(Test Bank) Cognitive Psychology

Sternberg, 5

Psychology

Test Bank

5th Edition

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Test Bank for Cognitive Psychology, The downloadable file consists of 308 pages, and the total size of the file is 0.62 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Sternberg

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Chapter 1--Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. In a dialectical progression of ideas, an originally proposed ____ is countered by a(n) ____. A. synthesis; thesis B. thesis; synthesis C. antithesis; thesis D. thesis; antithesis 2. The combination of rational with empirical methods so as to get the "best of both worlds" represents, in dialectical terms, a(n) A. thesis. B. antithesis. C. synthesis. D. antisynthesis. 3. Part of dialectic thinking is when a statemen t of belief is proposed. This statement would be called the ____. A. antithesis B. synthesis C. thesis D. pragmatics 4. This part of dialectic thinking is when a counterstatement to previous beliefs emerges. This counterstatement would be called the ___ _. A. antithesis B. synthesis C. thesis D. pragmatics 5. The philosopher who advanced the notion of a dialectic was ____. A. Plato B. Hegel C. Descartes D. Aristotle (Cognitive Psychology 5e Robert Sternberg) (Test bank, MCQ's Answer at the end of each Chapter)6. A rationalist A. uses logical analysis to understand the world and people's rela tions to it. B. is a follower of Aristotle's empiricist philosophy. C. supports the idea of monism. D. believes that knowledge is acquired through experience and observation. 7. Rationalism is to ____ as empiricism is to ____. A. empirical evidence; the ory B. theory; empirical evidence C. manipulation; measure D. hypothesis; theory 8. This particular approach emphasizes logical analysis as the means to acquiring new knowledge. A. Tabula rasa B. Synthesis C. Rationalist D. Empiricist 9. An empiricist A. believes that knowledge is acquired through experience and observation. B. is a follower of Plato's rationalist philosophy. C. supports the idea of mind -body dualism. D. believes that the mind and the body are separate entities. 10. This particular approach emphasizes empirical evidence as the means to acquiring new knowledge. A. Rationalist B. Monist C. Empiricist D. A priori 11. Theresa, a judge, does not accept circumstantial evidence as evidence in her court. Theresa will not convict anyone of a crime, based on general principles of anticipated behavior of people brought to court. Instead, Theresa allows only evidence that she can see, or "hard," observational evidence, to be used in a prosecution. Theresa could be referred to as a(n) A. Monis t B. Empiricist C. Rationalist D. Platonist 12. Elma, an automobile factory worker, learns how to install a car air conditioner by watching a fellow worker install the part. The knowledge Elma has just acquired is ____ acquired knowledge. A. experimentally B. reductively C. innately D. empirically 13. Psychology is sometimes viewed as a merging of A. philosophy and monism. B. rationalism and physiology. C. physiology and empiricism. D. philosophy and physiology. 14. Descartes is known for having been a(n) A. functionalist. B. behaviorist. C. empir icist. D. rationalist. 15. A philosopher who largely rejected acquisition of knowledge by empirical means was A. John Locke. B. Aristotle. C. David Hume. D. René Descartes. 16. Which of the following people supported the rationalist view and largely r ejected the pure empirical view? A. Kant B. Aristotle C. Descartes D. Locke 17. ____ refers to Locke's belief that all knowledge is gained empirically, beginning at birth, when our minds are a blank slate. A. Innate B. A priori C. A posteriori D. Tabul a rasa 18. Immanuel Kant A. believed in an integration of rationalism and empiricism. B. rejected completely all forms of rationalism and empiricism. C. believed only in rationalism. D. believed only in empiricism. 19. The goal of structuralism was to understand the "content" of the mind by A. synthesizing constituent parts of perceptions. B. analyzing perceptions into their constituent parts. C. observing responses to various stimuli. D. evaluating other schools of thought to provide a "structure" fo r the new movement. 20. Wilhelm Wundt's idea of ____ involved looking inward at the contents of one's consciousness. A. projection B. introversion C. repression D. introspection 21. Bill, a mechanic, believes that automobile research should place an e mphasis on studying how the car parts function and the processes that occur among the various parts. If Bill had chosen psychology as a career field, he might have been in favor of A. Gestaltism. B. structuralism. C. behaviorism. D. functionalism. 22. Which of the following examples is most analogous to the goal of the structuralist movement? A. Scientists study an entire assembled jigsaw puzzle in order to understand each of the pieces. B. Scientists look at how the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle fit togeth er in order to understand the assembling process. C. Scientists look at each piece of a jigsaw puzzle in order to understand the whole puzzle as assembled. D. Scientists study the different ways a jigsaw puzzle can be assembled to form different images. 23. The school of thought that focuses on answering the question of "What do people do and why do they do it?" is called A. Gestaltism. B. structuralism. C. psychoanalysis. D. functionalism. 