(Test Bank) Health Psychology Biopsychosocial Interactions

Sarafino,Smith, 8

Medicine

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8th Edition

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Author(s): Sarafino, Smith

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Test Bank for Health Psychology Biopsychosocial Interactions, 8e Edward Sarafino, Timothy Smith (All Chapters) 1 Chapter 1 TEST QUESTIONS True or False F 1. Advances in medical treatment were responsible for a sharp decrease (4) in infectious diseases at the turn of the 20th century. T 2. Today, accidental injury is the leading cause of death in children and (5) adolescents in the United States. F 3. During the Middle Ages, the influence of the Church resulted in many (6) major advancements in medical knowledge. F 4. “Risk factors” are those biological or behavioral characteristics that are (9) known to cause a disease. T 5. In the past, practitioners of psychosomatic medicine generally used a (10) psychoanalytic model to explain a physical symptom. T 6. One of the goals of health psychology is to have an effect on public (11) policy. T 7. The biopsychosocial model of health and illness is actually an extension (13) of the biomedical model. T 8. The "systems" approach assumes simple systems are embedded (15) within complex systems. F 9. Although sociocultural research has found d ifferences in health beliefs (20) across cultures, disease patterns themselves do not differ. F 10. Quasi -experimental designs allow us to make causal conclusions from (25) existing groups. 2 Matching Match one of the following with descriptions given in questions one to five. a. Hippocrates b. Plato c. Galen d. St. Thomas Aquinas e. Descartes c 1. From his work, which included dissection, this second century (6) physician felt that pathologies could be localized in parts of t he body. d 2. An Italian philosopher, he saw the mind and body as an interrelated unit. (6) b 3. He was among the Greek philosophers to propose that the mind and body (5) are separate entities. a 4. Called "the father of medicine," his humoral theory for the origin of (5) disease was influential for centuries. e 5. He described in mechanical terms the functioning of the body's actions (6) and sensations such as pain. Match the following with descriptions given in questions 6 through 10 a. epidemiology b. public health c. medical sociology d. medical anthropology e. health psychology e 6. Provides direct service to patients in the management of their illnesses (12) or engages in research and teaching. a 7. Concerned with the incidence and prevalence of illnesses. (17) b 8. Organizes health education or provides community health services. (18) c 9. May conduct studies of health care services and how they are organized. (18) d 10. May conduct studies on the medical practices in different cultures. (18) 3 Multiple Choice c 1. Claudia goes to the university health center complaining of a sore throat and (2) headache. A blood test reveals that her white blood cell count is high, and a throat culture reveals a streptococcus infection. Which of the following is true? a. Claudia’s high white blood cell count is a symptom of illness. b. Her sore throat is a sign of illness. c. The results of the blood test and throat culture are signs of illness. d. Her headache and high white blood count are symptoms of illness. d 2. Common definitions of health include (2) a. optimal weight and endurance. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. d. both b and c. c 3. In his continuum of illness and health, Aaron Antonovsky suggested that (2) a. wellness and illness are independent concepts. b. medical treatment affects only the wellness side of the continuum. c. his model represents differing h ealth statuses. d. lifestyle has little impact on health or illness. b 4. In discussing the illness and health continuum, Antonovsky emphasizes (2) a. illness more than health. b. a revised focus toward what helps people stay healthy. c. the psychosocial factors that contribute to illness. d. the role of poverty in health care. a 5. The term "health", as used by the author of the textbook, is best described as (2) a. a positive state of mental, social, and physical well -being. b. the abs ence of illness. c. the absence of disease risks. d. lack of a terminal condition. d 6. Infectious diseases were: (3-4) a. more frequently fatal in the past than they are now. b. brought over to North America by European settlers. c. the greatest t hreat to American health in the 19th century. d. all of the above d 7. The decline in the death rate from infectious diseases by the end of the 19th (4) century was largely the result of a. the development of antibiotics. b. advances in medical treatm ent. c. changing definitions of disease states in the medical community. d. preventive measures. 