(Test Bank) Introduction to Criminology, Theories, Methods, and Criminal Behavior

Hagan, 10

Criminology & Criminal Justice

Test Bank

10th Edition

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Test Bank for Introduction to Criminology, Theories, Methods, and Criminal Behavior, The downloadable file consists of 381 pages, and the total size of the file is 1.94 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Hagan

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Instructor Resource Hagan, Introduction to Criminology, 10th Edition © 2020, SAGE Publications Test Bank Chapter 1: Introduction to Criminology Multiple Choice 1. The field that attempts to define, explain, and predict criminal behavior is known as ______. a. criminalistics b. applied criminology c. criminology d. theology Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Criminology is concerned with all of the following except for ______. a. analyzing the phenomena of crime and criminality b. performing scientifically accurate studies c. developing sound theoretical explanations of crime and criminal behavior d. scientific evaluation of physical evidence Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Criminology Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Which of the following statements pertaining to criminology is true? a. The field of criminology concentrates on the physical evidence of crime. b. Related areas of inquiry in criminology may include juvenile delinquency and victimology. c. Societal reaction to criminal activity is not a concern of criminologists. d. Criminology is occupied with practical, applied concerns, such as technical aspects of policing and correction. Ans: B Instructor Resource Hagan, Introduction to Criminology, 10th Edition © 2020, SAGE Publications KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Criminology Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Most of the modern-day developments in criminology have taken place in which country? a. England b. Italy c. Spain d. United States Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Which of the following crimes was considered to be a major problem in the ’60s? a. robbery b. murder c. arson d. skyjacking Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Fads and Fashions in Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The early writings of ______, including his famous essay, On Crimes and Punishments, led to the reform of criminal law in Western Europe. a. Auguste Comte b. Emile Durkheim c. Edwin Sutherland d. Cesare Beccaria Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Emergence of Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy Instructor Resource Hagan, Introduction to Criminology, 10th Edition © 2020, SAGE Publications 7. Which stage of the progression of knowledge is the use of philosophy, rationality, and logical argument to explain crime most reflective of? a. theological b. metaphysical c. scientific d. futuristic Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline. REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Emergence of Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Criminology is considered a sub-discipline of ______. a. biology b. psychology c. sociology d. theology Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Emergence of Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 9. According to French sociologist Auguste Comte, the last stage of the progression of knowledge is ______. a. theological b. metaphysical c. scientific d. postmodernism Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Emergence of Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Prior to the emergence of modern criminal law in the eighteenth century, which of the following was considered the primary basis of social control beyond kinship organization? a. science Instructor Resource Hagan, Introduction to Criminology, 10th Edition © 2020, SAGE Publications b. education c. politics d. religion Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Emergence of Criminology Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Behavior that is outside the range of normal societal toleration is best described as ______. a. criminal b. deviant c. felonious d. mala in se Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms. REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Crime and Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Definitions of deviance are relative to all of the following except for ______. a. time b. place c. person d. crime Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Crime and Deviance Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Practices and beliefs that are prized by or believed to be of benefit to the group are referred to as ______. a. practical beliefs b. cultural universals c. societal values d. cultural values Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Instructor Resource Hagan, Introduction to Criminology, 10th Edition © 2020, SAGE Publications Answer Location: Crime and Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Which of the following is an example of a person violating a folkway? a. openly expressing distaste for a meal you are being served at a friend’s house b. copying answers from a friend’s homework assignment c. stealing a car to go joyriding d. killing a bartender in a botched robbery attempt Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Sumner’s Types of Norms Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Mores are ______. a. norms that are preferred, but carry no serious consequences if broken b. the comprehensive set of morals in a given society c. strong norms that carry sanctions/punishment if broken d. always codified into law Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sumner’s Types of Norms Difficulty Level: Easy 16. The least serious norms that refer to usages, traditions, customs, or niceties are referred to as ______. a. values b. laws c. mores d. folkways Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sumner’s Types of Norms Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Which of the following represents a formal mode of control? a. Laws b. Rules c. Mores d. Folkways Ans: A Instructor Resource Hagan, Introduction to Criminology, 10th Edition © 2020, SAGE