, diaries, etc. Answer: (D) data such as unpublished letters, diaries, etc. Feedback: Empirical means that which can be understood through the senses --objects that can be seen, touched. 11 In a broad and philosophical sense, the term historiography refers to (A) philosophical questions about history (B) philosophical questions about historical methodology (C) characteristics of a body of historical writings (D) all of the above Answer: (D) all of the above Feedback: Historiography has multiple meanings. 12 Each of the following is a reason to study history EXCEPT (A) history encourages a narrow perspective (B) history teaches a healthy skepticism (C) history teaches humility (D) history is a key to understanding the future Answer: (A) history encourages a narrow perspective Feedback: Narrow perspective is the antithesis of history's purpose. 13 As a self -conscious formal discipline, psychology is (A) about 300 years old (B) little more than 100 years old (C) only 50 years old (D) almost 500 years old Answer: (B) little more than 100 years old Feedback: Founding is 1879. 14 Which of the following is NOT a criticism of humanistic psychology? Answer: 15 Which of the following is NOT a legitimate criticism of humanistic psychology? Answer: Feedback: See textbook overview of third -force psychologies. 16 When considering the forces that shape history one must be cautious to avoid hagiography, the (A) tendency to attribute historical change to only impersonal forces (B) tendency to give individuals excessive credit for historical developments (C) tendency to ignore the interplay between individuals and context (D) tendency to emphasize an internalist perspective Answer: (B) tendency to give individuals excessive credit for historical developments Feedback: Check textbook for definition of ha giography. Chapter 2 1 Observational evidence alone does not warrant a universal conclusion. Thus, though every observed swan is white, there is no basis for saying that all swans are white. Such a contention is found in the work of an important philosopher of science by the name of ____________. (A) Thomas S. Kuhn (B) Paul Feyerabend (C) Karl Popper (D) William James Answer: (C) Karl Popper Feedback: See section on Science and Epistemology in textbook. 2 The idea that there are many separate real things (e.g., a real mind, a real body, a real God, a real material world, and so on) is most consistent with (A) attributive pluralism (B) ontologica l pluralism (C) epiphenomenalism (D) interactionism Answer: (B) ontological pluralism Feedback: Epiphenomenalism holds that mental processes are a by -prodict of brain activity. Interactionism holds that mind events influence bodily events and vice versa. 3 Psychogeny can be defined as the study of (A) the origin of the psyche (B) materialist mind -brain positions (C) double -aspect monism (D) the origin of the mind -brain debate Answer: (A) the origin of the psyche Feedback: See textbook section on the mind -body problem for definition. 4 Psychogenic identity theory maintains that (A) psyche is instilled in the biological substrate at a given point in time (B) the psychically endowed biological substrate is identical with the conscious adult (C) the psyche does not change qualitativel y across the lifetime of the individual (D) all of the above Answer: (D) all of the above Feedback: See textbook section on the mind -body problem for definition. 5 Psychogenic emergentism is the belief that (A) psyche is instilled in the organism at one point in time (B) psyche develops with the developing biological organism (C) the instilled psyche is identical with the conscious adult (D) all of the above Answer: (B) psyche develops with the developing biological organism Feedback: See textbook section on the mind -body problem for definition. 6 A central problem with explanations by comparison is (A) the risk of overgeneralization (B) that humans lack confidence in analogies (C) that differences between ideas or concepts may be overemphasized (D) all of the above Answer: (A) the risk of overgeneralization Feedback: See textbook section on the problem of explanation. 7 The term epistemology is derived from the Greek episteme, which means (A) to value highly (B) to exist (C) to understand, know (D) to be skeptical Answer: (C) to understand, know Feedback: Check textbook for definition. 