4 a 8. A person living in the United States today (4) a. is more likely to die of a chronic disease than any other cause of mortality. b. has a shorter life span than someone who lived in the 19th Century. c. is likely to be at high risk of dying of infections. d. has an average life expectancy over 90 y ears. b 9. The procedure referred to as trephination (5) a. is effective in the treatment of chronic disease. b. is believed to have been done in the past for superstitious reasons. c. is frequently used today in the treatment of infectious diseases . d. was based on the humoral theory of illness. d 10. Hippocrates, the "Father of Medicine" (5) a. suggested that eating a good diet would promote good health. b. proposed the humoral theory of illness and wellness. c. defined health as a balance o f humors. d. all of the above. c 11. A "humor" is a (5) a. type of emotional response. b. spiritual state. c. a bodily fluid. d. all of the above a 12. A main contribution of Galen to knowledge about illness (6) a. was to discover that illness can be localized in specific parts of the body. b. was to reject the humoral theory of Hippocrates. c. was not appreciated until the 20th century. d. was to reject the mind/body split. c 13. The position of Rene Descartes on the mind/body prob lem can best be (6) described as: a. agreeing with both Aquinas and Plato that the mind and body are unitary. b. agreeing with Aquinas and disagreeing with Plato that the mind and body are unitary. c. agreeing with Plato and disagreeing with Aquinas on the unitary nature of mind and body. d. placing little to no emphasis on the mind. 5 b 14. Which of the following was NOT an advance in science and medicine in the (7) 18th and 19th centuries? a. The growing use of dissection in autopsies to aid in the a cquisition of knowledge. b. The rejection of the belief that the mind and body are separate. c. The discovery that microorganisms cause certain diseases d. New surgical and anesthetic techniques. a 15. The proposition that all diseases can be explaine d by disturbances in (7) physiological processes a. is the basis of the biomedical model. b. is no longer the dominant view in the field of medicine. c. has never been widely accepted. d. is consistent with an emphasis on psychosocial factors. c 16. Dr. Lee believes that disease occurs independently from our psychological (7) and social experience. Dr. Lee believes in the _____ theory. a. humoral b. biopsychosocial c. biomedical d. trephination b 17. Which of the following statements about chr onic disease is true? (8) a. Significant advances have been made in their treatment, to the point where they are no longer dangerous. b. Although we know more about the causes of chronic diseases, advances in their treatment have been modest. c. Psycho logical and social factors have little to do with these diseases. d. Gains and survival rates from cancer between 1950 and 1987 are due to improved medical techniques. d 18. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for an individual developing (9) cancer? a. high alcohol use b. high fat diet c. cigarette smoking d. all of the above are risk factors b 19. Risk factors for a health problem (9) a. directly cause diseases. b. are associated with diseases. c. are largely unknown today. d. are usually easily cured with medication. 6 d 20. Melody has been having a great deal of difficulty in her attempt to quit (9) smoking. Which of the following might be reasons for her lack of success? a. She thinks getting cancer is not likely. b. Her friends all smoke and don't think it’s such a big problem. c. She is addicted to nicotine. d. all of the above d 21. Smoking has been identified as a risk factor in each of the following health (9) problems except a. stroke. b. cancer. c. chronic lu ng disease. d. obesity. b 22. In Belloc and Breslow's study of longevity and health practices (9) a. longevity was not statistically related to most health behaviors. b. the health of older participants who practiced all seven health habits was similar to that of much younger participants. c. maintaining an appropriate weight was the best predictor of health. d. eating multiple small meals was important. c 23. Which of the following is NOT one of the healthful behaviors studied by (9) Belloc and Breslow (1972)? a. never smoking cigarettes b. never or only occasionally eating between meals c. taking one aspirin per day d. sleeping 7 to 8 hours a day d 24. People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be (10) "disease -prone." a. anger & hostility b. depression c. anxiety d. all of the above d 25. Considering the psychosocial characteristics of the following people, which (10) one is most likely to develop an illness? a. Fernando, a banker who works long hours. b. Linda, a student who occasionally feels a bit sad and homesick. c. Ling, an athlete who experiences mild levels of anxiety before her competitions. d. John, an anxious and pessimistic news director who frequently "blows up" at his staff. 