24. Which of the following is not consistent with the ideas of functionalism? A. The study of the organism independent of its environment B. The study of mental processes C. The study and uses of consciousness D. The study of the relationship between the organism and its environment 25. Loarraine was conducting an experiment in which she was eating an apple and was trying to analyze the experience. What technique was she using? A. in vivo B. introspection C. empiricism D. naturalistic observation 26. A leader in guiding functionalism t oward pragmatism was ____, whose chief functional contribution to the field of psychology was his landmark book, Principles of Psychology . A. John Dewey B. William James C. Edward Lee Thorndike D. Hermann Ebbinghaus 27. Pragmatism concerns itself most d irectly with the A. practicality of acquiring knowledge. B. degree to which knowledge is empirical. C. philosophical implications of knowledge. D. usefulness of knowledge. 28. Of the following types of knowledge, a pragmatist would most likely support t he study of knowledge that A. exists for its own sake. B. can be used to help people become better educated. C. enables us to speculate further on the relationship between body and mind. D. has no specific use, but is highly interesting from a psychologic al perspective. 29. Associationism is a school of psychology, arising from Locke and Aristotle, that examines A. how ideas become associated with each other in the mind. B. the process by which the thoughts of some people associate with the thoughts of others. C. how "nonreal" representative objects become associated with abstract "ideal" objects in the mind. D. observable associations between stimuli and responses. 30. Behaviorism, an extreme version of associationism, deals mainly with A. unobservab le behavior. B. both unobservable and observable behavior. C. observable behavior. D. animal and plant behavior. 31. The "law of effect" states that a stimulus will tend to produce a certain response over time if the A. stimulus is conditioned. B. organ ism is repeatedly rewarded for that response. C. organism is repeatedly punished for that response. D. stimulus and the response are both unconditioned. 32. The landmark experiment in which dogs salivate at the sight of the person who feeds them provides an example of A. classically conditioned learning. B. instrumental learning. C. social learning. D. physiological psychology. 33. Skinner's argument included the idea of operant conditioning, which refers to his belief that A. the strengthening or weakening of behavior, depending upon the presence or absence of reinforcement or punishment, explains all human behavior. B. all human b ehavior can be explained by operant conditioning, involving the strengthening or weakening of behavior, depending only on the presence of punishment. C. human behavior is highly unpredictable and, as a result, only some human behavior can be explained in terms of reinforcement -punishment relationships. D. human behavior cannot be understood without taking into account the purpose of the behavior. 34. John Watson, the founder of radical behaviorism, was an American psychologist who A. rejected all aspects of functionalism. B. supported the functionalist movement and was one of its most ardent supporters. C. rejected some aspects of functionalism, but at the same time drew heavily from the functionalists. D. altered the course of functionalism and later ren amed the movement "behaviorism". 35. Which of the following best describes the idea behind Gestalt psychology? A. "The sum of the parts is equal to the whole." B. "All is part of the whole." C. "The whole is nothing more than separate individual parts." D. "The whole differs from the sum of its parts." 36. Gestalt psychology has most greatly influenced, specifically, the study of A. emotion. B. insight. C. behavior. D. linguistics. 37. Karl Lashley's work in biological psychology led him to work wit h which key issue that deals with the location of individual cognitive processes in the brain? A. Monistic localization in brain function B. Prosopagnosia C. The brain as an organizer of behavior D. Hysteresis 38. When developing this type of computer system, the goal is to have a system that demonstrates intelligent processing of information. A. Artificial Intelligence B. Engineered Intelligence (EI) C. Technologically Engineered Intelligence (TEI) D. Information processing approach 39. A ____ is a proposed account of an organized body presented as a coherent collection of explanatory principles for the phenomenon of interest. A. correlational study B. dependent variable C. hypothesis D. theory 40. Christia is in the process of developing a research idea. She currently is reviewing various ____, which consists of explanatory principles for the phenomenon of interest. A. correlational studies B. dependent variables C. hypotheses D. theories 41. Prior to the o utcome of an experiment, the experimenter makes a prediction about the relationship between the variables (the expected outcome). This is called a(n) A. theory. B. hypothesis. C. correlational study. D. independent variable. 42. Maximus believes that th e new study technique will have a greater impact on retention of information than the traditional method. This prediction would be an example of a(n) A. theory. B. hypothesis. C. correlational study. D. independent variable. 