8 The term a priori refers to (A) that which is derived from experience (B) knowledge that is acquired through learning (C) self-evident truths known through intuition (D) the nature of being Answer: (C) self-evident truths known through intuition Feedback: A posteriori is that which is derived from experience. Ontology is the nature of being. 9 The term a posteriori refers to (A) that which is derived from experience (B) the study of problem solving (C) self-evident truths known through intuition (D) the nature of being Answer: (A) that which is derived from experience Feedback: A priori is self -evident truths known through intuition. Ontology is the nature of being. 10 The empiricist, unlike the nativist, believes that (A) all perceptions are learned or derived from experience (B) we discern many truths through intuition alone (C) a posteriori knowledge is relatively unimportant (D) there are a great many self-evident truths Answer: (A) all perceptions are learned or derived from experience Feedback: Check textbook for definition of empiricism. 11 The nativist believes that perceptual abilities (A) are learned or derived from experience (B) are learned through interaction with others (C) learned after birth are relatively unimportant (D) are operational from birth Answer: (D) are operational from birth Feedback: The importance of experience and learning are tenets of empiricism. 12 According to the text, each of the following terms refers to abilities, or beliefs about abilities, that are built into living systems, EXCEPT (A) a priori knowledge (B) instinct (C) empiricism (D) nativism Answer: (C) empiricism Feedback: Learning and experience are consistent with empiricism. 13 According to the text, the method of _________ is surely the most common method of assessing truth. (A) rationalism (B) authority (C) empiricism (D) pragmatism Answer: (B) authority Feedback: Check textbook for discussion of the criteria by which we claim to know truth. 14 Knowledge, according to empiricism, is based on facts presented through (A) observation and experience (B) intuition (C) instinct (D) authority Answer: (A) observation and experience Feedback: Check textbook for definition of empiricism. 15 The term rationalism comes from the same Latin root as (A) logic (B) intuition (C) reason (D) mathematics Answer: (C) reason Feedback: Check textbook for definition of rationalism. 16 Aestheticism emphasizes (A) an active mind (B) dependence on sensory experience (C) the belief that the principles of beauty are applicable to other arenas of thought (D) the cash value of an idea Answer: (C) the belief that the principles of beauty are applicable to other arenas of thought Feedback: An active mind is consistent with rationalism. Dependence on s ensory experience is consistent with empiricism. 17 Pragmatism emphasizes the _____ of an idea. (A) absolute truth (B) intuitive success (C) importance of authoritarian validation (D) cash value or workability Answer: (D) cash value or workability Feedback: Check textbook for definition of pragmatism. 18 Some philosophers have argued that mental processes are produced by brain processes, but are nevertheless qualitatively different from brain processes. Such a position is called (A) emergentism (B) interactionism (C) psychophysical parallelism (D) attributive pluralism Answer: (A) emergentism Feedback: Interactionism is the position that mind and matter are distinct substances but interact with each other. Psychophysical parallelism holds that mental events and bodily events do not influence e ach other but exist in parallel. 19 One of the more difficult problems associated with psychophysical parallelism is that (A) it fails to specify a source of interaction between mind and body (B) it implies a kind of preestablished harmony (C) it fails to show mind emerges from body (D) it agrees in an uncanny way with common sense Answer: (B) it implies a kind of preestablished harmony Feedback: See textbook section on the mind -body problem for explanation. 20 According to Popper, a theory should (A) survive over time (B) be falsifiable (C) have intuitive appeal (D) meet an aesthetic criterion Answer: (B) be falsifiable Feedback: See section on Science and Epistemology in textbook. 21 The term paradigm as used by _____ refers to ______. (A) Popper . . . anarchy in science (B) Kuhn . . . conventional ways of solving problems (C) Feyerabend . . . normal science (D) Desartes . . . the hypothetico -deductive method Answer: (B) Kuhn . . . conventional ways of solving problems Feedback: See section on Science and Epistemology in textbook. 