(Test Bank) Drugs, Behavior and Society Canadian Edition

Hart,Ksir,Hebb,Gilbert, 3

Medicine

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3rd Edition

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Test Bank for Drugs, Behavior and Society Canadian Edition, The downloadable file consists of 185 pages, and the total size of the file is 2.65 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Hart, Ksir, Hebb, Gilbert

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Drugs, Behaviour, and Society, 3rd Canadian Edition, 3e Carl Hart (Test Bank All Chapters Answers at the end of each chapter ) Chapter 1 Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) What did the 2017 OSDUHS results regarding marijuana use ONLY among students in grades 7 through 12 reveal? 1) _______ A) Has remained consisted for since 1999 B) Has slowly been rising since 1999 C) Has been drastically rising since 1999 D) It has been declining since 1 999 2) Which term describes a situation when a person's reaction to a psychopharmaceutical drug (such as a painkiller) decreases so that larger doses are required t o achieve the same effect? 2) _______ A) Abuse B) Tolerance C) Addiction D) Dependence 3) When considering gender, socioeconomic status, and level of education, there has been a consistent finding over many studies. Which of the following describes the outcome? 3) _______ A) Females are more likely to drink alcohol and smoke marijuana, than are males. B) Males are more likely to drink alcohol and smoke marijuana, than are females. C) Females are more likely to drink alcohol, but males are more likely to smoke marijuana, than are females. D) Males are more likely to drink alcohol, but females are more likely to smoke marijuana, than are males. 4) In the past 100 years, the introduction of vaccines to prevent diseases and antibiotics to cure some infections laid the foundation for what? 4) _______ A) Illicit drug markets. B) The need to cre ate a "war on drugs" ethos. C) Many dangerous drug interactions. D) Our acceptance of medicines as the cornerstone of our health care sy stem. 5) What were the questions who, what , why, when , where , how, and how much introduced to do? 5) _______ A) Help us evaluate whether a particular type of drug use is a problem. B) Determine the toxicity of a drug. C) Track arrest data for drug law violations. D) Understand the dependence potential of a drug. 6) What is one consistent trait among students who report they are less likely to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, or use any type of illicit drug? 6) _______ A) They are well -off financially B) They have high self -esteem C) They have more involvement with religion D) They have lots of friends 7) The Government of Canada addresses the public health concern of substance abuse with its Canada's Drug Strategy (CDS), by using a broad four -component approach. It includes all of the following EXCEPT which one? 7) _______ A) Enforcement B) Medical intervention C) Education D) Harm reduction 8) Which of the following describes what most drug users are seeking? 8) _______ A) Need to fit in B) Need to rebel C) Reduction of emotion pain D) An altered state of consciousness 9) Which type of factor probably plays a bigger role in determining whether a person will try a drug in the first place, opposed to determining which of those who try it will become dependent? 9) _______ A) Personality B) Genetics C) Social conditioning D) Individual reaction to the drug 10) Much of the research on correlates of drug use has used which substance as an indicator? 10) ______ A) Marijuana smoking B) Steroids C) Methamphetamine D) Alcohol 11) According to the 2004 Canadian Addiction Survey, what percent of Canadians produce their own wine or beer at home? 11) ______ A) 10.7% B) 32.7% C) 6.7% D) 18.7% 12) Which term describes use of prescribed drugs in greater amounts than, or for purposes other than, those prescribed by a physician o r dentist. 12) ______ A) Drug misuse B) Addiction C) Drug Abuse D) Dependence 13) According to the four principles of psychoactive drug use would state; "the effect of any psychoactive drug depends on ________." 13) ______ A) its legal status B) the user's diet C) the user's unique brain chem istry D) the individual's history and expectations 14) Much of our information regarding drug use comes from survey questionnaires. What is one IMPORTANT limitation of questionnaires? 14) ______ A) The sample sizes are too small. B) The people who do the studies are biased. C) People might not answer h onestly. D) The questionnaires don't ask questions about illicit drug use. 15) Personality may have some predictive value by indicating whether someone does which of the following? 15) ______ A) Abstains from drug use. B) Uses drugs socially. C) Experiments with drugs. D) Develops an addiction. 16) What does the 2016 ( ACHA) National College Health Assessment data provide? 16) ______ A) A one day snapshot survey of the number of youth 18 -24 presently admitted in some form of drug/alcohol treatment program. B) A snapshot of the current college/university support services offered across the country. C) A snapshot of the number of drug overdose emergency room admissions. D) A snapshot of current use patterns among postsecondary students. 17) What is one of the four principles of psychoactive drug use? 17) ______ A) Most people are unable to control their own drug use. B) Every drug has an opposite drug that can counteract it. C) All psychoactive drugs should be banned. D) Frugs , per se, are not good or bad. 18) How long have drugs played a significant role in human society? 18) ______ A) since the 1920s B) only since the 1960s C) for thousands of years D) for about the past 200 years 19) A survey completed regarding drug use and Aboriginals living on reserves in Canada reported that most youth who tried solvents did so by which age? 19) ______ A) eleven years B) fourteen years C) thirteen years D) ten years 20) Which statement describes the group most likely to be drug users in adulthood? 20) ______ A) Females who are considered "loners and withdrawn" in early elementary school B) Males who are aggressive in early elementary school C) Females who are aggressive in early elementary school D) Males who are considered "loners and withdrawn" in early elementary school 21) How does the text define a drug that is unlawful to possess or use? 21) ______ A) An addictive drug. B) A narcotic. C) An abused drug. D) An illicit drug. 22) Who is included and how is the OSDUHS conducted? 