(Test Bank) Brock Biology Of Microorganisms

Madigan,Bender,Buckley,Stahl, 16

Biology

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16th Edition

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Test Bank for Brock Biology Of Microorganisms, The downloadable file consists of 349 pages, and the total size of the file is 6.35 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Madigan, Bender, Buckley, Stahl

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Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The production of human proteins (e.g., insulin) by genetically engineered microorganisms is an example of ________, a subdiscipline of microbiology. 1) _______ A) biotechnology B) applied microbiology C) industrial microbiology D) molecular microbiology 2) Which of the following statements is correct? 2) _______ A) Microorganisms represent a much smaller amount of Earth's biomass than plants. B) Microorganisms are significant in number, but not in overall biomass. C) Microorganisms represent a much smaller amount of Earth's biomass than animals. D) Microorganisms are significant contributors to the total biomass on Earth. 3) Which of the following types of microscopy could be used to visualize the layers of the cell membrane and the cell wall? 3) _______ A) Phase -contrast microscopy B) Bright -field microsco py C) Transmission electron microscopy D) Confocal microscopy 4) Robert Koch contributed to the field of microbiology by being the first person to 4) _______ A) use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media only. B) develop the tuberculin t est only. C) formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease only. D) develop the tube rculin test, formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease, and use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media. 5) Microorganisms play key roles in the cycling of important nutrients in plant nutrition, particularly those of 5) _______ A) sulfur only. B) carbon only. C) nitrogen only. D) carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. 6) The first documented description of a microorganism was of a ________ by ________. 6) _______ A) yeast / Martinus Beijerinck B) fungus / Robert Koch C) bacterium / Ferdinand Cohn D) mold / Robert Hooke 7) In what/which domain( s) of life is/are microorganisms represented? 7) _______ A) Archaea B) Eukarya C) Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya D) Bacteria 8) When medical devices are left in the body, bacteria may grow on them as ________, which makes them especially resistant to treatment. 8) _______ A) communities B) biofilms C) populations D) liquids 9) ________ produced by microbial fermentation of glucose from cellulose or cornstarch is becoming a more important component of biofuels in the United States, and specialized ________ are needed to make this a commercially available product. 9) _______ A) Biodiesel / biotechnologists B) Ethanol / industrial microbiologists C) Ethanol / biotechnologists D) Biodiesel / industrial microbiologists 10) Why is ribosomal RNA especially useful for the study of phylogenetic relationships? 10) ______ A) It is highly conserved. B) It is highly variable. C) It is extremely short. D) It is only found in some species, helping them to distinguish from others. 11) The discovery of antibiotics and other important chemicals led to the field of 11) ______ A) agricultu ral microbiology. B) industrial microbiology. C) marine microbiology. D) aquatic microbiology. 12) Which of the following is/are characteristic of all cellular organisms? 12) ______ A) Communication, evolution, and motility B) Evolution C) Communication D) Motility 13) Deduce why viruses are excluded from the ribosomal RNA -based tree of life. 13) ______ A) Their genetic elements cannot be sequenced. B) They lack ribosomal RNA (rRNA). C) Some viruses contain multiple strands of RNA. D) They can infect other or ganisms, which complicates the genetic comparisons. 14) Electron microscopy has greater ________ than light microscopy, because the wavelength of visible light is much larger than the wavelength of electrons. 14) ______ A) magnification B) contrast C) penetration D) resolution 15) Biological catalysts involved in the acceleration of the rate of chemical reactions are called 15) ______ A) evolutionary molecules. B) enzymes. C) growth agents. D) catalytic converters. 16) Bacillus anthracis deficient in its ability to differentiate would not be able to 16) ______ A) create vesicles. B) grow without additional supplemented nutrients. C) chemotax toward growth substrates. D) form spores. 