Publications KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Sumner’s Types of Norms Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Corporate violence, racism, structured inequality, and systematic wrongdoing by political officials are examples of ______. a. overcriminalization b. undercriminalization c. felonies d. misdemeanors Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita Difficulty Level: Medium 19. ______ involves the overextension of criminal law to cover acts that are inappropriately or not responsibly enforced by such measures. a. Overcriminalization b. Undercriminalization c. Deviance d. Prohibition Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms. REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Gambling is an example of an act that is ______. a. mala in se b. mala prohibita c. a violation of all norms d. considered deviant Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Being arrested for possession of marijuana would be best described as an act ______. a. that is mala in se Instructor Resource Hagan, Introduction to Criminology, 10th Edition © 2020, SAGE Publications b. that is mala prohibita c. that violates folkways d. of deviance Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Driving 26 miles per hour in an area where the speed limit is 25 miles per hour would be best described as an act ______. a. mala in se b. mala prohibita c. of overcriminalization d. of felonious proportions Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Prohibition had the intended goal of forbidding alcohol consumption to reduce substance abuse. This intended goal is an example of ______. a. a manifest function of the law b. a latent function of the law c. mala in se d. undercriminalization Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law Difficulty Level: Medium 24. As society becomes increasingly complex and heterogeneous, which of the following is typically true of society's efforts to maintain order? a. Society becomes increasingly reliant on informal methods of social control. b. Society becomes increasingly reliant on formal, codified laws. c. Society becomes entirely reliant upon police and the criminal justice system. d. Society becomes more reliant on religious organizations. Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change. Instructor Resource Hagan, Introduction to Criminology, 10th Edition © 2020, SAGE Publications REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Which of the following is true of laws? a. Laws are the most efficient means of social control. b. Laws define which behaviors classify as “deviant” in a given society. c. Laws can be enforced by either political or moral authorities. d. Laws become more common when informal methods of social control are weakened. Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Prohibition had the unintended effect of increasing corruption, disobedience, and public disrespect for the law. This unintended effect is an example of ______. a. a manifest function of law b. latent function of law c. mala in se d. mens rea Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Gemeinschaft refers to ______. a. a communal society that predominantly relies on informal methods of social control b. a heterogeneous society in which codified laws are necessary to maintain control c. a view that holds that law is a means of preserving the status quo on behalf of the powerful d. a person who has a strong knowledge of law and criminal justice procedures Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law Difficulty Level: Easy Instructor Resource Hagan, Introduction to Criminology, 10th Edition © 2020, SAGE Publications 28. The residents of Country X have diverse viewpoints regarding which behaviors are considered moral. People in this society tend to be individualistic, which may be a product of the economic structure, which is characterized by extensive division of labor. Country X would be considered a ______ society. a. Gemeinschaft b. Gesellschaft c. theocratic d. communal Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Famed sociologist Émile Durkheim argued that crime is normal. By this, he meant that ______. a. criminals should be viewed no differently than non-criminals within society b. criminal labels are arbitrary and serve no function in society; thus, criminal law should be abolished c. a positive product, a functional necessity in a healthy society d. crime is so pervasive in society that it becomes normalized Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change. REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Which of the following is a characteristic of Gesellschaft societies? a. simple b. normative consensus c. heterogeneous d. communal Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law Difficulty Level: Medium 31. Which of the following is considered a characteristic of Gemeinschaft societies? a. associational Instructor Resource Hagan, Introduction to Criminology, 10th Edition © 2020, SAGE Publications b. complex c. homogenous d. individualistic Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law Difficulty Level: Medium 32. Intended, planned, or anticipated consequences of introduced changes or of existing social arrangements are referred to as ______. a. latent functions b. manifest functions c. mores d. norms Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Which of the following entail unintended or unanticipated consequences, ones that may have either positive or negative outcomes? a. latent functions b. manifest functions c. mores d. norms Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law Difficulty Level: Medium 34. The argument that drug laws are a tool for the wealthy to control the dangerous classes is consistent with the ______ view of crime. a. conflict b. purist legal c. consensus d. metaphysical Ans: A Instructor Resource Hagan, Introduction to Criminology, 10th Edition © 2020, SAGE Publications KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Consensus Versus Conflict Versus Interactionist Model of Law Difficulty Level: Medium 35. The belief that criminal law originates from an agreement among members of society is consistent with ______ perspective. a. consensus b. conflict c. interactionist