22) ______ A) Interviews include thousands of students every second year from elementary and secondary schools ac ross Ontario B) Interviews include thousands of students from colleges and universities every second year from across Ontario was C) Interviews include thousands of students every second year from colleges and universities, and elementary and secondary schools, across D) Interviews include thousands of students every second yea r from secondary schools across Ontario 23) If a substance is consistently used in a particular kind of situations (e.g., at parties, as opposed to when one is alon e), what can it help us understand? 23) ______ A) The type of substance being used. B) Who is using the substance? C) The amount of the substance being used. D) The reason the substance is being used. 24) When adolescents have a socially supportive family, are interested in school and sports activities and perceive marijuana use being strongly opposed by their school, these factors correlate with lower rates of marijuana use which are commonly referred to a s what? 24) ______ A) Deviates B) Antecedents C) Protective factors D) Causal factors 25) Compared to young adults who only finished high school, those with university degrees are more likely to do which of the following? 25) ______ A) Smoke marijuana. B) Use cocaine. C) Report similar rates of use of most substances. D) Drink alcohol. 26) Accordingly to the 2017 OSDUHS results, what substance was the most commonly used illicit drug? 26) ______ A) Methamphetamine B) Hallucinogens C) Cannabis D) Cocaine 27) Which Canadian survey examining trends in drug use, has been conducted every year since 2008? 27) ______ A) Cana dian Addiction Survey B) Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey C) Canadian Campus Survey D) The National Survey of Drug use in Canada 28) What did a 2015 survey of high school students in Ontario reveal regarding the use of ecstasy in the previous 12 -month period? 28) ______ A) 15.4% of the students self -reported using ecstasy B) 10.4% of the students self -reported using ecstasy C) 5.4% of the students self -reported using ecstasy D) Less than 1% of the students self -reported using ecstasy 29) Comparing adolescents who smoke cigarettes with those who do not, and then looking at later adoption of marijuana use, cigarette smokers are about twice as likely as non-smokers to later use marijuana. For this reason, what have cigarettes been referred to as? 29) ______ A) A gateway substance B) A conduit C) A correlate D) Addictive 30) When considering gender, socioeconomic status, and level of education, there has been a consistent finding over many studies. Which of the following des cribes the outcome? 30) ______ A) People with higher levels of education are somewhat more likely to use marijua na. B) There is a very small, almost an insignificant difference between a person's education level and the amount of alcohol they drink. C) People with higher levels of education are somewhat less likely to use marijuana. D) People who completed only high school are more likely to drink more alcohol, than those who complete postsecondary education and university degrees. 31) Because drugs alter consciousness and thought processes, the affects experienced will depend o n which of the following? 31) ______ A) Attitudes B) Individual history C) Expectations D) All of the answers a re correct 32) Despite the limitations of survey questionnaires, when can they be informative? 32) ______ A) If they ask questions regarding alcohol use, because it is not illegal. B) If they are done year after year, because we can then look for changes over time. C) If they ask about the misuse of prescription drugs. D) If they seek information regarding those who are not included in the survey. 33) What is one personality variable that has been consistently associated with higher rates of substance dependence? 33) ______ A) Extraversion B) Low self -esteem C) Passivity D) High impulsivity 34) How a drug exists is an important fact to consider. For instance, compared to smoking cocaine in the form of "crack", how will Indigenous South American s who chew coca leaves absorb cocaine? 34) ______ A) Slowly over a long period. B) Quickly and continuously over a long period. C) Slowly over a short period of time. D) Quickly over a s hort period of time. 35) The 2004 Canadian Campus Survey (CCS), revealed what percentage of the Canadian undergraduate, population had used Cannabis within the prev ious 12 months period? 35) ______ A) 20% B) 30% C) 40% D) 10% 36) Which term refers to a state in which an individual uses a drug so frequently and consistently that it would be difficult for the person to get along without using the drug? 36) ______ A) Abuse B) Addiction C) Tolerance D) Dependence 37) The 2017 OSDUHS results indicated that students identified the greatest risk of physical harm to be regular use of which substance? 37) ______ A) Regular, prescription drug use. B) Regular cocaine use. C) Regular marijuana use. D) Regular alcohol use. 38) What was a significant change made to the CTADS survey beginning in 2015 compared to previous years? 38) ______ A) The CTADS used cell phones in its sampling frame B) Data was collected for residences of the Nunavut C) Data was collected for residences of the Yukon D) Data was collected using an internet questionnaire 39) Which term is used to describe, the use of a substance in a manner, amount, or situation such that the drug c auses problems or greatly increases the chances of problems occurring? 39) ______ A) Tolerance B) Abuse C) Dependence D) Addiction 40) The Canadian Campus Survey indicated that between 1998 and 2004 the use of cannabis declined in the Western provinces but increased where in Canada? 40) ______ A) Atlantic Canada B) Ontario C) Quebec D) British Columbia 41) What is one of the MOST important protective factors for drug use? 41) _____ _ A) Believing that there are strong sanctions against substance use at school. B) Having been punished for fighting. C) Knowing adults who use drugs. D) Having to work and earn your spending money. 