22 According to Kuhn, a shift in scientific view marked by a radical new and more successful organization of the world is (A) normal science (B) a paradigm (C) a scientific revolution (D) all of the above Answer: (C) a scientific revolution Feedback: Dominant schools of thought dictate practices that comprise normal science. Paradigm is the lens through which scientists work when conducting normal science. 23 Which of the following has argued for an anarchistic epistemology marked by the belief that there is no such thing as a unified and unchanging scientific method. (A) Paul K. Feyerabend (B) Thomas Kuhn (C) Karl Popper (D) Francis Bacon Answer: (A) Paul K. Feyerabend Feedback: Kuhn describes normal science and paradigms. Popper argues for falsifiability. Bacon argues for empiricism and inductive methods in science. 24 Domino A impacts domino B and B falls over. According to Aristotle, domino A is the ___________ cause of the fall of B. (A) formal (B) efficient (C) final (D) material Answer: (B) efficient Feedback: Formal cause refers to identifying properties of a thing. Final cause is an object's purpose. Material cause refers to physical composition of an object. 25 An airplane could be constructed of appropriate materials and have an adequate propulsion system, but if the wing or s ome other part were not shaped appropriately, the plane would not fly. The importance of the shape of the plane is close in meaning to Aristotle's ________ cause. (A) material (B) final (C) teleological (D) formal Answer: (D) formal Feedback: Final cause is an object's purpose. Material cause refers to physical composition of an object. 26 The final cause, according to Aristotle, refers to (A) that which immediately sets a thing in motion (B) the shape or identifying features of an object of interest (C) the purpose or end for which a thing was intended (D) free will Answer: (C) the purpose or end for which a thing was intended Feedback: Efficient cause is that which immediately sets a thing in motion. Formal cause refers to identifying properties of a thing. 27 The term teleology refers to (A) the formal cause (B) purpose or design (C) the energy that sets a causal chain in motion (D) the technical study of religion Answer: (B) purpose or design Feedback: See textbook section on the problem of causality for definition. 28 The view that any design in nature is immanent in nature is found in ___________, whereas the view that any design in nature is the work of a designer is found in ________. (A) intrinsic teleology . . . extrinsic teleology (B) extrinsic teleology . . . intrinsic teleology (C) intrinsic teleology . . . formal cause (D) extrinsic teleology . . . formal cause Answer: (A) intrinsic teleology . . . extrinsic teleology Feedback: See textbook on the problem of causality for explanation. 29 Psychological determinism is the belief that (A) there are causes, known or unknown, for every behavior or experience (B) some events may really be random (C) humans freely determine their own choices (D) all of the above Answer: (A) there are causes, known or unknown, for every behavior or experience Feedback: Free will is the position that humans freely determine their own choices. 30 The contemporary status of the free will –determinism debate in psychology is best characterized as (A) abandoned due to its irrelevance to the discipline (B) focused on physiological determinants of int entions (C) resolved in favor of determinism due to recent advances in technology and neuroimaging tools (D) resolved in favor of free will due to recent advances in technology and neuroimaging tools Answer: (B) focused on physiological determinants of intentions Feedback: See textbook section on free will and determinism for explanation. 31 The term ontology refers to (A) the study of the limitations of human knowledge (B) the study of values (C) the study of the nature and relations of being (D) the study of causality Answer: (C) the study of the nature and relations of being Feedback: Epistemology refers to questions of human knowledge. Ethics is the study of values. Metaphysics includes the study of causality. 32 Materialism is the belief that (A) mind is the primary material of the universe (B) matter makes up everything (C) mind interacts with material (D) all of the above Answer: (B) matter makes up everything Feedback: Idealism is the position that the mental world of experience is the primary material of the universe. Interactionism is the position that mind interacts with material. 