7 c 26. Jane feels a numbness in her hand and has been to several doctors, who (10) have found no organic cause for her problem. She might be suffering from a. trephination. b. behavioral modification. c. conversion hysteria. d. psychoanalysis. a 27. Medical history notes for a young woman with a skin rash refers to her (10) "conflicting feelings about being physically close to her husband". Her physician seems to accept a _____ explanation for her illness. a. psychosomatic b. behavioristic c. public health d. humoral c 28. Which of the following approaches would a specialist in behavioral medicine (11) be most likely to use in treating a chronic hea dache? a. medicine b. psychoanalysis c. biofeedback d. psychotherapy a 29. The work on biofeedback by physiological psychologists has shown us that (11) a. even internal functions like heart rate and blood pressure can be controlled with psychologic al methods. b. the mind/body dichotomy really exists and can be measured. c. psychoanalysis is effective in the treatment of high blood pressure. d. biofeedback is an ineffective method of therapy. d 30. Which of the following is the least likely to be studied by a modern health (11) psychologist? a. why people do not use seat belts b. how to design a media campaign to encourage healthful lifestyles c. how patients are affected by characteristics o f hospitals and nursing homes d. how to differentiate organic symptoms from conversion hysteria b 31. Which of the following is not an example of an indirect way that health (11) psychologists help patients? a. Conducting research to discover informati on about lifestyles that affect health. b. Providing therapy to a patient to assist in adjustment to a chronic illness. c. Holding a training workshop for medical professionals regarding psychosocial characteristics of patients. 8 d. Designing new behavio r change programs that will affect people’s health. 9 b 32. Mei -Lin has lost the use of her legs after being in a biking accident. Her (12) health psychologist is working with her to cognitively redefine the experience as a challenge rather than a disaste r. This technique is classified as a(n) _____ method. a. ineffective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. psychoanalytic d 33. A biopsychosocial approach to dealing with an adolescent girl's weight (13) problem would be likely to consider a. her family history. b. how her weight problem affects her friendships. c. how she feels emotionally about her weight problem. d. all of these d 34. Which of the following is true regarding the role of emotions in health and (13) illness? a. People with p ositive emotions take better care of their health. b. Fear prevents some people from obtaining medical care. c. Recovery from illness can be affected by emotions. d. all of the above a 35. Which of the following is NOT true of the systems concept in h ealth (15) psychology? a. It takes into account an unchanging, interrelated group of parts. b. By definition, a person qualifies as a system. c. It is consistent with the biopsychosocial model. d. Events in one system affect events in other systems. b 36. Compared with older individuals, children (17) a. experience the same number of chronic diseases as adults. b. suffer from relatively few chronic diseases. c. are more responsible for their own health. d. have cognitive skills similar to those of adolescents and adults. c 37. The life -span perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents (17) a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases. b. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. c. are powerfully influenced by peer pressure, often leading to poorer health practices. d. respond to illnesses much like the elderly do. 10 c 38. Greg is a 15 year old who was diagnosed as a diabetic at age 4. For the (17) first time, he now is not following his health regimen. The most probable explanation is a. he doesn't understand what he should do. b. he secretly doesn't want to be healthy. c. social pressures to avoid being "different" prevent him from taking proper care of himself. d. he may be forgetting what to do and should have a neuropsychological examination. b 39. When reporting the decrease in deaths from AIDS, an epidemiologist is (17) discussing AIDS’ a. morbidity. b. mortality. c. incidence. d. prevalence. a 40. An epidemiologist writes a report discussing the total number of previously (18) reported and new cases of AIDS for the past 5 years. He is reporting on the disease's a. prevalence. b. morbidity. c. incidence. d. mortality. c 