42) Which of the following is an example of a longitudinal study of drug use? 42) ______ A) Sampling drug use from different parts of the country. B) Surveying high -school seniors every year. C) Following each individual throughout the entire day. D) Following the same group of people at intervals over several months or years. 43) All of the following EXCEPT which one, are examples of harm reduction measures reflected in Canada's Drug Strategy, to reduce the damage associated with alcohol and drugs? 43) ______ A) Methadone maintenance therapy B) Television educatio nal campaigns C) Syringe exchange programs D) Safe injection sites 44) The media has been reporting on drug use ranging from methamphetamine to ecstasy to glue sniffing. How have these various examples been described in the media? 44) ______ A) Drug use by celebrities B) Drugs that are always bad drugs C) The "drug du jour" D) Drug use: a laissez -faire reality 45) Some drugs have the effect that every time you take the drug, the probability that you will take it again increases slightly. What is this process referred to as? 45) ______ A) Reinforcement B) Addiction C) Drug misuse D) Altered perception 46) Which statement best describes the OSDUHS? 46) ______ A) Began in 1977, and is the longest ongoing school -based survey in Canada. B) Recent ly launched in 2015, in response to the growing concern regarding the opioid use in North America. C) Recently launched in 2015, in response to the growing concern regarding the opioid use in Cana da. D) Began in 1977, and is the longest ongoing school -based survey in North America. 47) Which of the following describes one of the MOST important risk factors for drug use? 47) ______ A) Having friends who use ma rijuana or other substances. B) Having lots of money. C) Being heavily inv olved in extracurricular activities. D) Believing that your parents are a source of social support. 48) Is you were a social worker working with elementary and secondary students within a school system, according to the 2017 OSDUHS results, which substance might you be most concerned with due to its availability? 48) ______ A) Marijuana B) Alcohol C) OxyContin D) Cigarettes 49) One of the four principles of psychoactive drugs is that every drug has what? 49) ______ A) mind altering potential B) impurities C) effects on the he art D) multiple effects SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers th e question. 50) According to the findings reported in your text, who is more likely to use illegal drugs and alcohol? 50) _____________ 51) What does the research regarding religion and drug use describe? 51) _____________ 52) Describe the term "drug du jour"? 52) _____________ 53) Identify and briefly describe the four pillars of the Canadian Drugs and Substances Strategy 53) _____________ 54) What has the research revealed regarding Religion and Drug Use? 54) _________ ____ 55) Discuss how personality variables relate to substance use. 55) _____________ 56) What is meant by risk and protective factors for substance use? Provide at least two examples of each. 56) _____________ 57) What does drug Reinforcement mean? 57) _____________ 58) Explain the differences among the definitions of drug misus e, drug abuse, and harm reduction. 58) _____________ 59) What did the 2003 report commissioned by the Pauingassi First Nation in Manitoba determine? 59) _____________ 60) What do the abbreviations CCS and OSDUHS stand for, and what are they? 60) _____________ 61) Which three demographics have been used when analyzing the "who uses drugs?" 61) _____________ 62) Describe Harm Reduction and how it has been used as an initiative by Canada's Drug Strategy to reduce the damage associated with alcohol and other drugs? 62) _____________ 63) What is meant by the term "gateway substance"? Provide an example of a gateway substance? What is wrong with assuming that use of a gateway substance causes increased use of other substances? 63) _____________ 64) Describe the differences between drug dependence and tolerance. 64) _____________ 65) It is important to monitor which illicit drugs are widely used and whether their use is increas ing or decreasing. Describe the most important sources of information we have about drug use in Canada and the major limitations of that kind of information. 65) _____________ TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 66) The 2015 Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey showed that 8% of males and 6.5% of females, grades 7 -12, reported having used an inhalant (glue or solvents) in the past year. 66) ____ __ 67) We can get an idea of why someone is using a drug by examining when and where he or she uses it. 67) ______ 68) In general most Canadians do not see a strong link between the availability of drugs and Canada's problems re lated to drug use. 68) ______ 69) Drug misuse generally refers to the use of pre scribed drugs in greater amounts than, or for purposes other than, those prescribed by a physician or dentist. 69) ______ 70) Being willing to fight seems to be an important protective factor against substance use. 70) ______ 71) If John wants to enhance the likelihood he hires someone who is more likely to NOT smoke marijua na, research consider ing gender, socioeco nomic status, and level of educatio n would suggest he hire a female with a universit y educatio n. 71) ___ ___ 72) There are some drugs that we should just define as being bad drugs. 72) ______ 73) The Harm Reduction model of drug treatment accepts that there may be other acceptable outcomes than drug abstinence. 73) ______ 74) Every drug has multiple effects. 74) ______ 75) The majority of Canadians do NOT perceive drug and alcohol abuse to be serious problems in Canada. 75) ______ 76) Illicit drug is a term used to refer to a drug that is unlawful to possess or use. 76) ______ 77) Impulsivity is one personality factor that is associated with highe r rates of substance abuse and dependence. 77) ______ 1) D 2) B 3) B 4) D 5) A 6) C 7) B 8) D 9) C 10) A 11) C 12) A 13) D 14) C 15) D 16) D 17) D 18) C 19) A 20) B 21) D 22) A 23) D 24) C 25) D 26) C 27) B 28) C 29) A 30) C 31) D 32) B 33) D 34) A 35) B 36) D 37) C 38) A 39) B 40) A 41) A 42) D 43) B 44) C 45) A 46) A 47) A 48) B 49) D 50) Finding over many kinds of studies indicated that Males are mo re likely to drink alcohol, smoke marijuana, and use illicit drugs than are females. And education related level is powerfully related to two com mon behaviours: People with some postsecondary education and university degrees (compared with those who comple ted only high school) are more likely to drink alcohol, and people with higher levels of education are somewhat less likely to use marijuana. 