33 According to idealism (A) material reality is the basis of all science (B) language is the basis of all science (C) the mental world or the world of experience is the basis of all science (D) science studies only the physical world Answer: (C) the mental world or the world of experience is the basis of all science Feedbac k: Materialism is the position that matter or material reality is the basis of science. 34 Mind is a kind of overflow or by-product of brain activity, but mind has no causal efficacy. Such a contention is most consistent with (A) interactionism (B) epistemology (C) ontological pluralism (D) epiphenomenalism Answer: (D) epiphenomenalism Feedback: Epistemology refers to questions of human knowledge. Interactionism is the position that mind and matter are distinct substances but interact with each other. 35 According to the text, the commonsense position with respect to mind and body is known as (A) interactionism (B) psychophysical parallelism (C) emergentism (D) epiphenomenalism Answer: (A) interactionism Feedback: Interactionism is the position that mind and matter are distinct substances but interact with each other. Psychophysical parallelism holds that mental events and bodily events do not influence each other but exist in parallel. 36 Strong emotions are more likely to be conditioned to __________ as a way of knowing. (A) authority (B) pragmatism (C) empiricism (D) rationalism Answer: (A) authority Feedback: Check textbook for explanations of criteria by which we claim to know truth. Chapter 3 1 The Academy is to _________ as the Lyceum is to _______ (A) Plato . . . Socrates (B) Socrates . . . Plato (C) Plato . . . Aristotle (D) Theophrastus . . . Plato Answer: (C) Plato . . . Aristotle Feedback: Plato established the Academy; Aristotle the Lyceum. 2 Socrates believed that knowledge is more likely to be achieved through (A) controlled observation (B) naturalistic observation (C) reason (D) aesthetics Answer: (C) reason Feedback: Observation is associated with empiricism; aesthetics with beauty. 3 Sophists were (A) physicians who were poorly trained (B) lawyers (C) cosmologists (D) teachers who received money in exchange for instruction Answer: (D) teachers who received money in exchange for instruction Feedback: See textbook glossary. 4 Which of the following is remembered as a sophist who advance a thoroughgoing relativistic doctrine? (A) Socrates (B) Plato (C) Protagoras (D) Theana Answer: (C) Protagoras Feedback: Socrates, Plato, and Theana are not sophists. 5 Hippocrates was the first to advance a classification of emotional disorders. His classification included the following categories: (A) neurosis, psychosis, mania, melancholia (B) epilepsy, neurosis, psychosis, affective disorders (C) mania, melancholia, paranoia, epilepsy (D) demons possession, naturalistic disorders, disorders ordained by God, disorders that result from misuse of free will Answer: (C) mania, melancholia, paranoia, epilepsy Feedback: See textbook discussion of e arly Greek concepts of illness. 6 ________________ is sometimes regarded as the real founder of Greek medicine. He was the first to advance a thoroughgoing naturalistic account of all illness. His account made no reference to demons or to supernatural causes. He was (A) Aesculapius (B) Alcmaeon (C) Hippocrates (D) Galen Answer: (C) Hippocrates Feedback: See textbook discussion of early Greek concepts of illness. 7 _________ theorized that two principles, love and strife, interact with the four basic elements (earth, wind, fire, water) and thus play a role in health. (A) Empedocles (B) Alcmaeon (C) Hippocrates (D) Galen Answer: (A) Empedocles Feedback: Alcmaeon, Hippocrates, and Galen all made contributions to medicine. 8 __________ was one of the first to believe that the brain is involved in cognition, in accordance with his work examining the links between sensory systems and the brain. (A) Aesculapius (B) Alcmaeon (C) Hippocrates (D) Galen Answer: (B) Alcmaeon Feedback: See textbook discussion of early Greek concepts of illness. 9 These two Greek scholars are remembered for, among other things, advancing early versions of evolutionary theory. (A) Socrates and Plato (B) Thales and Anaximenes (C) Protagoras and Leucippus (D) Anaximander and Empedocles Answer: (D) Anaximander and Empedocles Feedback: See textbook discussion of the cosmologists. 10 ___________ believed that the four elements (fire, earth, air, and water) combined with two first principles (love and strife). He believed that harmony and balance were important to survival. (A) Empedocles (B) Thales (C) Leuicippus (D) Democritus Answer: (A) Empedocles Feedback: Thales believed air was the underlying substance. Leucippus and Democritus are associated with atomic theory. 