17) Martinus Beijerinck was the first to isolate 17) ______ A) certain nitrogen -fixing root nodule bacteria. B) green algae. C) certain sulfate -reducing bacteria. D) green algae, certain nitrogen -fixing root nodule bacteria, and certain sulfate -reducing bacteria. 18) Microbes playing a role in nitrogen fixation in plants live in ________, while those playing a role in the digestive tract of certain herbivores live in ________. 18) ______ A) nodules / rumens B) nodules / fortrans C) fortrans / rumens D) rumens / nodules 19) Microbial cells first evolved on Earth approximately ________ billion years ago. 19) ______ A) 1.6 to 1.8 B) 5.4 to 5.6 C) 3.8 to 4.3 D) 7.0 to 7.2 20) What field focuses specifically on the use of microbes to make products, such as antibiotics, on a large scale? 20) ______ A) Biotechnology B) Industrial ecology C) Microbial ecology D) Medical microbiology 21) Which of the following is NOT an accomplishment of Louis Pasteur? 21) ______ A) Developed heat sterilization techniques that involved the creation of a special ized swan -necked flask B) Developed the first rabies vaccine and treated thousands of individuals C) Developed enrichment culture techniques D) Determined that the alcohol -making process was mediated by microbial fermentation and thus refuted the theory of spontaneous generation 22) ________ was the first to describe microorganisms, while ________ was the first person to see bacteria. 22) ______ A) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Koch B) Robert Hooke / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek C) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Hook D) Robert Koch / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 23) An organism of the genus Staphylococcus is ________, while an organism of the genus Spirochaeta is ________. 23) ______ A) spherical / coiled B) coiled / spherical C) spherical / rod shaped D) rod shaped / coiled 24) Approximately two billion years ago, ________ were primarily responsible for initially oxygenating Earth. 24) ______ A) Archaea B) purple sulfur bacteria C) cyanobacteria D) algae 25) A Pasteur flask has a(n) 25) ______ A) inverted upper edge to prevent spillage while swirling. B) swan neck to prevent particulate matter from getting into the main body of the flask. C) double neck so two substances may be added at the same time. D) secondary opening at the base to allow for drainage. 26) A pure culture 26) ______ A) is made of a clearly defined chemical medium. B) is a population of identical cells. C) contains one microbial cell. D) is sterile. 27) Compared to Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea have ________ surface -to-volume ratios, causing ________ nutrient exchange. 27) ______ A) lower / lower B) higher / lower C) higher / higher D) lower / higher 28) Which of the following statements is FALSE? 28) ______ A) Microbial cells ca rry out their life processes of growth independently. B) Microbial cells are surrounded by a cytoplasmic membrane. C) Microbial cells can exist as single cells. D) Microbial cells include both bacteria and viruses. 29) Transparent double -sided dishes used for growing microbes are most commonly called 29) ______ A) steriliz ation plates. B) Petri dishes. C) culture medium plates. D) baker dishes. 30) Microbial control in wastewaters would most logically b e a part of 30) ______ A) medical microbiology. B) microbial genetics. C) bacterial energetics. D) aquatic microbiology. 31) Walther Hesse and ________ pioneered the use of agar as a solidifying agent. 31) ______ A) Ferdinand Cohn B) Louis Pasteur C) Robert Koch D) Sergei Winogradsky 32) Some microorganisms can undergo ________ in which various cell types can become specialized and arise from one parent cell type. 32) ______ A) differentiation B) maturation C) genetic exchange D) mutagenesis 33) The process whereby microorganisms are used to help clean up pollution created by human activities is known as 33) ______ A) bioremediation. B) bioengineering. C) biodegradation. D) bioaugmentation. 34) Regarding early life on Earth, 34) ______ A) microbial life existed long bef ore animals but has been around for about the same amount of time as plants. B) microbial life, plant life, and animal life all appeared at about the same time. C) microbial life existed for billions of years before plant and animal life. D) it is impossible to determine which type of life first appeared. 35) Who was the first researcher to provide direct experimental data that supported the germ theory to explain infectious disease? 35) ______ A) Koch B) Pasteur C) Lister D) Winogradsky 36) The morphology of a cell influences its 36) ______ A) motility. B) motility and surface -to-volume ratio. C) metabolism. D) surface -to-volume ratio. 