51) In Canada the National Population Health Survey, i nterviewed more than 20,000 Canadian households and recorded the finding that attendance at religious services for both male and female adolescents was linked with lower levels of multiple -risk behaviour, including smoking and binge drinking. 52) The term "drug du jour" or drug of the day is often identified when the news media concentrates or focuses "en masse", their repointing of a particular drug, which has been continually changing over the past 40 years. 53) Answer can be found in Figure 1.; Canadian Drugs and Substances Strategy. 54) In study after study, those yo ung people who report more involvement with religion (they attend services regularly and say their religion influences how they make decisions) are less likely to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, or use any type of illicit drug. 55) Most large surveys find little or no relationship to most personality measures, such as self -esteem. The most consistent correlations have been found for impulsivity. Bonus : distinguishing betwe en studies of rates of use in the general population vs comparisons with dependent users, with both impulsivity and personality disorders more strongly associated with dependence/abuse. 56) Attitudes or social factors that correlate with either increased (risk) or decreased (protective) use of substances. Examples in Table 1.4. 57) Reinforcement means that, everything else being equa l, each time you take the drug you increase slightly the probability that you will take it again. 58) misuse : greater amounts or for other purposes than prescribed; abuse : drug use that causes pro blems for the user; harm reduction: reduce the damage associated with drug use. Bonus : appropriate examples of each, and/or showing how these definitions may overlap in specific instances. 59) In 2003, a report commissioned by the Pauingassi First Nation in Manitoba determined tha t approximately half of the children in that community under 18 years of age engaged in VSM. Despite anecdotal reports of VSM as a continuing crisis, the true prevalence among Canada's First Nations and Inuit youth population as a whole is not known. Furth ermore, it is not clear if prior perceptions of widespread misuse were factual or were inflated though media reporting, particularly through repeated showings of 1993 and 2000 news clips, of First Nation and Inuit youth in the communities of Davis Inlet an d Sheshatshiu, Labrador, getting high on gasoline. Regardless of the true extent of the problem, the consequences are clear. Volatile substance misuse among First Nations and Inuit youth has been linked to high rates of poverty, boredom, unemployment, fami ly breakdown, loss of self -respect, and poor social and economic structures. These issues have been attributed to the impact of residential schooling, racism and discrimination, and multi -generational losses of land, language, and culture. 60) Two surveys, the Canadian Campus Survey (CCS), and the Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (OSDUHS), which provide insight into the alcohol and drug use practices of Canadian youth. 61) Gender, Socioeconomic Status, and Level of Education. 62) The most commonly accepted definition of harm reduction is "measures taken t o address drug problems that are open to outcomes other than abstinence or cessation of use." Measures may include programs, policies, or interventions that seek to reduce or minimize the adverse social and health consequences associated with drug use, for instance: safe injection sites, syringe exchange programs, and methadone maintenance therapy for heroin intravenous drug users. Bonus : harm reduction has become controversial in part because some people equate it with advocating for legalization of all dr ugs. 63) A substance (e.g., cigarettes) that is used before illicit substances AND use of which is associated with increased likelihood of later use of illicit substances. Assuming a person is gen erally more likely to engage in deviant or problem behaviour, the apparent gateway substance might just be the easiest thing for a young person to start with, so it is most likely to be the first. Bonus : discussion of whether preventing or delaying cigaret te smoking would reduce later use of marijuana or other substances. 64) Drug dependence involves using the substance more often or in greater amounts than the user intended and having difficulty s topping or cutting down on its use. Tolerance can occur with repeated ingestion of a drug and requires the user to use increasingly larger doses to achieve the same effect. 65) The Canadian Addiction Survey (CAS) (last administered in 2004) and the Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey (CADUMS) conducted annually since 2008. Limitations are possible sample bias (those most at risk are less likely to be sampled), and unc ertainty about the honesty of people's responses. Bonus : in spite of these limitations, year -by-year comparisons are useful for spotting increases or decreases. 66) FALSE 67) TRUE 68) FALSE 69) TRUE 70) FALSE 71) TRUE 72) FALSE 73) TRUE 74) TRUE 75) FALSE 76) TRUE 77) TRUE Chapter 2 Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) In 2016, more than half (58%) of which drug was related to a crime? 1) _______ A) Cannabis B) Alcohol C) Heroin D) Cocaine 2) Which drug is MOST recognized as contributing to crimes and violence? 2) _______ A) Marijuana B) Heroin C) Alcohol D) Cocaine 3) Who specially regulates the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems system? 3) _______ A) The American Psychological Association B) World Health Organization C) The American Psychiatric Association i D) The Canadian Classification of Health Interventions 4) Substance -related disorders, defined by the DSM -5, encompass how many separate classes of drugs? 4) _______ A) 5 B) 15 C) 7 D) 10 5) According to your textbook, concerns about DAWN's accuracy and misinte rpretation of the data by drug policy officials led to what action? 