(Test Bank) Cognitive Neuroscience The Biology of the Mind

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Author(s): Gazzinga, Ivry, Mangun

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TEST BANK FOR COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE THE BIOLOGY OF THE MIND FIFTH EDITION BY MICHAEL GAZZANIGA, RICHARD B IVRY, GEORGE R MANGUN Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1.1 Explain the origins of the field of cognitive neuroscience. 1.2 Describe the roots of the debate over localization of function. 1.3 Explain the ways in which brain structure was studied. 1.4 Understand the philosophical origins of cognitive psychology. 1.5 Discuss behaviorism and its principal tenets. 1.6 Explain how and why cognitive psychology came to the forefront of the psychological fields. 1.7 Identify the different methods that are used to measure brain function and structure. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What term was coined by Thomas Willis as a consequence of the case of Anne Green? a. psychopathology b. cognition c. neurology d. psychosis ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Remembering 2. Aside from saving Anne Green’s life, Thomas Willis and Christopher Wren also a. created very accurate drawings of the brain. b. came up with the names of a number of brain structures. c. took the first steps that led to cognitive neuroscience. d. All of the answer options are correct. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Understanding 3. Each of the following are reasons why Willis is considered one of the early figures in cognitive neuroscience EXCEPT: a. He named many brain parts. b. He gave frequent lectures on specific brain regions. c. He was among the first to link behavioral deficits to brain damage. d. He created very accurate brain images. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Remembering 4. While studying brain function, it is often useful to think of development in terms of , which is the perspective of . a. cognition; cognitive neuroscience c. blood flow; magnetic resonance imaging b. survival; evolution d. dysfunction; psychopathology ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Analyzing 5. Which stance would most likely hold an assumption that physical elements of the brain are responsible for the conscious mind? a. monism c. dualism b. behaviorism d. relativism ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Analyzing 6. René Descartes posited that the mind was separate from the body. However, he implicated a single brain structure, the pineal gland, as having what function? a. regulating feelings and emotions c. moderating cognitive processes b. connecting the mind and the body d. adjusting behavior ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Remembering 7. Considering the perspective recommended for approaching cognitive neuroscience, which of the following would best explain how a cognitive function may have developed? a. learning and reward c. neurological dysfunction b. integration with technology d. hunting and gathering ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Analyzing 8. A central issue of modern cognitive neuroscience is whether specific human cognitive abilities a. arise from networks of brain areas working together. b. are determined by the shape and size of the human skull or the brain beneath. c. are best studied using the scientific method. d. can be best identified using the Golgi silver method of staining or fMRI. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Understanding 9. The discipline of phrenology was founded by a. Broca and Wernicke. c. Ramón y Cajal and Sherrington. b. Fritsch and Hitzig. d. Gall and Spurzheim. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 10. Phrenologists believed that the contour of the skull could provide valuable information about an individual’s cognitive capacities and personality traits. This approach was based on the assumption that a. skull protrusions are caused by disproportionate development of the brain areas beneath them, which are responsible for different specific functions. b. certain traits such as aggressiveness lead to life experiences and injuries that alter the shape of the skull in specific ways. c. life experiences and injuries that alter the shape of the skull in specific ways lead to certain traits, such as aggressiveness. d. the development of the skull bones directly influences the configuration of the soft brain areas beneath them, which are responsible for different specific functions. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Evaluating 11. Localizationist is to as holistic is to . a. Wernicke; Gall c. Flourens; Broca b. Gall; Flourens d. Broca; Wernicke ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Understanding 12. Gall’s method for investigating phrenology was flawed because a. he used the wrong language to explain the characteristics he observed. b. he did not tell Napoleon Bonaparte that he possessed noble characteristics. c. he sought only to confirm, not disprove, the correlations he observed. d. he used his own skull as the base model. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 T he Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 13. The view known as aggregate field theory , which stated that the whole brain participates in behavior, is most associated with a. Broca. c. Brodmann. b. Hughlings Jackson. d. Flourens. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 14. The key observation leading John Hughlings Jackson to propose a topographical organization in the cerebral cortex was that a. speech disturbances could be identified by left-hemisphere lesions. b. the two hemispheres of the brain served different functions. c. seizures begin in a localized region of the cortex. d. focal brain damage causes specific behavioral deficits. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Analyzing 15. In developing phrenology, Gall’s main failure was that a. he did not seek disconfirming evidence. b. he was not a scientist. c. his method was correlational. d. All of the answer options are correct. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Analyzing 16. Giovanni visits his local phrenologist. What is this person likely to tell him? a. You are a domineering person. b. Your father was a very domineering person. c. Your brother is a domineering person. d. Your mother was a very domineering person. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Applying 17. The view developed by Marie Jean Pierre Flourens, based on the idea that processes like language and memory cannot be localized within circumscribed brain regions, was known as a. the neuron doctrine. c. rationalism. b. aggregate field theory. d. the law of effect. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 18. John Hughlings Jackson proposed a organization in the cerebral cortex, based on his work with people with . a. holist ic; aphasia c. topographic; epilepsy b. topographic; aphasia d. holistic; epilepsy ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Understanding 19. was one of the first brain scientists to realize that specific cognitive functions can be localized to specific parts of the brain and that many different functional regions can take part in a given behavior. a. Broca c. Flourens b. Hughlings Jackson d. Brodmann ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 20. Which 19th-century scientist suggested that the frontal lobe contributes to language and speech production? a. Flourens c. Broca b. Wernicke d. Brodmann ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 21. Patient Leborgne was nicknamed "Tan" because that was the only word he could utter. Leborgne had developed an aphasia due to a lesion in which area of the brain? a. frontal cortex c. cerebellum b. Broca’s area d. Wernicke’s area ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 22. Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual studied by Paul Broca to do, compared to before his stroke? a. listening to a piano recital c. reading a book aloud b. appreciating a painting d. playing a game of cards ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Applying 23. Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual described by Carl Wernicke to do, compared to before his stroke? a. understanding a speech c. singing a song b. painting a picture d. riding a horse ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Applying 24. Wernicke was an early researcher who suggested that the contributes to language comprehension. a. right frontotemporal area c. right temporoparietal area b. left frontotemporal area d. left temporoparietal area ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Applying 25. Wernicke is to as Broca is to . a. understanding speech; speaking b. speaking; understanding speech c. aggregate field theory; topographic organization d. aggregate field theory; aggregate field theory ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 26. As a first approximation, individuals with damage to the left inferior frontal lobe tend to have more difficulty with , whereas individuals with damage to the left posterior temporal lobe tend to have more difficulty with . a. fine motor control; the sense of touch b. the sense of touch; fine motor control c. the production of language; the perception of language d. the perception of language; the production of language ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Understanding 27. One reason that early research on specific human cognitive capacities and the brain areas that are responsible for them developed rather slowly before the 20th century is that a. most early investigators were limited to postmortem studies to localize lesions. b. investigators did not know the brain was separated into two hemispheres until the 20th century. c. most early investigators focused on studying the brain –behavior relationship in animals rather than in humans. d. there was little interest in this field until the 20th century. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Understanding 28. Korbinian Brodmann used techniques to document 52 regions of the brain that differed in . a. phrenological; cytoarchitectonics c. tissue staining; cytoarchitectonics b. phrenological; chronometrics d. tissue staining; chronometrics ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering 29. Each of the following contributions led to the establishment of the neuron doctrine EXCEPT: a. Golgi’s silver method. b. Purkinje’s description of the first nerve cell. c. Thorndike’s observation of adaptive response. d. Brodmann’s cortical maps. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Understanding 30. Researchers Fritsch and Hitzig found support for the idea that specific functions are localized to discrete parts of the cortex in an ex periment using electrical stimulation of a dog’s brain. More specifically, they found systematic relationship between the portion of the cortex stimulated and specific . a. a; movements b. a; vocalizations c. no; movements d. no; vocalizations ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Understanding 31. Cytoarchitectonic maps distinguish different cortical regions by a. the structure of their surface convolutions. b. their structure at the cellular level. c. the complex functions they perform. d. the basic functions they perform. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering 32. Yvette wants to figure out whether cells in two different layers of the occipital lobe have different functions. What would she have done if she had been a scientist in the early 20th century? a. look at a CAT scan b. observe the tracts that connect each layer c. study living patients with damage to those cells d. look at the layers under a microscope ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Applying 33. The neuroanatomist who described 52 distinct cortical areas based on cell structure and arrangement, and whose classification scheme is often used today, was a. Purkinje. c. Brodmann. b. Helmholtz. d. Hyde. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering 34. Which of the following terms refers to the idea of a continuous mass of tissue that shares a common cytoplasm? a. synapse c. striatum b. syncytium d. claustrum ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering 35. La reazione nera, or “the black reaction,” refers to a. a cell stain developed by Golgi. b. a perceptual phenomenon described by the Gestalt psychologists. c. a ganglion preparation developed by Arvanitaki. d. a type of reinforcement -based learning described by the behaviorists. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering 36. Which of the following scientists contributed to modern neuroscience in the 19th century? a. Paul Broca c. Gustav Theodor Fritsch b. Sir Charles Sherrington d. Santiago Ramón y Cajal ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering 37. Which of the following statements best describes the “neuron doctrine”? a. The nervous system consists of a fused network of interconnected fibers. b. The brain can be subdivided into regions that are distinct in cytoarchitectonics yet functionally interactive. c. The nervous system consists of physically distinct cells that are functionally interactive. d. The brain can be subdivided into functionally autonomous modules. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Understanding 38. The neuron doctrine is usually credited to , who used a staining technique pioneered by . a. Purkinje; Brodmann c. Golgi; Ramón y Cajal b. Brodmann; Purkinje d. Ramón y Cajal; Golgi ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering 39. The primary contribution of Golgi to the field of cognitive neuroscience was that he a. developed a staining technique that permitted full visualization of individual neurons. b. showed experimentally that the nervous system is composed of a net of physically interconnected neuronal units. c. discovered that cells in different regions of the cortex also differ in shape and size. d. demonstrated that nerves can release chemicals that have an activating effect on nearby muscle cells. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Understanding 40. The term synapse, coined by Sherrington, refers to the junction between a. a blood vessel and surrounding neurons. b. two different cytoarchitectonic regions in the brain. c. two adjacent neurons. d. an axon and the cell body of a neuron. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering 41. Rationalism is the philosophical position that knowledge a. originates from sensory experience. b. must be experimentally tested. c. must be deduced and justified through reason. d. is globally distributed in the cortex. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Remembering 42. Empiricism is the philosophical position that all knowledge a. must be deduced and justified through reason. b. originates from sensory experience. c. must be experimentally tested. d. is globally distributed in the cortex. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Remembering 43. Which of the following is NOT true of empiricism? a. It is primarily associated with the British philosophers Hobbes, Hume, and Mill. b. It was a foundation for the associationist –behaviorist school of psychology. c. It postulates a special role for reason and induction in human thought. d. It emphasizes sensory experience in the development of knowledge. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Understanding 44. Ebbinghaus, who is considered the father of modern memory research, was among the first to demonstrate that a. different types of brain lesions can produce different types of memory deficits. b. in terms of cognition, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. c. behavior is best understood in terms of stimulus –response relationships. d. internal mental processes can be measured in rigorous and reproducible ways. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Analyzing 45. All of the following are representative of the emergence of the field of cognitive science in the second half of the 20th century EXCEPT a. new developments in computer technology and artificial intelligence. b. a philosophical shift in the field toward empiricism and associationism. c. Chomsky’s work arguing that behaviorist theories cannot explain language acquisition. d. Miller’s work showing that internal processes like short -term memory can be quantified. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Evaluating 46. Thorndike’s law of effect a. stated that much knowledge is innately specified due to natural selection. b. was written to oppose Darwin’s theory of natural selection. c. stated that a behavior that is followed by a reward is likely to occur again. d. was written to oppose the behaviorists. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story OBJ: 1.5 MSC: Remembering 47. is the idea that all knowledge comes from sensory experiences, while holds that truth is intellectual. a. Empiricism; rationalism b. Empiricism; logic c. Rationalism; empiricism d. Rationalism; logic ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story OBJ: 1.5 MSC: Understanding 48. John Watson famously argued that newborn babies a. are incapable of forming memories. b. have an intelligence comparable to our nearest primate cousins. c. can be raised to become anything. d. will develop different intellectual abilities according to innate differences. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story OBJ: 1.5 MSC: Analyzing 49. According to associationist Herman Ebbinghaus, complex processes such as memory a. can be understood by combining different pieces of information. b. are best understood in terms of a stimulus’s emergent properties. c. cannot be measured because they are not behaviors. d. can be measured in an analytic fashion. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Evaluating 50. According to Edward Thorndike, which of the following is NOT true about rewards? a. They indicate which creatures have malleable structures in the brain. b. They help to stamp things into the mind. c. They lead to adaptive learning. d. They are part of the law of effect. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story OBJ: 1.5 MSC: Evaluating 51. “Cells that fire together, wire together” was first proposed by Donald Hebb as an explanation for a. epileptic seizures and their effects. b. cytoarchitectural variation. c. the way in which the brain codes new learning. d. amnesia caused by brain damage. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story OBJ: 1.5 MSC: Understanding 52. Noam Chomsky argued that the structure of human languages is , in contrast to B. F. Skinner’s assertion that languages are . a. innate; learned c. universal; rational b. learned; universal d. rational; innate ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story OBJ: 1.6 MSC: Remembering 53. Which of the following people did NOT play a strong role in the theoretical shift in psychology in the latter part of the 20th century? a. Noam Chomsky c. George A. Miller b. Sir Charles Sherrington d. Claude Shannon ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story OBJ: 1.6 MSC: Remembering 54. Which of the following was NOT contributory to the development of the electroencephalogram? a. measuring continuous activity from the cerebral cortex of dogs and apes b. studying patients who had skull defects c. making photographic recordings of activity from a string galvanometer d. publishing a paper describing recordings of brain currents ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.4 The Instruments of Neuroscience OBJ: 1.7 MSC: Analyzing 55. You decide that you want to measure blood flow of the brain. Which of the following methods would you employ to best achieve your goal? a. Listen to the blood flow across veins. b. Look at red blood cells under a microscope. c. Measure the amount of iron in the blood. d. None of the answer options is correct. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 1.4 The Instruments of Neuroscience OBJ: 1.7 MSC: Applying 56. Computerized axial tomography is to MRI as is to . a. X-ray; radio frequencies c. blood oxygenation; X-ray b. structure; function d. radiation; dipoles ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.4 The Instruments of Neuroscience OBJ: 1.7 MSC: Analyzing 57. Which of the following methods relies on blood oxygenation? a. magnetic resonance imaging b. functional magnetic resonance imaging c. computerized axial tomography d. electroencephalogram ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 1.4 The Instruments of Neuroscience OBJ: 1.7 MSC: Understanding 58. Suppose you are investigating neurological function, and one of the initial portions of your procedure is to inject radioactive oxygen -15 into the patient’s bloodstream. Which of the following methods are you most likely using to measure neurological activity? a. electroencephalography (EEG) c. positron emission tomography (PET) b. computerized axial tomography (CAT) d. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.4 The Instruments of Neuroscience OBJ: 1.7 MSC: Applying 59. A group of investigators is conducting research on brain tumors, and they need to obtain three - dimensional brain views to localize the tumors. Which instrument will provide the least invasive way to obtain their objective? a. electroencephalography (EEG) c. positron emission tomography (PET) b. computerized axial tomography (CAT) d. magnetoencephalography (MEG) ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.4 The Instruments of Neuroscience OBJ: 1.7 MSC: Applying 60. Imagine that you are one of the researchers who advanced the field of cognitive neuroscience by developing a new instrument to measure the brain. Computerized axial tomography (CAT) has already been developed, but your team wants to expand the CAT to develop an instrument that will provide information about brain function. Which method are you most likely developing? a. electroencephalography (EEG) c. positron emission tomography (PET) b. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) d. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.4 The Instruments of Neuroscience OBJ: 1.7 MSC: Applying SHORT ANSWER 1. Draw a diagram demonstrating the approach known as the scientific method. Your diagram should indicate the general procedures used and the order in which they are performed. ANS: Answers will vary. Each should include the following: - make an observation - ask why it came about - form a hypothesis - design and perform an experiment - draw a conclusion - may also include replication DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Creating 2. Describe how and why the term cognitive neuroscience was chosen for this field. Be sure to mention the two fields that combined to create this new field of study. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Remembering 3. Localizationists argued that higher cognitive functions were the product of brain activity in specific areas. Give evidence that they used to support their claims. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Remembering 4. Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke discovered two different forms of aphasia. Compare and contrast them. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Understanding 5. Describe the main tenets of the Neuron Doctrine. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 6. Describe the evidence that led Marie -Jean-Pierre Flourens to move the field away from localization toward aggregate -field theory. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 7. A major question in cognitive neuroscience is the extent to which regions of the brain are independent or integrated. Which of these two viewpoints is most valid? Present evidence to support your view. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 8. Associationism and empiricism are two main philosophical positions. Pick the one you think best describes how humans come to know things and explain why you think this. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Medium REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Remembering 9. Describe the transition from behaviorist to cognitive approaches in psychology. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Understanding 10. Noam Chomsky wrote an article titled “Three Models for the Description of Language.” Describe how the findings he reported moved the field of cognitive psychology forward. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Medium REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Remembering 11. Describe two principal methods used to measure brain structure. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: 1.4 The Instruments of Neuroscience OBJ: 1.7 MSC: Remembering 12. You would like to understand at what point in time an event took place in the brain. What neuroimaging method would you choose? Explain why you would choose this method and what information you would be missing. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: 1.4 The Instruments of Neuroscience OBJ: 1.7 MSC: Understanding Chapter 2: Structure and Function of the Nervous System LEARNING OBJECTIVES 2.1 Understand the structure of neurons and synapses. 2.2 Explain the role of ion channels in changing neuronal membrane potential. 2.3 Describe the impact of depolarization on the resting potential, and on the likelihood of subsequent action potentials. 2.4 Describe the influence of myelin and voltage -gated ion channels on action potentials. 2.5 Understand electrical and chemical transmission at the synapse, including the use and re - moval of neurotransmitters after binding. 2.6 Explain the roles of different types of glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and microglial cells. 2.7 Define and recognize differences between the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, sympathetic system, parasympathetic system, cerebral cortex, gray and white matter, and corpus callosum. 2.8 Understand the functions of the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum. 2.9 Understand the functions of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland. 2.10 Understand the functions of the limbic system and basal ganglia. 2.11 Define and describe anatomical structures and principles that include gyri, sulci, Brodmann areas, lobes, topography, and association cortices. 2.12 Explain the developmental process of the nervous system and the mechanisms behind neurogenesis. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The two main classes of cells in the nervous system are a. dendrites and axons. c. neurons and glial cells. b. axons and neurons. d. glial cells and dendrites. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.1 MSC: Remembering 2. In the nervous system, these cells provide structural support and insulation for neurons. a. glia c. mitochondria b. dendrites d. Purkinje cells ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.1 MSC: Remembering 3. Two main types of projections extend from the cell body of a neuron. receive inputs from other neurons, while send information to other neurons. a. Synapses; glia c. Glia; synapses b. Axons; dendrites d. Dendrites; axons ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.1 MSC: Remembering 4. Within a neuron, the transmission of information is usually . Between neurons, the transmission of information is usually . a. chemical; chemical c. electrical; chemical b. electrical; electrical d. chemical; electrical ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.1 MSC: Remembering 5. The term concentration gradient refers to a difference in the a. number of two different ion types within the neuron. b. number of ions found on opposite sides of the cell membrane. c. permeability of the membrane to one kind of ion compared to another. d. permeability of the membrane at rest compared to during an action potential. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.1 | 2.2 MSC: Remembering 6. At the resting state, a higher concentration of is found outside a neuron and a higher concentration of is found inside a neuron. a. K+; Na+ c. dopamine; serotonin b. Na+; K+ d. serotonin; dopamine ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.1 | 2.2 MSC: Remembering 7. If you were to insert a microelectrode through the cell membrane of a neuron, you would be able to demonstrate that a. the region inside the cell membrane is more positively charged than the region outside the membrane. b. the region inside the cell membrane is more negatively charged than the region outside the membrane. c. there is a greater concentration of potassium ions outside the cell membrane than inside the membrane. d. there is a greater concentration of potassium ions inside the cell membrane than outside the membrane. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.1 | 2.2 MSC: Applying 8. The ease with which a cell membrane will permit ions to cross is referred to as a. the concentration gradient. c. the action potential. b. permeability. d. conductivity. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.2 MSC: Remembering 9. If you inserted a micropipette into a neuron without harming the cell and pumped in a small quantity of calcium ions, each of which carried two positive charges, how would this affect the membrane potential? a. The membrane potential would become depolarized relative to the resting potential. b. The membrane potential would become hyperpolarized relative to the resting potential. c. There would be no change because calcium does not contribute to the resting potential. d. There would be no change because the sodium –potassium pump would remove excess calcium from the cell. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 MSC: Applying 10. The Hodgkin –Huxley cycle describes how the depolarization of the membrane causes voltage -gated sodium channels to , allowing sodium ions to enter the cell. This change in sodium concentration then causes of the cell. a. close; fewer; further depolarization c. open; more; further depolarization b. close; fewer; repolarization d. open; more; repolarization ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 MSC: Understanding 11. Ouabain is a toxin that works by permanently inhibiting the activity of sodium –potassium pumps embedded in neuronal membranes. How would ouabain administration affect the resting potential of a neuron? a. The magnitude of the resting potential would shift toward zero. b. The resting potential would hyperpolarize toward a more negative value. c. The resting potential would reverse to a positive, rather than a negative, value. d. Application of ouabain would not affect the resting potential. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.2 MSC: Applying 12. The value of the membrane potential to which an axon must be depolarized to initiate an action potential is called the potential for that neuron. a. graded c. threshold b. resting d. refractory ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.3 MSC: Remembering 13. The poison tetraethylammonium (TEA) interferes with normal neural communication. The toxin binds to and blocks voltage -gated potassium channels in the neuron cell membrane. Which of the following best describes the effects of TEA on the action potential? a. The depolarization phase of the action potential fails to occur. b. The repolarization phase of the action potential is blocked. c. The refractory period of the action potential is shortened. d. The action potential fails to be regenerated at the nodes of Ranvier. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Applying 14. Demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis disrupt normal neural communication by a. destroying receptors on postsynaptic cells so that neurotransmitters cannot bind normally. b. creating lesions in the blood –brain barrier that allow toxic substances to enter the brain from the bloodstream. c. causing deterioration of the fatty substance that normally coats and insulates axons. d. diminishing the activity of the sodium –potassium pumps that usually maintain the resting potential of neurons. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Evaluating 15. The nodes of Ranvier are a. vesicles of neurotransmitters, stored in presynaptic neurons. b. little knobs attached by small necks to the surface of dendrites. c. vesicles of calcium ions, stored in postsynaptic neurons. d. points along axons that are not surrounded by myelin. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Remembering 16. The primary reason why neurons are refractory for a short period after firing action potentials, and the reason underlying the absolute refractory period, is that the a. voltage -gated sodium channels are inactivated. b. voltage -gated potassium channels are inactivated. c. sodium –potassium pump has to remove sodium ions from inside the cell. d. sodium –potassium pump has to retrieve potassium ions from outside the cell. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Evaluating 17. If electrical currents on multiple dendrites sum together at the axon hillock, and the current flows across the neuronal membrane to the spike -triggering zone, what is likely to happen? a. An action potential will be initiated. b. A sodium -potassium pump will activate. c. Hyperpolarization. d. Saltatory conduction. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Understanding 18. The term saltatory conduction refers to the fact that a. action potentials travel faster when extracellular salt concentration is high. b. action potentials evoked by strong stimuli travel faster than those evoked by weaker stimuli. c. action potentials appear to jump from node to node in myelinated axons. d. action potentials are generated only by myelinated portions of axons. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Remembering 19. In which of the following diseases is myelin damaged or lost? a. Alzheimer’s b. Parkinson’s c. schizophrenia d. multiple sclerosis ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Evaluating 20. enable(s) the rapid transmission of action potentials down an axon and increase(s) the distance over which transmission can occur. a. Soma b. Dendrites c. Neurotransmitters d. Myelin ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Remembering 21. The , which is comprised of , restricts the diffusion of certain molecules and microbes from the circulatory system, protecting the brain from chemical compounds that might otherwise interfere with neuronal activity. a. sodium –potassium pump; astrocytes c. myelin sheath; oligodendrites b. blood –brain barrier; astrocytes d. lipid bilayer; oligodendrites ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.6 MSC: Remembering 22. Which of the following cells produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system? a. astrocytes c. oligodendrocytes b. microglia d. Schwann cells ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.6 MSC: Remembering 23. Which of the following cells devour and remove damaged brain cells? a. astrocytes c. oligodendrocytes b. microglia d. Schwann cells ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.6 MSC: Remembering 24. Which of the following statements best describes the immediate consequence of neurotransmitter molecules binding to ligand -gated ion channel receptors? a. Voltage -gated channels in the cell membrane open and permit ion flow through the membrane. b. The activity of the sodium –potassium pumps increases. c. Calcium absorption into the axon terminal cell is triggered. d. Neurotransmitter -containing vesicles bind to the inside of the axon terminal membrane. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 2.2 Synaptic Transmission OBJ: 2.2 | 2.5 MSC: Understanding 25. The role of calcium ions (Ca2+) in synaptic transmission is to a. bind neurotransmitter molecules to the postsynaptic membrane. b. mediate the release of neurotransmitter molecules from the presynaptic neuron. c. repolarize the postsynaptic cell after transmission has been completed. d. increase the activity of the sodium –potassium pumps in the presynaptic cell. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 Synaptic Transmission OBJ: 2.5 MSC: Remembering 26. Which of the following sequences of steps best represents the order of events that occur during synaptic transmission? a. binding of neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane ⟶ diffusion of neurotransmitter across the synapse ⟶ release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic cell b. diffusion of neurotransmitter across the synapse ⟶ binding of neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane ⟶ release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic cell c. release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic cell ⟶ binding of neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane ⟶ diffusion of neurotransmitter across the synapse d. release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic cell ⟶ diffusion of neurotransmitter across the synapse ⟶ binding of neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 2.2 Synaptic Transmission OBJ: 2.5 MSC: Evaluating 27. Compare the following analogy to chemical synaptic transmission: Two postage companies use different methods for delivery. Company One’s method is to send a delivery person out with packages that will be delivered directly to the address on the label. Company Two’s method is to send a delivery person out to a transfer center, and a second driver will deliver the package to the address. Company One’s method best compares to , while Company Two’s method best compares to . Company uses a faster method. a. G protein -coupled receptors (GPCRs); ligand -gated ion channels; One b. G protein -coupled receptors (GPCRs); ligand -gated ion channels; Two c. ligand -gated ion channels; G protein -coupled receptors (GPCRs); One d. ligand -gated ion channels; G protein -coupled receptors (GPCRs); Two ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 2.2 Synaptic Transmission OBJ: 2.5 MSC: Analyzing 28. Consider the synapse shown schematically here. If neuron A causes neuron B to become hyperpolarized relative to B’s resting state, a. neuron B is more likely to fire its own action potential. b. neuron B is less likely to release neurotransmitter molecules from its own axon terminal. c. neuron B is more likely to absorb extracellular potassium through voltage -gated channels. d. neuron B is less likely to absorb extracellular sodium through the sodium –potassium pump. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 2.2 Synaptic Transmission OBJ: 2.5 MSC: Analyzing 29. A gap junction is a. the point where a neurotransmitter vesicle binds to the presynaptic membrane. b. a connection between two sections of a G protein that plays a role in second -messenger cascades. c. a transmembrane channel that connects the cytoplasm of two cells at an electrical synapse. d. more likely to be found on the amino acids than on the biogenic amines. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 Synaptic Transmission OBJ: 2.5 MSC: Remembering 30. Which of the following is a catecholamine? a. gamma -aminobutyric acid (GABA) c. serotonin b. glutamate d. norepinephrine ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 2.2 Synaptic Transmission OBJ: 2.5 MSC: Remembering 31. The effect of a particular neurotransmitter on postsynaptic neurons a. is always either excitatory or inhibitory. b. depends on the properties of the postsynaptic neuron. c. may be modulated by the presence or absence of another neurotransmitter. d. depends on the properties of the postsynaptic neuron and may be modulated by the presence or absence of another neurotransmitter. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 2.2 Synaptic Transmission OBJ: 2.5 MSC: Understanding 32. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for removing a neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft? a. diffusion of the neurotransmitter away from the synapse b. active reuptake of the neurotransmitter back into the presynaptic terminal c. enzymatic breakdown of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft d. transport of the neurotransmitter by ion channels into neighboring glial cells ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 2.2 Synaptic Transmission OBJ: 2.5 MSC: Evaluating 33. Many drugs produce their effects by facilitating or interfering with neurotransmitters at synapses. Which of the following drugs would most likely increase the effect of serotonin? a. a drug that binds to directly coupled serotonin receptors but does not chan ge membrane permeability to ions b. a drug that prevents the activity of an enzyme that breaks down serotonin molecules in the synaptic cleft c. a drug that blocks the effect of Ca2+ ions d. a drug that blocks the effect of a conditional neurotransmitter that normally facilitates the effect of serotonin ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 2.2 Synaptic Transmission OBJ: 2.5 MSC: Applying 34. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced in the lateral and third ventricles by the a. dura mater. c. globus pallidus. b. substantia nigra. d. choroid plexus. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 Overview of Nervous System Structure OBJ: 2.7 MSC: Remembering 35. The thick outer membrane that encloses the brain within the skull is the a. gray matter. c. myelin sheath. b. white matter. d. dura mater. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 Overview of Nervous System Structure OBJ: 2.7 MSC: Remembering 36. The two main divisions of the central nervous system are the a. forebrain and brainstem. c. brain and spinal cord. b. white matter and gray matter. d. cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 Overview of Nervous System Structure OBJ: 2.7 MSC: Remembering 37. The difference between gray matter and white matter is that gray matter refers to , whereas white matter refers to . a. protruding rounded surfaces; fissures and invaginations b. fissures and invaginations; protruding rounded surfaces c. cell bodies; axon tracts d. axons; cell bodies ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 Overview of Nervous System Structure OBJ: 2.7 MSC: Remembering 38. Gray matter is to white matter as are to . a. gyri; sulci c. cell bodies; axon tracts b. glial cells; neurons d. oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells 39. 39. 40. The specialized structures that comprise the midbrain control functions such as a. hormone regulation. c. memory. b. visual reflexes. d. emotional processing. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.4 A Guided Tour of the Brain OBJ: 2.8 MSC: Understanding 41. The dorsal portions of the gray matter in the spinal cord carry a. motor information. b. sensory information. c. motor and sensory information from the dorsal surface of the body. d. sensory and motor information to the cerebellum. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 2.4 A Guided Tour of the Brain OBJ: 2.8 MSC: Understanding 42. A patient has great difficulty in maintaining his posture, walking, and coordinating his movements. His brain injuries probably involve the a. cerebellum. c. superior colliculus. b. corpus callosum. d. third ventricle. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 2.4 A Guided Tour of the Brain OBJ: 2.8 MSC: Applying 43. A patient reports that she is functionally blind after a focal brain injury, even though her eyes and optic nerves are completely intact. Of the structures listed here, the most probable location for the brain injury is the a. inferior colliculus. c. superior temporal lobe. b. lateral geniculate nucleus. d. postcentral gyrus. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 2.4 A Guided Tour of the Brain OBJ: 2.9 MSC: Applying 44. The part of the thalamus that is most important in relaying information to the primary visual cortex is the a. lateral geniculate nucleus. c. medial geniculate nucleus. b. superior colliculus. d. inferior colliculus. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 2.4 A Guided Tour of the Brain ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 2.3 Overview of Nervous System Structure OBJ: 2.7 MSC: Analyzing The brainstem includes all of the following components EXCEPT the a. medulla. c. hypothalamus. b. midbrain. d. pons. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.4 A Guided Tour of the Brain OBJ: 2.8 MSC: Evaluating OBJ: 2.9 MSC: Remembering 45. This brain structure is often called the gateway to the cortex because almost all sensory inputs synapse here before continuing to their primary cortical sensory areas. a. hypothalamus c. thalamus b. hippocampus d. amygdala ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.4 A Guided Tour of the Brain OBJ: 2.9 MSC: Remembering 46. Which of the following functions is NOT mediated primarily by the hypothalamus? a. endocrine system regulation b. maintenance of homeostatic states in the body c. relay of sensory information from the body to the cortex d. hormone control ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 2.4 A Guided Tour of the Brain OBJ: 2.9 MSC: Evaluating 47. As a result of a brain injury to this diencephalic structure, a patient is experiencing disruptions in maintaining homeostasis of bodily states and endocrine control. a. thalamus b. hypothalamus c. d. hippocampus cingulate gyrus ANS: B OBJ: 2.9 DIF: Medium MSC: Applying REF: 2.4 A Guided Tour of the Brain 48. Injury to the hypothalamus would most likely interfere with a. hormone regulation. c. memory. b. motor control. d. olfactory sensation. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 2.4 A Guided Tour of the Brain OBJ: 2.9 MSC: Understanding 49. All of the structures listed here are major components of the basal ganglia EXCEPT the a. globus pallidus. b. amygdala. c. d. caudate nucleus. putamen. ANS: B OBJ: 2.10 DIF: Easy MSC: Evaluating REF: 2.4 A Guided Tour of the Brain 50. As a result of a brain injury to the medial temporal lobes and neighboring subcortical structures, a patient exhibits a number of cognitive and behavioral changes. Of the following optio ns, which is the LEAST likely to be affected? a. memory c. learning b. emotional processing d. somatosensation ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 2.4 A Guided Tour of the Brain OBJ: 2.10 MSC: Applying 51. The is a system of structures that includes the . This system has been implicated in . a. limbic system; amygdala; emotion behavior b. limbic system; putamen; motor preparation c. basal ganglia; amygdala; emotion behavior d. basal ganglia; hippocampus; motor preparation ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 2.4 A Guided Tour of the Brain OBJ: 2.10 MSC: Evaluating 52. All of the following are advantages of a folded cerebral cortex EXCEPT: a. The need for blood vasculature in the cortex is eliminated. b. Neural conduction time between areas is reduced. c. Neurons are brought into closer three -dimensional relationships. d. More cortical surface can be packed into the skull. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 2.5 The Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 2.7 MSC: Evaluating 53. Communication between the two hemispheres of the brain occurs mainly through the a. basal ganglia. c. corpus callosum. b. cingulate gyrus. d. limbic system. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.5 The Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 2.7 MSC: Remembering 54. The corpus callosum a. permits communication between the two cerebral hemispheres. b. is the area of the cortex in which information about touch, pain, temperature, and limb position is processed. c. separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes. d. is a fluid -filled chamber that cushions and supports the brain. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 2.5 The Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 2.7 MSC: Understanding 55. The most caudal lobe of the cerebral cortex is the lobe. a. frontal c. occipital b. temporal d. parietal ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 2.5 The Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 2.7 | 2.11 MSC: Understanding 56. Neurons in two different regions of Brodmann’s cytoarchitectonic map always a. use different types of neurotransmitters to communicate. b. differ in cell morphology and organization. c. lie inside different lobes of the cerebral cortex. d. are separated by fissures in the cortex. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.5 The Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 2.11 MSC: Understanding 57. The temporal lobe is to the occipital lobe as is to . a. touch; vision b. touch; audition c. audition; vision d. audition; touch ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 2.5 The Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 2.11 MSC: Analyzing 58. The morphology of the brain of Albert Einstein revealed an unusual Sylvian fissure, the division that separates the lobe from the lobes. a. occipital; frontal and parietal c. frontal; temporal and occipital b. temporal; frontal and parietal d. parietal; temporal and occipital ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.5 The Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 2.11 MSC: Evaluating 59. The central sulcus is an anatomical landmark that separates the lobe from the lobe. a. temporal; frontal c. parietal; occipital b. frontal; parietal d. occipital; temporal ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.5 The Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 2.11 MSC: Remembering 60. The term cytoarchitectonics refers to a. how cells in one brain region appear morphologically and how they are arranged with respect to each other. b. how assemblies of neurons function together and how they communicate with neighboring ganglia. c. how different brain regions differ in volume and how they interact to produce complex cognitive phenomena. d. how the brains of different animals differ from each other in gross anatomy and the evolutionary bases of these differences. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 2.5 The Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 2.11 MSC: Understanding 61. Of the following choices, the most anterior portion of the frontal lobes —the prefrontal cortex —is most critical to a. processing information about pain, touch, and temperature. b. executive functions. c. the “what” visual pathway. d. the “where” visual pathway. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.5 The Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 2.11 MSC: Evaluating 62. The primary visual cortex, or V1, is located in a. the striate cortex. c. Heschl’s gyrus. b. Brodmann area 41. d. the Sylvian fissure. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 2.5 The Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 2.11 MSC: Remembering 63. The neocortex contains cortical layers, with typically being the input layer. a. 10; layer IV c. six; layer IV b. 10; layer I d. six; layer I ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.5 The Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 2.11 MSC: Remembering 64. The frontal lobe is to the occipital lobe, whereas the temporal lobe is to the parietal lobe. a. posterior; superior c. superior; caudal b. anterior; inferior d. inferior; rostral ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.5 The Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 2.11 MSC: Understanding 65. All of the following terms refer to the same cortical region that processes visual input EXCEPT a. striate cortex. b. area V1. c. Heschl’s gyrus. d. Brodmann area 17. ANS: C OBJ: 2.11 DIF: Medium MSC: Evaluating REF: 2.5 The Cerebral Cortex 66. The primary auditory cortex is organized using a tonotopic map, which means that there is an orderly representation of a. loudness. c. duration. b. frequency. d. spatial location. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.5 The Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 2.11 MSC: Understanding 67. A patient recently suffered a traumatic blow to the head. She reports that she is having social difficulties, such as adding inappropriate comment s to conversations. She cannot seem to control these outbursts. Which area of her cortex is most likely affected? a. the posterior frontal lobe c. the anterior frontal lobe b. the anterior parietal lobe d. the posterior parietal lobe ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 2.5 The Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 2.11 MSC: Applying 68. The volume of cortex that is not sensory or motor has traditionally been termed cortex. a. extrastriate c. association b. cognitive d. equipotential ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.5 The Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 2.11 MSC: Remembering 69. Parts of the brain where metabolic activity is relatively high are characterized by a. elevated regional blood flow. b. increased cerebrospinal fluid production. c. a high degree of myelination. d. greater concentrations of calcium ions. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 2.5 The Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 2.11 MSC: Understanding 70. This type of early cell line is the precursor to the cells that will compose the nervous system. a. blastula c. endoderm b. gastrula d. ectoderm ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 2.7 Development of the Nervous System OBJ: 2.12 MSC: Remembering 71. Which of the following statements regarding the prenatal development of the human nervous system is correct? a. The brain develops from ectoderm cells, whereas the spinal cord develops from mesoderm cells.