43. After conducting an expe riment, the means for the two groups are not identical which may suggest a difference between the two groups. However, in order to be sure, you need to analyze the experimental results in terms of the likelihood that the result simply occurred by chance. T his is called A. statistical significance. B. practical significance. C. descriptive statistics. D. meta -analysis. 44. Dorothy conducted an experiment in which there was a 20 point difference between the experimental and control group. The statistical t est suggests that this result did not occur simply by chance. Dorothy's results are said to have (found) A. statistical significance. B. practical significance. C. descriptive statistics. D. meta -analysis. 45. In an experimental design, this is often th e variable of interest that is being manipulated. A. extraneous variable B. independent variable C. dependent variable D. confounding variable 46. In an experimental design, this is often the outcome or the variable that is being measured (e.g., score o n a test). A. extraneous variable B. independent variable C. dependent variable D. confounding variable 47. Independent variable is to ____ as dependent variable is to ____. A. manipulation; measure B. empirical evidence; theory C. hypothesis; manipula tion D. measure; theory 48. Erica is conducting experimental research in which she is looking at the effect of type of music on intellectual development. What is the independent variable in this example? A. type of music B. intellectual development C. the control group D. the experimental group 49. Erica is conducting experimental research in which she is looking at the effect of type of music on intellectual development. What is the dependent variable in this example? A. type of music B. intellectual development C. the control group D. the experimental group 50. The sample, when compared to the population, does a good job of reflecting many of the characteristics of the population. A. systematic sampling B. cross -sectional design C. random sample D. representative sample 51. James was interested in a new study technique and whether it would have an impact on the retention of information when compared to a traditional study method. James had the experimental group, with the new study technique, study psychology, while the other group, with the old technique, studied Greek. In this example, the type of material (psychology versus Greek) would be an example of (a) ____. A. antithesis B. confounding variable C. random sample D. representative sample 52. ____ is a type of variabl e that is left uncontrolled in an experiment. Such a variable could contribute to difference in performance making it difficult to interpret the results of the experiment. A. Independent variable B. Confounding variable C. Dependent variable D. Controlled variable 53. Every individual in the population of interest has an equal chance of being selected for an experiment. A. representative sample B. single -subject design C. random sample D. systematic sampling 54. This type of study simply looks for a s tatistical relationship between two or more variables without manipulating the variables of interest. A. quasi -experimental design B. multivariate statistics C. correlation D. experimental design 55. Brian was playing a game of three truths and a lie wi th some of his friends. The goal of the group is to identify the lie. Brian observed that the bigger the lie the more the person would scratch his/her face. He thought that if he plotted amount of scratching by severity of lie that there would be a relatio n. Brian is thinking of what type of study. A. quasi -experimental design B. multivariate statistics C. correlation D. experimental design 56. This type of research is interested in identifying which parts of the brain and what specific brain activity ar e associated with particular cognitive tasks. A. psychobiological research B. cerebral relational analysis C. structural relational analysis D. biological research 57. This technique for studying the brain occurs after the death of the individual, and r elates function prior to death to observable brain features after death. A. postmortem B. in vivo C. aspiration lesions D. cryogenic blockade 58. This technique for studying the brain occurs while the individual is alive, and specific cerebral damage is conducted to see the effects on function. A. postmortem B. cryogenic blockade C. extracellular unit recording D. in vivo 59. Yaun participated in an experiment in which he saw various stimuli on a computer screen. After the experiment, Yaun was to prov ide feedback about what he thought was going on cognitively. This would be an example of A. naturalistic observation B. individual observation C. case study D. self-report 60. Lequoia decided to conduct her study at the mall. She watched people at the m all for very specific behavior and simply kept track of the number of times the behavior occurred for various groups. This would be an example of A. naturalistic observation B. structuralism C. case study D. self-report 61. ____ take(s) into account hum an limits when modeling cognitive functions/processes in a program. A. Computer simulations B. Ecological programming C. Artificial intelligence D. Cognitive science 62. What is one of many ways in which cognitive performance by computers differs from s uch performance by humans? A. Most computers use parallel processing, whereas humans often use serial processing. B. Most computers use serial processing, whereas humans often also use parallel processing. C. There are no differences in cognitive ability; only in the way each carries out tasks. D. Computers' cognitive abilities are much more complex than human cognitive abilities, and therefore there is no one explanation. 