5) _______ A) It prompted researches to stop relying on its outcomes. B) It prompted a revamping of DAWN's sampling procedures in 2011. C) It prompted police departments to stop relying on its outcomes. D) It prompted discontinuation of DAWN in 2011. 6) What does the presence of withdrawal syndromes indicate? 6) _______ A) Craving B) Tolerance C) Physical dependence D) Chronic behavioural disorder 7) Which of the following describes the psychoactive drug dependence potential from the highest to lowest ranking? 7) _______ A) Heroin, Crack Cocaine, injected Morphine, snorted Cocaine powder B) Injected Morphine, snorted Cocaine powder, Heroin, Crack Cocaine,, C) Crack Cocaine, Heroin injected Morphine, snorted Cocaine powder D) Injected Morphine, Heroin, Crack Cocaine, snorted Cocaine powder 8) In what year did Canada enact its first drug law? 8) _______ A) 1902 B) 1918 C) 1908 D) 1892 9) The d rugs to which people are most likely to develop psychological (behavioural) dependence are also generally found to have which of the following? 9) _______ A) Sedative effects B) Reinforcing effects in laboratory animals C) Pain-relieving effects D) Stimulant effects 10) According to your text how many injecting drug users have a HCV infection? 10) ______ A) 150 000 B) 100 000 C) 200 000 D) 250 000 11) In an annual study done by the U.S. Justice Department, people arrested for various crimes are given urine tests to detect the presence of drugs. In 2003, what percentage of the adult male arrestees tested positive for at least one illicit drug? 11) ______ A) 40 B) 25 C) 90 D) 67 12) Between 1871 and 1908, how did the government of Canada view opium? 12) ______ A) As a Canadian economic opportunity B) A threat to its citizens, especially women C) As international tr ade opportunity D) A threat to the cultural values of a newly developing country 13) Those who have received a "personality disorder" diagnosis, such as antisocial personality disorder: 13) ______ A) are neither more nor less likely to have a substance use disorder. B) have an increased likelihood of also having a substance use disorder. C) are actually less likely to be dependent on a substance. D) are often given stimulant drugs as a treatment for the personality disorder . 14) How do Alcoholics Anonymous members (AA) often describe alcohol? 14) ______ A) Cunning B) Blissful C) Disempowering D) Mysterious 15) Whic h of the following describes the potential to become dependent upon a psychoactive drugs spectrum, beginning with the highest risk substance to the least likely? 15) ______ A) Morphine, Caffeine, Alcohol B) Mescaline, Morphine, Caffeine C) Morphine, Diazepam, Marijuana D) Alcohol, Mescaline, Marijuana 16) In Canada, it is estimated that there are approximately how many intravenous drug users (IDUs)? 16) ______ A) 150 000 intravenous drug users B) 50 000 intravenous drug users C) 90 000 intravenous drug users D) 120 000 intravenous drug users 17) Which of these substances is listed as having a "very high" dependence potential? 17) ______ A) Marijuana B) Alcohol C) Crack cocaine D) LSD 18) Which term describes when the use of a substance makes normal activities such as driving result in harmful accidents? 18) ______ A) Laissez -faire B) Behavioural tolerance C) Behavioural toxi city D) Drug misuse 19) John has been using his drug of choice for many months. He informs his friend that he now required a larger dose to achieve the "buzz" he likes. What term describes what John is experiencing? 19) ______ A) Dependence B) Tolerance C) Acute toxicity D) Rebound effect 20) According to your text, which statement describes drug regulations in Canada today? 20) ______ A) Our current laws merge fluidly with the medical protocols in place in MOST communities across Canada. B) Our current laws repre sent a rationally devised plan to counteract the most realistic of these concerns in the most effective manner. C) Our current laws do not represent a rationally devised plan to counteract the mos t realistic of these concerns in the most effective manner. D) Our law enforcement agencies are unable to keep up with the growing increase of new designer drugs. 21) Which of the following was NOT identified as a drug commonly used by IDUs? 21) ______ A) GHB B) Heroin C) cocaine D) Pharmaceutical opioids 22) Which term describes why the capacity of a drug dose has a diminished effect on the user as it is repeatedly taken? 22) ______ A) Rebound effect B) Withdrawal C) Tolerance D) Dependence 23) In the early 1900s, the Canadian government had essentiall y NO laws regulating the sale and use of drugs. In general the government took a "hands -off" approach that has been referred to as which of the following? 23) ______ A) Laissez -faire B) Irresponsible C) Criminal D) Variable 24) A series of experiments conducted in the 1960s used laboratory animals that were given intravenous catheters connected to mo torized syringes and controlling equipment so that by pressing a lever would produce a single brief drug injection. Which describes the animal(s) that were used? 24) ______ A) Monkeys and rats B) Rats C) Pigeons and mice D) Monkeys 25) According to the statistics provided in your textbook, alcohol causes serious dependence in ________ 25) ______ A) one in five drinkers. B) one in twenty drinkers. C) one in fifteen drinkers. D) one in ten drinkers. 26) Based on Canadian data publ ished in a 2017 report, how many apparent opioid -related deaths occurred in 2016? 26) ______ A) 1816 B) 3816 C) 4816 D) 2816 27) As views of substance dependence have changed based on scientific research, what is now believed to be the real driving force behind repeated excessive drug use? 27) ______ A) An allergic reaction to the substance. B) Psychological dependence, based on reinforcement. C) Unmet psychological needs in early childhood. D) Physic al dependence, caused by tolerance. 28) Mary told her drug therapist that she has become psychological dependent. What fact will her therapist pursue to determine the accuracy of her statement? 28) ______ A) Does she have cravings? B) Does she have physical withdrawal symptoms? C) Does she have a heightened sense of well -being? D) Does she experience a heightened sensitivity to pain? 29) According to the National Center for Health Statistics, the sharpest increase occurred among deaths related to what circumstance? 