11 ___________ advocated an empirical approach to medicine. He was one of the first to practice dissection. (A) Aesculapius (B) Alcmaeon (C) Galen (D) Theophrastus Answer: (B) Alcmaeon Feedback: See textbook discussion of early Greek concepts of illness. 12 Socrates believed that virtue is attained through ________, whereas evil results from _________ (A) self-knowledge . . . ignorance (B) following rules . . . false concepts (C) religious revelation . . . reductionism (D) restraint . . . lack of discipline Answer: (A) self-knowledge . . . ignorance Feedback: Socrates is associated with ""know thyself."" 13 Which of the following statements would be most consistent with Plato's theory of forms? (A) sensory information is necessary to most forms of true knowledge (B) there are universal, timeless, and true principles apprehended through reason (C) we know about the principles of triangularity through examining many individual triangles (D) in matte rs of knowledge, reason is not to be trusted Answer: (B) there are universal, timeless, and true principles apprehended through reason Feedback: In matters of true knowledge, Plato distrusted sense data and trusted reason. 14 According to Aristotle, humans seek pleasure and happiness but are often frustrated in their attempts to secure these states. Aristotle believed that ""good fortune"" plays a role in the attainment of happiness but even wihout luck we can attain a modicum of happiness by practicing goodness and by (A) reconciling ourselves with religious authority (B) practicing stoic resignation (C) seeking moderation or the golden mean in all things (D) taking strong stands on all issues Answer: (C) seeking moderation or the golden mean in all things Feedback: See textbook discussion of Aristotle. 15 Which of the following might best characterize Aristotle's advice about how to attain goodness and happiness? (A) follow the rules or norms of your society (B) commit yourself without reservation to religious values (C) emphasize the development of courage (D) seek the golden mean, avoid extremes, try to be moderate Answer: (D) seek the golden mean, avoid extremes, try to be moderate Feedback: See textbook discussion of Aristotle. 16 Which of the following best characterized Aristotle's beliefs about dreams? (A) dreams are based on the movement of sense impressions during sleep (B) dreams may provide important clues about the condition of the body (C) dreams do not convey divine messages (D) all of the above Answer: (D) all of the above Feedback: See textbook discussion of Aristotle. 17 According to Aristotle, which of the following is most accurate? (A) thinking (B) imagination (C) perception (D) none of the above; all ways of knowing are flawed Answer: (C) perception Feedback: Thinking and imagination are furthest removed from sense data. 18 Which of the following is true regarding Aristotle's distinction between recollection and memory? (A) memory is more active whereas recollection is more passive (B) memory is never spontaneous; only recollection is spontaneous (C) recollection involves effort; whereas memory can b e spontaneous (D) recollection can take place without memory Answer: (C) recollection involves effort; whereas memory can be spontaneous Feedback: Recollection cannot take place without memory, it is active. 19 Aristotle's position on the relationship between soul and body is best described by the term (A) interactionism (B) psychophysical parallelism (C) idealism (D) hylomorphism Answer: (D) hylomorphism Feedback: See textbook discussion of Aristotle. 20 Which of the following is not a contribution from Socrates or Plato concerning mental disorders? (A) Irrational forces may dominate the mind leading to mental disorders (B) Discord amongst components of the psyche may conribute to mental disorders (C) Mental disorders may result from ignorance (D) Mental disorders arise from an imbalance of humors Answer: (D) Mental disorders arise from an imbalance of humors Feedback: Irrational forces and psychic discord is a theme in Plato's writings. Galen connected psychology to the humors. 21 ______ and ______ were among the first to emphasize psychological forces in the development of mental d isorders. (A) Socrates . . . Plato (B) Alcmaeon . . . Thales (C) Xenophanes . . . Alcmaeon (D) Protagoras . . . Zeno Answer: (A) Socrates . . . Plato Feedback: See textbook discussions of Socrates and Plato. 