d. functionalist Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change. REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Consensus Versus Conflict Versus Interactionist Model of Law Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Which of the following schools of thought views humans as responding to abstract meanings and symbols as well as to concrete meanings? a. consensus b. conflict c. interactionist d. functionalist Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Consensus Versus Conflict Versus Interactionist Model of Law Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Which of the following theories views criminality as a stigma attached by a societal reaction that is subject to shifting standards? a. anomie b. strain c. labeling d. differential association Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Instructor Resource Hagan, Introduction to Criminology, 10th Edition © 2020, SAGE Publications Answer Location: Consensus Versus Conflict Versus Interactionist Model of Law Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Crimes that are considered less serious and are punished by less than a year in jail are considered ______. a. felonies b. misdemeanors c. infractions d. status offenses Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the influence of criminal law on crime definitions. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crime and Criminal Law Difficulty Level: Easy 39. ______ laws are considered inappropriate. a. Civil b. Mala in se c. Ex post facto d. Actus reus Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the influence of criminal law on crime definitions. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crime and Criminal Law Difficulty Level: Easy 40. The act itself, or the physical element, is referred to as the ______. a. actus reus b. mens rea c. ex post facto d. nullum crimen sine lege Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the influence of criminal law on crime definitions. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crime and Criminal Law Difficulty Level: Easy 41. A particular crime is punishable by five years in prison; this crime is most likely ______. a. a misdemeanor b. a felony c. a folkway d. mens rea Instructor Resource Hagan, Introduction to Criminology, 10th Edition © 2020, SAGE Publications Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the influence of criminal law on crime definitions. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crime and Criminal Law Difficulty Level: Easy 42. All of the following are characteristics of criminal law except ______. a. it is assumed by political authority b. it contains penal sanctions c. it is uniformly applied d. it must be administered by federal authorities Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the influence of criminal law on crime definitions REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Crime and Criminal Law Difficulty Level: Medium 43. Which of the following statements regarding the crime problem is true? a. Political regimes have rendered countries exempt from crime. b. Lower levels of crime have become established as a reflux of affluence. c. There has been an obvious increase in crime internationally since World War II. d. It is easy to measure economic costs of crime. Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the economic effects of crime. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Crime Problem Difficulty Level: Medium 44. The cost of crime is in the ______. a. hundreds b. thousands c. millions d. billions Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the economic effects of crime. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Cost of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 45. Which of the following has been ranked as the criminal world’s greatest source of income? a. human trafficking b. sale of illegal weapons Instructor Resource Hagan, Introduction to Criminology, 10th Edition © 2020, SAGE Publications c. sale of illegal narcotics d. white-collar crime Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the economic effects of crime. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Cost of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 46. Economic assessments of crime include which of the following? a. loss of productivity b. corporate price-fixing c. medical and health care costs d. pain and suffering Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the economic effects of crime. REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Cost of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium True / False 1. Criminology is generally defined as the science or discipline that studies crime and criminal behavior. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Criminology is a sub-discipline of sociology. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The field of criminalistics is focused on the scientific evaluation of physical evidence. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Instructor Resource Hagan, Introduction to Criminology, 10th Edition © 2020, SAGE Publications Answer Location: Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The fields of criminal justice and criminology are highly complementary and interrelated. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 5. The progression of knowledge consists of three stages: theological, metaphysical, and cultural. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline. REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Emergence of Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The scientific orientation of the progression of knowledge uses supernatural or otherworldly bases for understanding reality. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline. REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Emergence of Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Criminology, as a field of inquiry, had its beginnings in the United States. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline. REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Emergence of Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Despite its American roots, most of the major developments in modern criminology took place in Europe. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.