29) ______ A) Combined use of alcohol and ecstasy use among adolescent males B) Fentanyl and fentanyl analogues C) Driving under the influence cannabis D) Driving under the influence of both alcohol and cannabis 30) A series of experiments conducted in the 1960s used laboratory animals that were given intravenous catheters connected to motorized syringes and controlling equipment, so that when they pressed a lever they would produce a single brief injection of which drug? 30) ______ A) Heroin B) LSD C) Liquid cocaine D) Morphine 31) What can brain scan studies with drug users reveal? 31) ______ A) They can show which people have developed dependence and which have not. B) So far , they can only show changes in response to drug administration. C) They can predict which people will later develop dependence. D) They are very strong predictors of alcohol use, but not for other substances. 32) In what year did the first official needle exchange program begin in Canada? 32) ______ A) 1979 B) 1999 C) 1969 D) 1989 33) Which statement describes acute drug effects? 33) ______ A) Are unrelated to dose. B) Last more than a day. C) Are caused by the immediate presence of the drug in the body. D) Are dangerous. 34) Which of the followi ng is a personality trait that has frequently been associated with greater risk for abuse of stimulants, such as amphetamine or cocaine? 34) ______ A) Introversion B) Sensation seeking C) Shyness D) Pessimism 35) Data collected by the CIHI does not include: 35) ______ A) Gender B) Residence C) Hospital Substance Abuse Emergency Admissions D) Age 36) Which is an example of chronic physiological toxicity? 36) ______ A) Lung cancer from smoking B) Respiratory arrest from an alcohol overdose C) Paranoia from methamphetamine use D) Motivational syndrome 37) In what city did the first official needl e exchange program begin in Canada? 37) ______ A) Vancouver B) Montreal C) Winnipeg D) Toronto 38) What is the Drug Abuse Warning Network? 38) ______ A) It monitors arrest rat es for various drug -law violations. B) A system of free public -service announcements. C) It monitors drug -related medical emergencies. D) A voluntary organization for teachers and police officers. 39) In comparing the relative toxicity of m arijuana and cocaine, what important fact should be taken into account? 39) ______ A) That many more people use marijuana than use cocaine. B) Urban vs. rural environment. C) Availability and price. D) The user's gender and weight. 40) What drug was being described with the famous quote "The Real Public Enemy Number One"? 40) ______ A) Opium (smoked) B) Cocaine powder (snorted) C) Crack cocaine D) Marijuana 41) Intravenous drug users have higher than average rates of HIV infection, but even higher rates of which of the following? 41) ______ A) Staphylococcus infection. B) Herpes simplex. C) ADHD. D) Hepatitis C. 42) The DSM -5 does not define addiction as such, but has diagnostic criteria for 42) ______ A) Substance -related disorders. B) Chronic intoxication. C) Habituation. D) Drug -associated bipolar disorder. 43) In determining whether using a drug causes people to become criminals, what is important to acknowledge? 43) ______ A) Consistent personality changes are likely with even a few exposures to heroin or cocaine. B) There is no statistical relationship between crime and illicit drug use. C) Longitudinal studies find that indicators of criminal or antisocial behaviour usually occur before the first use of any illicit drug. D) Most illicit drugs cause damage to the areas of the brain responsible for understanding right from wrong. 44) All of the following have universally determined the development of drug laws EXCEPT which one? 44) ______ A) International trade B) Dependence C) Toxicity D) Crime 45) The text lists three concerns that led to the adoption of the first laws regulating what we now call controlled substances. Which of these was NOT one o f the three? 45) ______ A) Dependence B) Association of drug users with crime C) High profits for drug sellers D) Toxicity 46) After Rita returns from her first narcotics support group she learns that physical dependence requires the existence of which of the following? 46) ______ A) A physical response to the drug B) A set of physical withdrawal symptoms C) A physical change in skin colour D) A craving for the drug 47) Because some believe it plays a large role in positive reinforcement, theorists have recently focused on which of the brain's neurotransmitters? 47) ______ A) Epinephrine B) Norepinephrine C) Serotonin D) Dopamine 48) Among jail inmates in Canada who have been convicted of property crimes, which percentage of them reported that they had committed the crime to get money for drugs? 48) ______ A) 50% B) 25% C) 95% D) 75% 49) John finished his last college class of the day and went over to his friend's house, just two blocks from where he lives. Once he ar rived and for the next 3 hours, John drinks 10 shots of tequila and 5 beers. He is about to get in his car and drive home. Based on this information,, which term would best describe his condition? 49) ______ A) Acute B) Behavioural toxicity C) Chronic D) Physiological toxicity SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 50) What do the letters DAWN stand for, when was it established and what d id it do? 50) _____________ 51) Until the twentieth century, what was the most common model regarding drug dependency, and how would you describe it? 51) _____________ 52) Describe several ways in which people have thought that drug use might be a cause of criminal behaviour. 52) _____________ 53) Identify and describe the four types of drug -induced toxicity 53) _____________ 54) What three different principal concerns throughout the twentieth century have universally driven the development of drug laws throughout t he twentieth century? 54) _____________ 55) What is meant by the term "starting a prairie fire"? 55) _____________ 56) What does the word toxic mean? 56) _____________ 57) Although there is some question as to whether the direct influence of illicit drugs produces a person more likely to engage in criminal or violent behaviour, there has been less doubt about alcohol. Provide some recent statistics that support that statemen t. 57) _____________ 58) Describe the biopsychosocial perspective and give a sh ort case example. 