41. Dr. Yi is collecting data on the number of new cases of cholera in Beijing (18) during the summer of 1997. Dr. Yi is studying the __________ of cholera. a. prevalence. b. morbidity. c. incidence. d. epidemic. d 42. An epidemic usu ally refers to a situation in which (18) a. many people die from a disease. b. a disease receives greater publicity. c. the mortality rate of a disease increases. d. the incidence rate of a disease has increased rapidly. a 43. Wilbur has had a strok e and is now undergoing treatment by exercising and (19) receiving electrical stimulation to his severely weakened muscles. The professional performing this treatment is most likely a a. physical therapist. b. licensed practical nurse. c. doctor. d. medical anthropologist. 11 a 44. Cultural differences in illness patterns have been reflected by (20) a. higher prevalence of stomach cancer in Japan than in the USA. b. uniform cancer rates across the USA. c. the devaluation of the importan ce of good health in the USA. d. the universality of illnesses. d 45. According to the textbook author, culture influences (20-21) a. beliefs regarding the causes of health and illness. b. accepted practices for curing illness. c. norms or expectat ions on what to do when one is ill. d. all of the above. b 46. Religious beliefs and practices in the USA (21) a. invariably lead to poorer health. b. may either promote healthful living, or deter it, depending on the religion. c. invariably promote good health. d. have declined with the rise of health psychology. c 47. Which of the following is not necessarily a component of a useful theory? (21-22) a. It relates previously seemingly unrelated information. b. It enables us to make predictions. c. It has been proven to be correct. d. It organizes known facts. d 48. In a study of the effects of an anti -inflammatory drug on chronic jaw pain, (22) one group receives an inactive substance in the form of a pill. This group receives a. the independent variable. b. the dependent variable. c. a control. d. a placebo. b 49. The method of experimental design in which the subject and the (23) exper imenter are unaware of which group they are assigned is called the a. experimental control. b. double -blind procedure. c. nonexperimental method. d. quasi -experimental approach. a 50. Which of the following illustrates a difference between experiment al and (23) non-experimental approaches to research? a. Only experimental methods can imply causation. b. In nonexperimental methods, the researcher manipulates an independent variable. c. Only experimental methods measure dependent variables 12 d. Nonexp erimental methods test cause and effect relationships. a 51. Nonexperimental or correlational studies (24) a. can generate predictive information. b. are not usually useful because they can't lead to causal inferences. c. are not usually done anymore. d. involve the manipulation of independent variables. b 52. Researchers reported that there is a strong relationship between height (24) and IQ: as height goes up, IQ goes up. They are reporting a. a negative correlation. b. a positive corr elation c. a non -linear relationship. d. no correlation. d 53. A student researcher writes in his report that his statistical analysis (24) revealed a correlation coefficient of +2.13 between the two variables in his study. His reported correlation c oefficient a. indicates a negative correlation. b. indicates a positive correlation. c. is a significant result. d. is an error. d 54. A _____ study would NOT be an example of a quasi -experimental study. (24 - 26) a. retrospective b. prospective c. longitudinal d. correlational a 55. To study the effects of cigarette smoking on breast cancer, 500 healthy (25) teenaged girls were recruited to participate in a study that tracked their smoking (or nonsmoking) behavior and cancer incidence for five decades. This is an example of a. a prospective study. b. an experiment. c. a retrospective study. d. a single -subject approach. c 56. Suppose that a recent study found an increase in heart and lung disease (26) among people aged 50 -60. Further study revealed that, compared to people 20 years younger, these individuals tended to smoke more during their young adulthood, because they were not aware of the health effects of smoking at that time. T his difference between individuals raised at different times is an example of a. the placebo effect 13 b. a cross -sectional approach c. a cohort effect d. a prospective study c 57. Dr. Martinez is conducting an in -depth study of a patient exposed to farm (27) pesticides. Dr. Martinez is probably using a a. cross -sectional design. b. experimental design. c. single -subject design. d. twin study. b 58. A reasonable assumption that can be made about monozygotic twins is (28) a. they are likely to have many genetic differences. b. differences between them are environmentally determined. c. they will be reared in identical environments. d. they are always same sexed. d 59. In deciding which research methods to use, a researcher might keep in (29) mind that a. it is never appropriate to use experimental and nonexperimental methods in the same study. b. nonexperimental methods can still support causal explanations. c. nonexperimental methods are rarely helpful in science. d. experiment al and nonexperimental methods can be effectively combined in the same study. 