22 Plato believed in a three -part soul or psyche consisting of (A) appetite, spirit, and reason (B) sensation, motivation, and cognition (C) sensation, perception, and cognition (D) emotion, sensation, and motivation Answer: (A) appetite, spirit, and reason Feedback: See textbook discussion of Plato. 23 Plato believed that _________ can result in only appearance and opinion while _______ is the only way to knowledge. (A) intuition . . . reason (B) sensory information . . . intuition (C) sensory information . . . reason (D) reason . . . sensory information Answer: (C) sensory information . . . reason Feedback: Sense information is not to be trusted; reason is the way to certainty. 24 An early theory of sensation and perception, in which all objects shed images of themselves that interact with our sensory systems, was advanced by (A) Thales (B) Heraclitus (C) Democritus (D) Pythagoras Answer: (C) Democritus Feedback: Thales believed air was the underlying substance, Heraclitus is associated with becoming, Pythagoras with number. 25 Democritus argued for a strict (A) determinism (B) pluralism (C) interactive dualism (D) idealism Answer: (A) determinism Feedback: See textbook discussion of Democritus. 26 Anaximander's term apeiron means (A) universal origin (B) without boundary (C) air (D) water Answer: (B) without boundary Feedback: See textbook section on the cosmologists for explanation. 27 Anaximander is often remembered as the (A) first recorded evolutionary theorist (B) first to emphasize the role of homeostasis in mental health (C) first to elevate the role of mathematics in science (D) first logician Answer: (A) first recorded evolutionary theorist Feedback: See textbook section on the cosmologists for explanation. 28 ____________, an early Greek cosmologist, believed that the primordial substance of the world is water. (A) Anaximenes (B) Pythagoras (C) Theana (D) Thales Answer: (D) Thales Feedback: Air is the primordial substance of the world for Anaximenes. Number is the underlying substance for Pythagoras. 29 The Greeks were interested in ___________ and ______________, the nature of the universe and the origin of the universe, respectively. (A) cosmology . . . cosmogony (B) cosmogony . . . cosmology (C) astronomy . . . materialism (D) materialism . . . cosmology Answer: (A) cosmology . . . cosmogony Feedback: Materialism is the philosophy that all in the universe is matter. Astronomy is the science of the material universe beyond the earth's atmosphere. 30 The Zoroastrian holy book was the (A) Avesta (B) Vedas (C) Torah (D) Bible Answer: (A) Avesta Feedback: Vedas are part of Indian philosophy, the Torah part of Judiasm, and the Bible part of Christianity. 31 Which ancient culture accepted a monotheistic God and had notions of mental disorders? (A) Babylonia (B) Egypt (C) Hebrew (D) Persia Answer: (C) Hebrew Feedback: Babylonians believed in multiple gods. Egyptians were also polytheistic. Persians practiced theological dualism. 32 In India in the fourth millennium BCE the suggested way to acquire knowledge was via (A) rational methods (B) empirical methods (C) intuition (D) all of the above Answer: (C) intuition Feedback: Ancient Indian philosophers did not trust either the senses or the intellect. 33 Women in ________ enjoyed far greater social status than in most ancient cultures. (A) India (B) Egypt (C) Israel (D) Babylonia Answer: (B) Egypt Feedback: Egyptian women held political offices and owned property. 34 In ancient Egypt, the _______ was viewed as the seat of cognitive activity. (A) heart (B) brain (C) liver (D) stomach Answer: (A) heart Feedback: See textbook section on early psychological thought in Egypt. 35 In Babylonia, phenomena were often explained in terms of (A) logic (B) demons (C) a monotheistic God (D) empirical research Answer: (B) demons Feedback: Logic, monothesim, empirical research are not part of ancient Babylonian thought or practice. 36 Anaximenes believed that the primary substance of the world is (A) air (B) water (C) fire, earth, air, and water (D) apeiron Answer: (A) air Feedback: Apeiron is associated with Anaximander. Thales believed water is the underlying substance of the universe. 37 The literal meaning of the term philosophy is (A) science of mind (B) logic of mind (C) love of wisdom (D) theory of knowledge Answer: (C) love of wisdom Feedback: See textbook glossary for definition. 