58) _____________ 59) Identify the top five psychoactive drug s 59) _____________ 60) Explain what is meant by a drug's "dependence potential ." 60) _____________ 61) Explain the difference between physical dependence on a drug and psychological dependence on a drug. 61) _____________ TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 62) About 50% of those convicted of drug crimes reported that they had sold drugs to get money for their own drug use. 62) ______ 63) Once a substance is regulated in any way, those regulations will be broken by some. 63) ______ 64) Canada boasts havi ng one of the most comprehensive and consistent health plans for providing descriptions of the incidence and causes of drug -related emergency room visits or deaths nationally. 64) ______ 65) The drugs that are most likely to lead to dependence are the ones that have reduced effects after repeated use. 65) ______ 66) Longitudinal studies find that indicators of criminal or antisocial behaviour usually occur earlier in life than the first use of an illicit drug. 66) ______ 67) The fact that drug users engage in robberies or that car thieves are likely to also use illicit drugs does not say anything about causality. 67) ______ 68) In a recent study investigating the cost of substance abuse in Canada, it was estimated that 10% of all criminal offences were attributable to alcohol. 68) ______ 69) Needle exchange programs began in Canada in 1989; however the programs were found to have little impact on the rate of HIV infection among intravenous dru g users and were too expensive an initiative to continue. 69) ______ 70) Physica l dependence is defined by the appearance of withdrawal symptoms when the drug is stopped. 70) ______ 71) Most opioid -related deaths in Canada occurred in males 71) ______ 72) The term "laissez -faire" refers to the tendency of news media to sensationalize drug problems. 72) ______ 73) Chronic drug effects refer to those that are due to prolonged exposure to the drug. 73) ______ 74) It is NOT possible to gain a true measure of the relative toxicities of drugs of abuse and misuse in Canada. 74) ______ 75) Up until the twentieth century, the most common view was probably that substance dependent individuals were w eak willed, lazy, or immoral. 75) ______ 76) Very early in the 20th century the Canadian government regulated, and made a profit from, the production of opium. 76) ______ 77) The commission of crimes by drug users is due in large part to a pharmacological effect of the drug itself that causes the user to believe he/she is invincible. 77) ______ 78) In Canada, it is estimated that there are between 75,000 and 125,000 intravenous drug users (IDUs). 78) ______ 79) Data from Canadian population -specific surveillance systems suggest that approximately 15% of IDUs borrow needles that have been used by someone else. 79) ______ 80) Substance -related disorders, defined by the DSM -5, encompass 5 separate classes of drugs: alcohol. 80) ______ 81) No genetic, physiological, or biochemical marker has been found that definitively predicts drug dependence. 81) ______ 1) B 2) C 3) B 4) D 5) D 6) C 7) A 8) C 9) B 10) D 11) D 12) A 13) B 14) A 15) C 16) C 17) C 18) C 19) B 20) C 21) A 22) C 23) A 24) A 25) D 26) D 27) B 28) A 29) B 30) D 31) B 32) D 33) C 34) B 35) C 36) A 37) A 38) C 39) A 40) D 41) D 42) A 43) C 44) A 45) C 46) B 47) D 48) B 49) A 50) The Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), was established in 1972 and collects data on drug -related emergency room visits from hospital emergency departments in major metropolitan areas around the Unit ed States. 51) Until the twentieth century , the most common model was the "moral model", and it viewed those who were dependent as individuals who were weak willed, lazy, or immoral. 52) Drug use might change the individual's personality in a lasting way, making him or her into a criminal type (evidence does not support this). Drug use might cause criminal behaviour while the person is under the influence of the drug (evidence strongest for alcohol). Crimes may be carried out for the purpo se of obtaining money to purchase illicit drugs (evidence supports this). 53) The four types of drug -induced toxicity are: 1. Acute (Immediate) Behavioural: "Intoxication" from alcohol, marijuana , or other drugs that impair behaviour and increase danger to the individual. 2. Acute (Immediate) Physiological: Overdose of heroin or alcohol causing the user to stop breathing. 3. Chronic (Long -term) Behavioural: Personality changes reported to occur in alcoholics and suspected by some to occur in marijuana users (amotivational syndrome). The long -term use of marijuana has been associated with increased risk of addiction, and harm to person's memory, concentration, intelligence, and decision -making abili ty. 4. Chronic (Long -term) Physiological: Heart disease, lung cancer, and other effects related to smoking; liver damage and multiple organ cancers resulting from chronic alcohol exposure. The long -term effects of smoking marijuana have been associated wit h risks for bronchitis and lung infections. 54) The three are: toxicity, dependence, and crime. 55) This is term is used in political ci rcles to describe a lot of emotion -arousing rhetoric that borders on the irrational, and sometimes the results of the prairie fire and the ensuing legislation are unexpected and undesirable. 56) It means, "poisonous, deadly, or dangerous." 57) Recent studies have indicated that 30% of all criminal offences were attributable to alcohol. In many assaults and sexual assaults, alcohol is prese nt in both assailant and victim. Most homicides are among people who know each other —and alcohol use is associated with half or more of all murders. In two-thirds of cases of domestic violence alcohol was involved. 58) The biopsychosocial perspective describes dependency as it relates to dysfunctions of biology, personality, social interactions, or a combination of these factors. Such debate will undoubtedly continue for some time. However, de bate should not be taken lightly and should be entered into only after a thorough review of relevant and current evidence. Case examples will vary. 59) The top five psychoactive drugs are: Heroin, crack cocaine, morphine, opium, and cocaine powder. 