37) The structure that confers structural strength on the cell is known as the 37) ______ A) cell wall. B) ribosome. C) cytoplasmic membrane. D) cytoplasm. 38) Robert Koch received the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 38) ______ A) identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis. B) developing a smallpox vaccination. C) developing a smallpox vaccination, identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis, and making an effective rabies vaccine. D) making an effective rabies vaccine. 39) Microbial biochemistry most specifically involves the discovery of microbial ________ and the ________ they perform. 39) ______ A) reactions / enzymes B) macromolecules / functions C) enzymes / organelles D) organelles / diffusion 40) Mycobacterium tuberculosis is very difficult t o stain because of the 40) ______ A) location of the DNA within the cell. B) large amounts of a waxlike lipids present in its cell wall. C) lack of a cell wall. D) presence of ribosomes in the cytoplasm. 41) Predict how Pasteur's conclusions on spontaneous generation with swan flasks would have changed if he worked with and ma intained the flasks in a sterile laminar flow hood. 41) ______ A) Pasteur's flasks never would have putrefied, a nd the experiment would not have refuted spontaneous generation. B) Sterilization of the swan flask solutions would not have been necessary to reject spontaneous generation. If he did sterilize th e flasks, the spontaneous generation hypothesis would have been supported. C) Viruses would have still been present, and his conclusion would have been unchanged. D) His incubation times would not have been sufficient to refute spontaneous generation. 42) Microbes that live at high temperatures in hot springs are 42) ______ A) also able to thrive at low te mperatures. B) rarely found. C) called extremophiles. D) always Archaea. 43) You have discovered a new microorganism and would like to classify it as a eukaryote or a prokaryote. To investigate this question, you prepare a slide with a simple stain and view it with a light microscope with a 40X objective lens and 10X ocular lens. You also prepare a control slide using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a unicellular eukaryote). You can see the cells on your control slide, but you don't see cells when you look at your unknown microorganism. What can you conclude from this experiment? 43) ______ A) Your new unknown microorganism is probably a virus. B) The new unknown microorganism is probably an archaeon. C) The experiment failed to visualize the organism because the stain killed it. D) The cells of the new unknown microorganism may be too small to see with the objective and ocular lenses you used. 44) Cyanobacteria and purple sulfur bacteria both obtain energy from light. However, only the ________ are capable of releasing ________. 44) ______ A) purple bacteria / oxygen B) purple bacteria / organic compounds C) cyanobacteria / oxygen D) cyanobacteria / organic compounds 45) Which statement about the relationship between microbes and humans is FALSE? 45) ______ A) Microbes in root nodules fix nitrogen and allow plants to make nitrogen -rich products. B) Infectious disease is an important public health concern. C) Most microbes are pathogenic. D) Bacteria in the digestive tract are important for digestion. 46) Bioremediation ________ by introducing pollutant -consuming microorganisms or specific nutrients tha t help microorganisms degrade pollutants. 46) ______ A) uses chemotaxis of biodegrading microorganisms B) exploits genetic exchange mechanisms C) invokes microbial evolution D) accelerates the natural cleanup process 47) Aseptic technique refers to 47) ______ A) the autoclave and other sterilizing procedures. B) the microbial inoculum placed into a test tube or onto a Petri plate. C) a series of practices to avoid contamination. D) cleanliness in the laboratory. 48) Differential selection and decent with modification occurs during a process called 48) ______ A) growth. B) cellular differentiation. C) transformation. D) evolution. 49) Louis Pasteur developed the vaccine(s) for 49) ______ A) anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies. B) rabies only. C) anthrax only. D) fowl cholera only. 50) Archaea and Bacteria are unified as prokaryotes in lacking ________ which Eukarya contain, such as mitochondria. 50) ______ A) membranes B) membrane -enclosed organelles C) nuclei and membrane -enclosed organelles D) nuclei 51) Microbial ecology is the study of 51) ______ A) microbial processes in the rhizosphere that benefit plant growth. B) the grouping and classifying of microorganisms. C) microorganisms in their natural environments. D) the div ersity and activities of microorganisms. 