14 Short Answer Questions 1. Provide a brief summary of Antonovsky's illness -wellness continuum. How does it differ from traditional definitions of health? 2. Review the two primary perspectives of the mind -body problem. How is the debate relevant to a discussion of health and illness? 3. Your job is to work with pediatric cancer patients. What developmental factors must you keep in mind as you proceed with your work? Essay Questions 1. Ten -year-old Juan has been diagnosed with diabetes. Describe his likely experience living with the disease from a biopsychosocial perspective. 2. Compare and contrast the disciplines of psychosomatic medicine, behavioral medicine, and health psychology. 3. You are interested in testing the effectiveness of a newly developed treatment for back pain. Outline your approach to your research project. 37 Chapter 2 TEST QUESTIONS True or False F 1. The transmission of messages through the axon ordinarily follow the (32) order from axon, to cell body, to dendrite. F 2. Damage to the myelin sheath tends to produce little noticeable effect in (33) motor functioning. T 3. The thalamus is known as the chief relay station in the brain because it (35) directs sensory information to various parts of the brain and motor information to the skeletal muscles. T 4. Insufficient production of insulin result s in diabetes mellitus. (42) F 5. In the digestive system, enzymes are active only in the small intestine. (42 - 44) F 6. The basal metabolic rate is the number of calories burned when our (46) bodies are at rest and is higher in males than females. T 7. The chemical processes in metabolism require oxygen. (47) T 8. Blood pressure is a phenomenon that results from the fact that the (53) circulatory system is a closed system. T 9. Organ transplants fail because the immune system identifies the transplanted tissue as an antigen. (54) F 10. The thalamus is the maturation site for white blood (T) cells. (58) 38 Matching Match one of the following with descriptions given in questions one to five. a. frontal lobe b. temporal lobe c. parietal lo be d. occipital lobe e. thalamus e 1. Serves as the chief relay station for sensory messages coming in and for (35) motor commands out to the skeletal muscles b 2. Involved in hearing and memory (35) a 3. Contains the motor cortex (34) d 4. The primary visual cortex (35) c 5. Involved in body sensations such as of pain, cold, heat, and touch (35) Match one of the following with the descriptions given in questions six to ten. a. killer T cells b. memory T cells c. delayed -hypersensitivit y T cells d. helper T cells e. suppressor T cells e 6. Operate to slow down or stop immunity processes. (58) a 7. Directly attack cancerous cells, transplanted tissue and cells invaded by (57) antigens. d 8. Report invasions and stimulate lymphocyt e production in the spleen and (58) lymph nodes. c 9. Produce lymphokines, which stimulates other T -cells to grow. (57) b 10. The fact that one usually has mumps only once in life is the result of (57) these cells. 39 Multiple Choice d 1. Which of the following is NOT a part of a neuron? (32) a. axon b. dendrite c. synaptic knob d. septum a 2. Specialized nerve cells called _____ are responsible for communication (32) in the nervous system. a. neurons b. glial cells c. transmitter cells d. C cells c 3. Chemical messengers called neurotransmitters (32) a. transmit messages along the axon. b. may inhibit, but not excite a neuron. c. may either inhibit or excite a neuron. d. are found only in the dendrite. b 4. The neurological disea se called multiple sclerosis (33) a. results from the deterioration of the myelin sheath. b. produces a lack of motor coordination. c. is caused by neural tangles. d. both a and b d 5. Which of the following occurs to the brain as we age? (33) a. New neurons continue to form. b. Glial cells increase in number. c. Myelination increases. d. both b and c b 6. Chronic poor nutrition early in life does which of the following? (33) a. It has little to no long lasting effects on motor and intellec tual performance. b. It results in impaired development of myelin, glial cells, and dendrites. c. It affects adult brain deterioration but not childhood motor and mental functioning. d. It affects only motor functioning in young children. 