60) Some drugs are more likely than others to lead to compulsive use. These tend to be the drugs th at work as positive reinforcers in animal models. Bonus: However, blaming dependence entirely on the drug itself ignores many other important social and individual variables. 61) In physical depen dence, when a person stops taking the drug a set of physiological symptoms will appear as the drug level in the system drops. Symptoms disappear when the drug is taken again. In psychological dependence, when a person takes a drug (behavioural act), they r eceive a consequence such as a good feeling, or they escape from pain or discomfort. When the drug is stopped, often the user will crave the drug. The behaviour is being reinforced by the consequence. 62) FALSE 63) TRUE 64) FALSE 65) FALSE 66) TRUE 67) TRUE 68) FALSE 69) FALSE 70) TRUE 71) TRUE 72) FALSE 73) TRUE 74) FALSE 75) TRUE 76) TRUE 77) FALSE 78) TRUE 79) TRUE 80) FALSE 81) TRUE Chapter 3 Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Under which schedule of The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act would the possession of isosafrole (used in making MDMA) be located? 1) _______ A) 8 B) 10 C) 6 2) Between 1969 and 1973, the Le Dain Commission produced four reports that recommended all of the following EXCEPT which one? 2) _______ A) The abolishment of imprisonment for possession of drugs. B) The gradual withdrawal of criminalization of illegal drugs. C) That the possession of cannabis not be a crime. D) Regulatory standards for the production and distribution of cocaine. 3) Beginning in which year in Canada did all natural products with associated claims of health benefits became subject to the regulations of the NHPD? 3) _______ A) 1984 B) 1994 C) 2014 D) 2004 4) Richard claims he was the first person to have his case heard in a drug treatment court in Canada. In what year would his case have been heard? 4) _______ A) 2004 B) 1995 C) 2001 D) 1998 5) The amendments in Bill C -10 prescribe mandatory prison terms for off ences related to drugs listed which of the following? 5) _______ A) Schedule II and III B) Schedule III C) Schedule I D) Schedule I and II 6) What does the four phase process to approve drugs for use in Canada include? 6) _______ A) Phase four: testing that occurs after approval. B) Phase one: testing on animals. C) Phase three: testing that takes place with healthy volunteers. D) Phases t hree and four: testing that occurs after approval. 7) When a Federal Court judge in Vancouver issued an injunction against the government's plans to end the practice of grow -your-own medical marijuana what occurred? 7) _______ A) It allowed the approximately 30,000 existing licenses for home -grown pot users/patients to continue growing their own. B) It allowed the approximately 5,000 existing licenses for home -grown pot users/patients to continue growing their own. C) It allowed for the continued use of medical marijuana, but the consumers ha d to buy "quality -controlled" marijuana from federally approved commercial producers. D) It allowed the existing licenses for home -grown pot users/patients to continue growing their own, but disal lowed any further licenses from going forward. 8) In 1908, the Opium Act made it illegal to import, manufacture, sell or possess opium for nonmedical purposes. What prompted this action to be taken? 8) _______ A) An increasing number of white people were smoking opium. B) The smoking of opium would lead to high rates of lung cancer. C) Smoking opi um would corrupt the youth of the nation. D) Opium use would outstrip the use of alcohol. 9) Since the i nception of the Marihuana Medical Access Program (MMAP), stakeholder concerns have grown. All of the following have been raised EXCEPT which one? 9) _______ A) Creation of fire hazards resulting from faulty or overloaded electricity installations used to support marijuana cultivation. B) Risk of violent home invasion by criminals attempting to steal marijuana. C) Potential for diversion of marijuana to illicit markets due to limited security requirements. D) Increase potential for overdoes caused due to polysubstance use. 10) Under the CDSA it is an offence to seek or obtain a controlled substance from a medical practitioner without disclosing to that practitioner all other controlled substances obtained from other practitioners within the previous 30 days. What would be the maximum punishment for this offence? 10) ______ A) Indictment is 1 years B) Indictment is 10 years C) Indictm ent is 3 years D) Indictment is 7 years 11) From a pharmacological perspec tive, the word narcotic can only be correctly used to label which of the following? 11) ______ A) Morphine B) Cocaine C) Marijuana D) Ecstasy 12) Before what year in Canada were natural health products sold as either drugs or food under the Food and Drugs Act? 12) ______ A) 1995 B) 2004 C) 2000 D) 1990 13) Which of the following is an offence under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act? 13) ______ A) To obtain a controlled substance without a prescription. B) To obtain a controlled substance without revealing other controlled substances procured from other practitioners within a 30 day period. C) To obtain a controlled substance from a practitioner. D) To obtain a controlled substance without a license. 14) Under which schedule of The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act would the possession of one gram of hashish be located? 14) ______ A) 6 B) 10 C) 8 15) With respect to natural health products, which of the following statements represent the position Health Canada would state? 15) ______ A) Health Canada is concerned only with ensuring their efficacy an d safety, not their purity. B) Health Canada is concerned with ensuring their purity, safety, and their efficacy. C) Health Canada is co ncerned only with ensuring their purity and safety, not their efficacy. D) Health Canada is concerned only with ensuring their purity and efficacy, not their safety. 16) In 2004, Parliament passed the Jean Chretien Pledge to Africa Act. According to this act what can governments of WTO member countries grant? 16) ______ A) Extended protection of patented medicines that are in demand worldwide. B) Protection for pharmaceutical companies that would allow them sole license to market their dr ug on a worldwide basis.