52) Developments in the fields of immunology and medical microbiology were practical extensions of the work of 52) ______ A) Sergei Winogradsky. B) Joseph Lister. C) Antoni van Leeuwe nhoek. D) Robert Koch. 53) Why is it important to use cultivation -independent methods to help understand microbial diversity? 53) ______ A) It must be used after bacteria are cultured to more fully sequence their DNA. B) It allows researchers to identify species that cannot be grown in culture. C) It is necessary to be able to examine ribosomal RNA. D) It is the only way that phylogenetic trees can be constructed. 54) The theory of spontaneous generation was refuted by the work of 54) ______ A) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. B) Robert Koch. C) Louis Pasteur. D) Robert Hooke. 55) Which of the following types of microscopy is especially effective for viewing details of internal structures within live cells? 55) ______ A) Transmission electron microscopy B) Scanning electron microscopy C) Bright -field microscopy D) Phase -contrast microscopy 56) A microbial cell's membrane is considered ________, because its internal constituents are maintained within the cell. However, it also imports and exports other molecules in response to its environme nt. 56) ______ A) rigid B) differential C) microselective D) semipermeable 57) Louis Pasteur's most famous success was his work on 57) ______ A) Mycobacterium tuberculosis . B) the rabies vaccine. C) cultivation of E. coli . D) optical isomers. 58) The person who described the "wee animalcules" was 58) ______ A) Ferdinand Cohn. B) Robert Hooke. C) Louis Pasteur. D) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. 59) Microbial sterilization is used to 59) ______ A) kill all microbes in or on objects. B) clean a work area. C) decrease the possibility of contaminants growing in a culture. D) kill bacteria but not necessarily viruses or other microbes. 60) Chemolithotrophy involves 60) ______ A) metabolic autotrophy. B) oxidation of organic compounds. C) reduction of organic compounds. D) oxidation of inorganic compounds. TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 61) Most microorganisms are pathogenic. 61) ______ 62) Metabolism is a unifying characteristic of all cellular organisms. 62) ______ 63) Today, the enrichment culture technique developed over a century ago by Martinus Beijerinck remains a feasi ble approach to discovering bacteria capable of degrading pollutants. 63) ______ 64) All microorganisms require molecular oxygen to carry on life functions. 64) ______ 65) Sergei Winogradsky worked with bacteria involved in cycling nitrogen and sulfur. 65) ______ 66) Not only do some microorganisms tolerate extremely hot temperatures, some actually require high temperatures for optimal growth. 66) ______ 67) Smaller prokaryotic cells generally grow faster than larger ones du e to a higher surface -area -to-volume ratio. 67) ______ 68) Treponema pallidum, a bacterium associated with syphilis, is not considered a pathogen because to date it remains unculturable in the lab, and, therefore, Koch's postulates are unable to be fulfilled. 68) ______ 69) The discipline of microbiology is intimately associated with biochemistry and genetics, because cells are bot h biochemical catalysts and genetic coding devices. 69) ______ 70) The environme nt in which a microbial population lives is called its habitat. 70) ______ 71) According to our present understanding, each of the three major domains has what is known as its own universal ancestor. 71) ______ 72) A bacterial cell is interpreted as gram -positive when it forms purple insoluble crystal violet -iodine complexes within the cell during the Gram stain. 72) ______ 73) Electron microscopes have less resolving power (resolution) than light microscopes. 73) ______ 74) Viewing the shape of a bacterial or archaeal cell using a microscop e gives a great deal of information about the metabolism and lifestyle of the organism. 74) ______ 75) Differentiation occurs only in multicellular organisms. 75) ______ 76) Both environmental conditions and nutrient resources strongly influence the composition of a microbial community. 76) ______ ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 77) Explain why microbial cells are excellent models for under standing cell function in higher organisms. 78) Describe two capabilities of microbes that exemplify their dynamic nature in interacting with their environment. 79) Microbes were first formally observed during the mid -1600s, but the cell theory was not enunciated until 1839. Write a brief essay explaining why microbiology did not bec ome a formally recognized science until Louis Pasteur's and Robert Koch's time. 80) Explain why prokaryotes tend to survive and adapt more rapidly to extreme and dynamic en vironmental conditions than eukaryotes. 