40 c 7. Which o f the statements below accurately describes the roles of the right (34) and left hemispheres of the brain in most people? a. They perform essentially the same functions. b. The left hemisphere controls vision and the right hemisphere controls body balan ce. c. The left hemisphere controls language whereas the right controls emotions. d. In adults the functions of each hemisphere are interchangeable. d 8. Following a sharp blow to the back of her head, Shelley developed (35) partial blindness. Which part of her brain was most likely injured? a. cerebellum b. frontal lobe c. parietal lobe d. occipital lobe c 9. Marty's neurologist suspects his obesity might be due to damage in his (36) brain. Which structure does he suspect is damaged? a. parietal lobe b. thalamus c. hypothalamus d. brain stem d 10. Michael J. Fox and Mohammed Ali are two famous persons with (36) Parkinson's disease. They very likely experience _____ due to damage to their _____. a. seizures; reticular system b. tro uble breathing; medulla c. ataxia; cerebellum d. tremors; midbrain b 11. Alice, a childhood victim of polio, requires an artificial breathing device (37) due to damage to her _____. a. pons b. medulla c. hypothalamus d. midbrain c 12. Results of studies on biofeedback treatment for paralysis due to stroke (38) indicate a. psychotherapy is a more effective intervention than biofeedback. b. biofeedback works only if conducted daily. c. as few as two biofeedback sessions per week improved muscle function in a 6 week trial. d. surgery combined with biofeedback is necessary for successful treatment. 41 b 13. Teddy is afraid of needles and injections. Whenever the nurse attempts to (38) give him an injection, he screams and flails his arms and legs wildly. His heart rate increases, and he begins to sweat profusely, which indicates activation of the a. cerebral cortex. b. sympathetic nervous system. c. parasympathetic nervous system. d. pituitary gland. c 14. The endocrine system is to ___ __ communication as the nervous system (40) is to _____ communication. a. chemical; mechanical b. cellular; systemic c. chemical; electrochemical d. local; global d 15. The "master gland" of the endocrine system, the pituitary gland: (40) a. contro ls the secretion of other glands. b. releases hormones into the blood. c. releases ACTH, which affects emergency reactions. d. all of the above a 16. Which pituitary hormone is released during an emergency? (41) a. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) b. cortisol c. epinephrine d. norepinephrine c 17. When you leap out of the path of a speeding car, the adrenal hormone (41) _________ is released, causing an increase in respiration and heart rate. a. insulin b. ACTH c. epinephrine d. thyroxine a 18. Dwarfism and intellectual deficiency are often the result of (42) a. hypothyroidism. b. high levels of cortisol in the blood. c. a diseased pancreas. d. excessive secretion of adrenal hormones. 42 b 19. A co -worker has recently b ehaved in a restless and irritable manner and (42) seems confused. A possible physical cause for such behavior is a. a diseased thymus gland. b. excessive thyroid secretion. c. too little thyroid secretion. d. none of the above d 20. The actual dige stive process begins in the (42) a. liver. b. esophagus with the secretion of certain enzymes. c. duodenum. d. mouth. c 21. Research on sex differences in the organ systems and glands indicates (43) that a. differences between males and females are learned and not physiological. b. females do not exhibit the symptoms of Grave's disease. c. males actually secrete more hormones under stress than females do. d. there are no statistically significant differences in these systems. c 22. T he major gastric juices produced in the stomach are (44) a. pepto and bismol. b. hydrochloric acid and peristalase. c. hydrochloric acid and pepsin. d. insulin and bile. d 23. In the small intestine, which does NOT occur? (44) a. The food mixture becomes alkaline. b. Enzymes are received from the pancreas. c. Most ingested materials the body uses are absorbed into the bloodstream. d. Storage of feces takes place. d 24. Most of the ingested substances our bodies use are absorbed into the (44) bloodstream through the lining of the a. colon. b. stomach. c. esophagus. d. small intestine. 