38 ""The world is composed entirely of atoms."" "" My friend, you are clearly mistaken. The basic stuff of all reality is water."" The argument is between (A) Anaximenes and Thales (B) Democritus and Thales (C) Heraclitus and Xenophanes (D) Leucippus and Pythagoras Answer: (B) Democritus and Thales Feedback: Pythagoras is associated with number, Leucippus is an atomist, Anaximenes believed air is the underlying substance, Heraclitus is associated with becoming. 39 ____________ was the founder of atomic theory. (A) Anaximander (B) Leucippus (C) Aesculapius (D) Alcmaeon Answer: (B) Leucippus Feedback: Anaximander is associated with apeiron, Aesculapius and Alcmaeon practice medicine. 40 Which of the following statements would most likely come from Heraclitus? (A) constancy is an illusion, only change is real (B) being is superior to becoming (C) eternal truth is discovered through reason (D) if you want to fight, fight with anger Answer: (A) constancy is an illusion, only change is real Feedback: Being is associated with Parmenides, truth through reason is associated with Plato. 41 Wheras ________ argued that movement is an illusion, _______ advanced the notion that constancy is an illusion. (A) Heraclitus . . . Parmenides (B) Pythagoras . . . Thales (C) Parmenides . . . Heraclitus (D) Thales . . . Heraclitus Answer: (C) Parmenides . . . Heraclitus Feedback: See textbook discussions of Parmenides and Heraclitus. 42 _________ outlined a number of paradoxes which cast doubt on the validity of sensory experience. (A) Zeno (B) Heraclitus (C) Pythagoras (D) Anaximander Answer: (A) Zeno Feedback: Heraclitus is associated with becoming, Pythagoras with number, and Anaximander with apeiron. 43 An early rationalist, ________ detailed his monistic philosophy in a poem thought to be titled ""On Nature."" (A) Heraclitus (B) Pythagoras (C) Parmenides (D) Xenophanes Answer: (C) Parmenides Feedback: Heraclitus is associated with becoming, Pythagoras with number, and Xenophanes attacked anthropomorphic gods in Homer's poems. 44 This philosopher was one of the first to emphasize a philosophy of being. He believed that truth is known through reason rather than the senses. (A) Heraclitus (B) Aristotle (C) Democritus (D) Parmenides Answer: (D) Parmenides Feedback: Heraclitus is associated with becoming. Aristotle is associated with empiricism, Democritus with materialism. 45 This philosopher was known for his attacks on Greek polytheism and for anthropomorphic concepts of the gods. (A) Parmenides (B) Xenophanes (C) Thales (D) Heraclitus Answer: (B) Xenophanes Feedback: Parmenides is associated with being. Heraclitus is associated with becoming. Thales believed water is the underlying substance of the universe. 46 ________, daughter of Pythagoras and Theana, was one of the first to give advice on child rearing. (A) Myia (B) Aesara (C) Hypatia (D) Arete Answer: (A) Myia Feedback: See textbook description of Pythagoras. 47 For the Pythagoreans, the world was driven by and based in (A) love and strife (B) numbers (C) apeiron (D) air Answer: (B) numbers Feedback: Anaximenes believed air is the primal substance of the universe. Anaximander is associated with apeiron. Love and strife are the first two principles according to Empedocles. 48 A Chinese naturalistic philosopher is often compared to Aristotle. He was (A) Confucius (B) Chan Yung (C) Hsün Tzu (D) Siddhartha Gautama Answer: (C) Hsün Tzu Feedback: See textbook section on early Chinese psychologies. Chapter 4 1 Based on Galen's personality theory, a sanguine personality would be characterized as (A) cheerful, optimistic. (B) Sad, depressed (C) sluggish, unemotional (D) quick-tempered, fiery. Answer: (A) cheerful, optimistic. 2 The method for seeking knowledge on which Tertullian centered his worldview was (A) reason (B) revelation (C) empiricism (D) aestheticism Answer: (B) revelation Feedback: See textbook discussion of Tertullian. 3 _______, as author of the Confessions, provided the world with a powerful psychological autobiography. He was one of the first to emphasize the importance of unconscious processes. (A) Aquinas (B) Rhazes (C) Roger Bacon (D) Augustine Answer: (D) Augustine Feedback: See textbook discussion of Aurelius Augustine. 4 _______ wrote on the topic of memory, distinguishing between recognition and recall, and gave consideration to the tip -of-the-tongue phenomenon. (A) Aquinas (B) Rhazes (C) Roger Bacon (D) Augustine Answer: (D) Augustine Feedback: Roger Bacon, Rhazes, and Aquinas were not known for their work on memory. 