81) Compare and contrast the leading causes of death in 1900 with the leading causes of death today. What roles have microbiologists played in the dramatic changes that are evident? 82) The explosive chemical trinitrotoluene (TNT) can remain in soils after use and is hazardous to humans. Propose an experiment in which TNT -degrading microorganisms could be isolated for purposes of bioremediation. Also, indicate what experimental evidence would be useful to isolate TNT -degrading microorganisms. 83) Why is it incorrect to say that an object is partially sterile? 84) Explain why infectious diseases are much less lethal in developed countries than in underdeveloped count ries. 85) Explain why being small is advantageous for cells and how it affects growth rates. 86) Compare and contrast the works of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in terms of both applied techniques and basic science. 87) What type of microsco pe would you use to visualize the internal structures of a chloroplast? Support your answer with evidence based on the size of the structures you want to see and the resolution and magnification power of different types of microscopes. 88) Compare and contrast the functions microbes serve in the digestive systems of both humans and ruminants (e.g., cattle). 89) Provide evidence supporting the statement that an "ecosystem is controlled by microbial activities." 90) Explain the nature and function of an enrichment culture. 91) Explain how you would use Robert Koch's postulates to determine that Streptococcus pyogenes is the causative agent of streptococcal pharyngitis ("strep throat"). 92) Using specific examples, explain why it is sometimes impossible to satisfy Robert Koch's postulates. 93) Describe beneficial and harmful ways in which microorganisms interact wit h agricultural crops. 94) Explain why only anaerobic bacteria inhabited Earth for the first two billion years of its existence. 1) A 2) D 3) C 4) D 5) D 6) D 7) C 8) B 9) B 10) A 11) B 12) B 13) B 14) D 15) B 16) D 17) D 18) A 19) C 20) A 21) C 22) B 23) A 24) C 25) B 26) B 27) C 28) D 29) B 30) D 31) C 32) A 33) A 34) C 35) A 36) B 37) A 38) A 39) B 40) B 41) A 42) C 43) D 44) C 45) C 46) D 47) C 48) D 49) A 50) C 51) C 52) D 53) B 54) C 55) D 56) D 57) B 58) D 59) A 60) D 61) FALSE 62) TRUE 63) TRUE 64) FALSE 65) TRUE 66) TRUE 67) TRUE 68) FALSE 69) TRUE 70) TRUE 71) FALSE 72) TRUE 73) FALSE 74) FALSE 75) FALSE 76) TRUE 77) Answers will vary, but should include commonality of function, biochemical and genetic si milarities, and ease and speed with which they can be grown in large quantities. 78) Answers could possibly include cell -cell communication, abi lity to move (motility), ability to differentiate, and exchange of materials (any two). 79) Answers will vary, but a theme should be the lack of powerful microscopy tools. Without sufficient micro scopes, individual cells could not be seen but the activities of microorganisms could be observed, such as the production of ethanol in Louis Pasteur's experiments on fermentation. 80) Answers wil l vary, but should reflect an understanding of how the higher surface -to-volume ratio influences the growth rate and total accumulation of mutations in prokaryotes. Another feature that increases mutation rate is the haploid nature of prokaryotes. Lastly, answers could mention that the rigid cell walls and various changes in the cytoplasmic membrane make it easier for prokaryotes to survive in unusual and extreme environments. 81) Answers will vary , but a focus should be that pathogens that killed people in the early 1900s are now treatable due to knowledge learned from microbiologists. 82) Experimental designs will vary, but one example wo uld be to use the enrichment culture technique with soil from an ammunition site. While adding TNT to the enrichment culture, a key piece of experimental evidence could be the loss of TNT in the culture to initiate isolation attempts. 83) Sterile means the absence of all living organisms. Something is either sterile or it is not. Other terms are used to describe objects that have been cleaned but are not sterile, such as disinfec ted. 84) Answers will vary, but should emphasize ways in which increased knowledge about microbial pathogenesis has influenced preventative care (e.g., sanitation) and treatment (e.g., antimicrob ial drugs). 85) A smaller cell has a greater surface area to volume ratio than a larger cell. This means that smaller cells can more rapidly exchange materials with their surroundings because ther e is so much surface membrane relative to the internal volume. This increases growth rates, meaning that smaller cells generally grow faster than larger cells. 