43 a 25. Which of the following is not typically a disease of the liver? (45) a. ulcers b. cirrhosis c. hepatitis d. anemia a 26. Which of the following diseases of the liver is not transmitted by sexual (45) contact? a. hepatitis A b. hepatitis B c. hepatitis C d. All the above diseases are transmitted by sexual contact. b 27. Serum hepatitis, or hepatitis B, is often transmitted through (45) a. stress or poor diet. b. transfusion of infected blood or using contaminated needles. c. handling or eating contaminated food. d. kissing and fondling. d 28. The basal metabolic rate is (46) a. not affected by the size of the body. b. exact ly the same regardless of gender. c. constant across the life span. d. none of the above d 29. Lower basal metabolic rates are associated with (46) a. males more than females. b. those who live in cold climates. c. individuals under stress. d. increasing age. d 30. Bearing in mind the factors that affect metabolism, the best advice for an (46) individual desiring to lose weight would be a. to eat more food so as to stimulate your digestive system and therefore increase your BMR. b. eat less. c. exercise more to raise metabolism above basal rate. d. both b and c. d 31. The act of breathing (respiration) does which of the following? (47) a. Supplies the body with oxygen. b. Supplies a necessary component for metabolism. c. Helps us get rid of a specific waste product. d. all of the above 44 a 32. Select the correct sequence of the passage of air in the respiratory system. (47) a. trachea, bronchial tubes, bronchioles, alveoli b. trachea, bronchial tubes, alveoli, broncioles c. trache a, bronchioles, bronchial tubes, alveoli d. bronchial tubes, trachea, broncioles, alveoli b 33. Breathing rate is controlled by the (48) a. lungs. b. medulla. c. bronchioles. d. hypothalamus. b 34. Which bodily action(s) do not serve to protect the respiratory system? (48) a. sneezing b. hiccuping c. coughing d. mucociliary escalation and swallowing b 35. Which of the following is not a disease or disorder of the respiratory (49) system? a. cystic fibrosis b. hypertension c. pneumoconiosis d. asthma c 36. The oxygenation of blood takes place in the (50) a. atriums b. ventricles c. lungs d. aorta a 37. Which bodily organs cleanse the blood of impurities? (50) a. kidneys and liver b. liver and gall bladder c. gall bladder and lungs d. right atrium and right ventricle c 38. Taking into account the laws of fluid dynamics, which of the conditions (51) below would not typically result in increased blood pressure? a. decreasing blood vessel elasticity b. thinner blood vessels c. thinner blood d. all of these would result in increased blood pressure 45 b 39. Which of the following results in an immediate decrease in blood (51) pressure? a. exercise b. standing up quickly c. cold weather d. emotional arousal b 40. After a recent physical, your physician tells you that your blood pressure is (51) 120/80. You are a. hypertensive. b. normotensive (normal). c. hypotensive. d. just nervous because you're at the doctor's office. d 41. Which of the following is not a risk factor for hypertension? (52) a. race b. gender c. age d. all of these are risk factors b 42. Which of the following statements about red blood cells is not true? (52) a. They are formed in the bone marrow. b. Their primary function is to fight infection. c. They are carriers of hemoglobin. d. They live for about 3 months. c 43. Which of the following is true regarding leukocytes? (52) a. They contain hemoglobin. b. They ass ist in the clotting process. c. Their primary function is to help fight infection. d. They are actually red blood cells damaged by anemia. a 44. The most abundant lipid in the body is a material formed of glycerol and (53) fatty acid called a. trigly ceride. b. cholesterol. c. thrombosis. d. glycid. d 45. John stepped on a nail a few days ago and has developed a bacterial (54) infection that his immune system is fighting. The bacteria in his body that triggered an immune response are called a. allergens. b. enzymes. c. white blood cells. d. antigens. 46 c 46. Which of the following are not antigens? (54) a. viruses b. bacteria c. leukocytes d. protozoa c 47. The "home base" organ for white blood cells is the (55) a. lymph nodes. b. heart. c. spleen. d. thymus. d 48. Macrophages and neutrophils are (56) a. specialized T cells. b. involved in cell -mediated immunity. c. lymphocytes. d. involved in non -specific immunity. b 49. Which of the following statements regarding AIDS i s not true? (56) a. It does not kill directly. b. Although millions of people have the disease worldwide, most of the deaths have occurred in the United States. c. It is caused by a virus. d. It affects T cells. a 50. The key distinction between pha gocytes and lymphocytes is (56) a. phagocytes are involved in nonspecific immunity and lymphocytes in specific immunity. b. phagocytes are red blood cells. c. lymphocytes do not attack specific antigens. d. phagocytes cannot be replenished. a 51. The "t" in T cells refers to their site of maturation, the ______. (57) a. thymus b. thyroid c. tongue d. tonsils d 52. One of your body's first lines of defense against infection is (58) a. good hygiene. b. antiseptics. c. antibiotics. d. your skin.