5 In addition to criticizing ancient conceptions of disease such as demonology, ______ was also the first to apply chemistry to medical research. (A) Aquinas (B) Rhazes (C) Roger Bacon (D) Augustine Answer: (B) Rhazes Feedback: Aquinas, Bacon, and Augustine were not known for contributions to medical research. 6 The most influential philosopher and physician of the early Islamic world was (A) Avicenna (B) Rhazes (C) Alhazen (D) Averröes Answer: (A) Avicenna Feedback: See textbook discussion of Islam. 7 One characteristic that Avicenna, Maimonides, and St. Thomas Aquinas had in common was that each one (A) was Christian (B) greatly distrusted reason (C) elevated empiricism over reason (D) sought to reconcile faith and reason Answer: (D) sought to reconcile faith and reason Feedback: All worked to reconcile faith and reason. 8 ________ had a concept of soul very similar to Aristotle's concept of soul. Soul includes vegetative, animal, and human functions. (A) Avicenna (B) Rhazes (C) Alhazen (D) Averröes Answer: (A) Avicenna Feedback: Avicenna's soul parallels Aristotle's faculty psychology. 9 Famous for his Book of Optics ______ rejected the Platonic theory of extramission or that light rays are emitted from the eye. (A) Roger Bacon (B) William of Ockham (C) Alhazen (D) Avicenna Answer: (C) Alhazen Feedback: Alhazen wrote Book of Optics. 10 _________ was a philosopher in his own right, but he was even more famous for his extensive commentary on the work of Aristotle which became a major intellectual force in Europe. (A) Rhazes (B) Avicenna (C) Alhazen (D) Averröes Answer: (D) Averröes Feedback: Responsible for introducing Aristotle to the West. 11 The book Guide of the Perplexed, written by ________, was an early attempt to reconcile faith and science by arguing that many scriptural texts were written for very simple people and should not be taken literally. (A) Maimonides (B) Aquinas (C) Avicenna (D) Roger Bacon Answer: (A) Maimonides Feedback: Maimonides believed that scriptural texts were written to enlighten. 12 _______________ argued that reason is no less a gift from God than the scriptures and should not be blindly rejected. He saw doubt in a positive light because it motivates study. (A) Plotinus (B) Augustine (C) Peter Abelard (D) Plato Answer: (C) Peter Abelard Feedback: See textbook discussion of Peter Abelard. 13 ______ was an early investigator of the nature of loving relationships. (A) Oliva Sabuco (B) Héloise (C) Hypatia (D) Thomas Aquinas Answer: (B) Héloise Feedback: Sabuco, Hypatia, and Aquinas are not known for contributions to relationships. 14 ________ wrote Opus Majus, which contained chapters on topics such as optics, philosophy, mathematics, experimental science, moral philosophy, and four general causes of human errors. (A) Thomas Aqui nas (B) Peter Abelard (C) Héloise (D) Roger Bacon Answer: (D) Roger Bacon Feedback: Aquinas, Abelard, and Héloise did not produce works with such a variety of topics. 15 Almost single -handedly, ________ was able to convince church authorities that they had nothing to fear from Aristotle. Following the influence of this theologian, Aristotle was a regular part of the curriculum at the University of Paris. (A) Thomas Aquinas (B) Augustine (C) Peter Abelard (D) Héloise Answer: (A) Thomas Aquinas Feedback: Only Aquinas was a faculty member at the University of Paris. 16 The medieval period was characterized by (A) accelerated development (B) total stagnation (C) intellectual progression and regression occurring simultaneously (D) the acceptance of science Answer: (C) intellectual progression and regression occurring simultaneously Feedback: See textbook description of the medieval period. 17 The early Christian church in Rome emphasized (A) science (B) knowledge by revelation (C) the value of this life (D) acceptance of women Answer: (B) knowledge by revelation Feedback: See textbook discussion of the early Christian faith. 18 According to the text, which of the following did NOT contribute to the fall of the Roman Empire? (A) a dwindling population (B) tensions between Roman polytheism and Christianity (C) economic burdens resulting from military expansion (D) larger families Answer: (D) larger families Feedback: See textbook discussion of the fall of Rome. 19 ______________ proposed four general causes for human ignorance and error. (A) Peter Abelard (B) Thomas Aquinas (C) Roger Bacon (D) St. Augustine. Answer: (C) Roger Bacon 20 The Greek physician ______, practicing in Rome, was one of the first to distinguish between delusions and hallucinations. (A) Asclepiades (B) Galen (C) Plotinus (D) Lucretius Answer: (A) Asclepiades