86) Answers will vary, but should hi ghlight the differences between basic scientific research in which fundamental ideas are discovered opposed to the usage of microbiological principles to solve larger questions. Examples of Pasteur's basic science contributions are his work showing that fe rmentation was mediated by microorganisms and the preferential metabolism of particular optical isomers by microbes. Pasteur also applied his ideas to develop sterilization techniques. Robert Koch focused more on the application of microbiology to identify the cause of tuberculosis by developing pure culturing techniques and the four postulates to link microbes to a disease. 87) Transmission electron microscopy would be necessary to visualize the internal structures of a chloroplast. Chloroplasts are less than 5 μm in diameter and the internal membranes are only 10 nm thick. Light microscopes only have a resolution of 200 nm, thus any structure less than 200 nm will not be visible. Individual chloroplasts could be seen with a light microscope, but not the structures inside. Scanning electron microscopy can only see external features because electrons cannot penetrate the cell, thus the cell must be sectioned and prepared for transmission electron microscopy to see the inside of the chloroplasts. 88) Answers will vary, but should focus on humans having a high cell localized density in the colon (large intestine), whereas rumens have higher microbial populations in the rumen. Microbes in both systems aid in digestion and improve nutrition/health of the host. 89) Answe rs will vary, but one example could be oxygen depletion, where a loss of oxygen would then favor anaerobic microorganisms. 90) Answers will vary, but an enrichment culture uses media, chemicals, o r culture conditions to select for or encourage the growth of organisms with specific characteristics. An answer could describe providing only carbon dioxide as a source of carbon to select for autotrophs, for example. 91) Answers will vary but will need to detail how S. pyogenes will be subjected to all four postulates. 92) Answers will vary, but one issue is the consideration for a mode l animal host that will react to the (human) pathogen in the same manner as in a human host. For example, a chicken would not show flu -like symptoms when infected with the influenza virus. Another issue is the inability to cultivate some microorganisms out side of the host. 93) Certain microbes are beneficial to crops when they produce nutrients (e.g., NH4+, SO42−) usable by a crop from a substrate that was unusable. Other microbes can cause disease s in plants, much like pathogens cause disease in humans. 94) The key idea is an anoxic environment will not allow aerobic organisms to survive. Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The Golgi complex functions to 1) _______ A) modify and secrete proteins to the external environment. B) both modify and sort proteins into those destined for secretion and those that function in membrane structures. C) sort proteins used w ithin the cell. D) synthesize proteins. 2) Bacteria stain as gram -positive or gram -negative because of differences in the cell 2) _______ A) chromosome. B) wall. C) nucleu s. D) cytoplasm. 3) While examining cellular material, you find that organelle DNA is present. What organelle(s) must be within the sample? 3) _______ A) Golgi complex B) Chloroplasts or mitochondria C) Lysosomes D) Rough or smooth endoplasmic reticulum 4) Cells move polar molecules across the cell membran e against a concentration gradient using 4) _______ A) energy and transport proteins. B) random molecular movement. C) simple diffusion. D) modifications to membrane lipids. 5) Although the inner leaflet of the gram -negative outer membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane contains 5) _______ A) poly -β-hydroxybutyric acids (PHB). B) lipoteichoic acids. C) pseudopeptidoglycans. D) lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 6) Based on your knowledge of porins from the chapter, what is the best description of the specific type of porin called an aquaporin? 6) _______ A) Molecules that prevent water from crossing a membrane B) Cations bound to water molecules C) Enzymes involved in the generation of water within cells D) Water transport proteins 7) The membrane -enclosed compartments that contain digestive enzymes in eukaryotic cells are called 7) _______ A) mitosomes. B) stromas. C) cristae. D) lysosomes. 8) You find endospores of a particular species. Which of the following is most likely TRUE of this species? 