63. Ecological validity refers to the degree to which lab data hold true when alte red to account for A. ecological differences between the lab and the outside environment. B. the degree to which data gathered in a lab will apply outside the lab, given the influences of the environment on cognitive activity. C. the accuracy of predictio ns of how test subjects will react when placed in an environment with different ecological relationships. D. the effect ecological changes have on the behavior of organisms in the particular environment. 64. Mrs. M had difficulties with managing relationships. She was paranoid about anything that was said and often interpreted comments as an attack on her or her family. These symptoms and others were studied by a therapist for years and then were written up to help others understand her particular constellation of symptoms. This would be an example of a A. naturalistic observation B. psychobiological research C. case study D. self-report 65. This major theme of cognitive psychology deals with what factors co ntribute/influence who we are. To what extent is it our genetic inheritance or our surrounding environment? A. Structures versus processes B. Nature versus nurture C. Biological versus behavioral methods D. Rationalism versus empiricism 66. This theme o f cognitive psychology deals with how we discover truth about ourselves and the world. Is it through the use of reason and logic or is it through observing and testing what we can sense? A. Rationalism versus empiricism B. Biological versus behavioral met hods C. Structures versus processes D. Nature versus nurture 67. ____ is an interdisciplinary approach (e.g., artificial intelligence, linguistic, etc..) to the study of the mind. A. Multidisciplinary Approach to the Mind (MAM) B. Cognitive consortium C. Cognitive science D. Cognitive psychology 68. The issues for this theme of cognitive psychology is whether we should focus on the content of the human mind or if we should focus on the processes of human thinking. A. Rationalism versus empiricism B. Domain generality versus domain specificity C. Structures versus processes D. Nature versus nurture 69. This theme of cognitive psychology is whether one should use carefully controlled experiments or use techniques that would allow one to observe the beh aviors as they naturally occur. A. Structures versus processes B. Validity of inferences versus ecological validity C. Nature versus nurture D. Domain generality versus domain specificity 70. This major theme of cognitive psychology looks at to what ext ent we use highly controlled experiments versus naturalistic techniques. A. Biological versus behavioral methods B. Validity of inferences versus ecological validity C. Rationalism versus empiricism D. Structures versus processes 71. This major theme fo r cognitive psychology is whether research should focus on fundamental cognitive processes or focus on research that has more of a practical application. A. Domain generality versus domain specificity B. Structures versus processes C. Applied versus basic research D. Rationalism versus empiricism 72. This major theme for cognitive psychology is in terms of how we acquire information about cognitive processes. Should we study the brain directly or should we look at performance on cognitive tasks? A. Biological versus behavioral methods B. Validity of inferences versus ecological validity C. Nature versus nurture D. Rationalism versus empiricism 73. Santiago says that in order to understand cognitive processes we need to look directly at the brain to see how it functions. Ayami disagrees and says that we need to look at how people perform on various cognitive tasks. This disagreement is an example of A. biological versus behavioral methods. B. validity of inferences versus ecological validity. C. nature versus nurture. D. rationalism versus empiricism. 74. In psychological research, conducting lesions on the brain can be seen as an example of which of the key issues within the field of cognitive psychology? A. nature versus nurture B. rationalism versu s empiricism C. structure versus processes D. applied versus basic research 75. Santiago and Ayami disagree on the direction of their research lab. Santiago is simply interested in a particular phenomenon and wants to study it for knowledge sake; Ayami, however, wants to be able to take what is learned and use it in practical applications. Their disagreement is an example of A. nature versus nurture. B. rationalism versus empiricism. C. structure versus processes. D. applied versus basic research. 76. Describe the difference between deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning. Give an example of your own to illustrate the difference. 77. Briefly summarize each of the antecedents to cognitive psychology; include the paradigms' founders and main tenets or beliefs in your discussion. 78. Briefly summarize the seven major themes for cognitive psychology. 79. Defin e the rationalist and empiricist positions.