8) _______ A) It is an archaean. B) It is equally likely to be an archaean, a gram -positive bacterium, or a gram -negative bacterium. C) It is a gram -positive bacterium. D) It is a gram -negative bacterium. 9) The peptide interbridge crosslinking between peptidoglycan layers is found ONLY in the cell walls of 9) _______ A) gram -negative Bacteria. B) gram -positive Bacteria. C) Archaea. D) Eukarya. 10) Which of the following is evidence for the endosy mbiotic theory? 10) ______ A) Chloroplasts have thylakoids. B) The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes. C) The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane. D) Mitoch ondria have circular DNA. 11) Transport proteins located in the cytoplasmic membrane are necessary when 11) ______ A) movement into the cell i s against a concentration gradient. B) nutrient concentration is very low in the environment, transport is needed against the concentration gradient, or diffusion is not possible. C) the level of nutrients in nature is very low. D) diffusion will not allow adequate amounts of a substance to enter the cell. 12) An endotoxin is 12) ______ A) a toxin known for its primary attack on the epidermis of mammals. B) a toxin produced in the periplasm of most bacteria. C) a toxin produced within archaeal cells. D) the toxic portion of the LPS. 13) The terms "run" and "tumble" are generally associated with 13) ______ A) nutrient transport. B) eukaryotic cells. C) chemotaxis. D) clustering of certain rod -shaped bacteria. 14) When does endospore formation commence? 14) ______ A) When bacteria are dividing exponentially B) Following bacterial death C) When bacterial growth ceases due to limitation of an essential nutrient D) When the bacterium is undergoing binary fission 15) A major function of prokaryotic gas vesicles is to 15) ______ A) store oxygen for aerobic growth when oxygen becomes depleted in the environment. B) keep the cell's organelles separated during flagellar motion. C) confer buoyancy on cells by decreasing their density. D) serve as a reservoir for oxygen and carbon dioxide. 16) Mitochondria and hydrogenosomes are similar in that they both 16) ______ A) evolved via endosymbiosis of bacterial cells. B) are the site of energy production in eukaryotic cells. C) are the site of aerobic respiration. D) evolved via endosymbiosis and are site s for aerobic respiration and energy production. 17) Type IV pili are involved in 17) ______ A) twitching motility. B) attachment of cells to surfaces. C) pathogenesis. D) attachment to surfaces, twitching motility, and pathogenesis. 18) Some of the intestinal symptoms elicited by pathogens such as Salmonella , Shigella , and Escherichia are due to the presence of 18) ______ A) S-layers. B) pseudomurein. C) lipopolysaccharides. D) peptidoglycan. 19) One of the many types of proteins found in the cytopla smic membrane that is involved in the chemotactic response is called a 19) ______ A) porin. B) hydrolytic enzyme. C) chemoreceptor. D) binding protein. 20) The rigid layer that is present in the cell walls of Bacteria that is primarily responsible for the strength of the wall is known as 20) ______ A) S-layer. B) cellulose. C) peptidoglycan. D) pseudomurein. 21) Some archaea have unique phospholipids in their cytoplasmic membrane that 21) ______ A) form a bilayer due to the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine. B) form a monolaye r due to the presence of diglycerol tetraethers. C) form a stable ring structure due to the presence of crenarchaeol. D) form a bilayer due to the presence of sterols. 22) The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer is found ONLY in the cell walls of 22) ______ A) gram -negative Bacteria . B) Eukarya . C) gram -positive Bacteria . D) Archaea . 23) Cellular inclusions in prokaryotic cells serve to 23) ______ A) position cells in the appropriate environment for survival. B) store energy rich compounds. C) protect DNA. D) store energy rich compounds and position cells in the appropriate environment for survival. 24) Based on the table of attributes given below, which of the following statements are FALSE about the two organisms? Characteristic Bacterium A Bacterium B Endospore formation yes no Capsule no yes Type IV pili yes no Flagella no no Morphology bacillus bacillus 24) ______ A) Bacterium A is more resistant to heat and ultraviolet li ght. B) Bacterium B likely forms a slime layer better than Bacterium A. C) Both b acteria may attach to surfaces. D) Bacterium B is likely to exhibit motility. 25) Using bright -field mic roscopy to look at a slide prepared with a basic dye you observe cells with a clear inner compartment within the cell at 400X magnification. The cell is most likely a(n) 25)