(Test Bank) Introduction to Criminal Justice

Bohm, 10

Criminology & Criminal Justice

Test Bank

10th Edition

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Test Bank for Introduction to Criminal Justice, The downloadable file consists of 353 pages, and the total size of the file is 2.33 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Bohm

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Study Note Preview

Version 1 1 CHAPTER 1 TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 1) Sensational crime news stories provide a fairly accurate image of the types of crime by which the average citizen is victimized. ⊚ true ⊚ false 2) The calls police routinely respond to rarely involve the sensational crimes reported by the media. ⊚ true ⊚ false 3) Usually, society turns to criminal justice only after other institutions of social control have failed. ⊚ true ⊚ false 4) The criminal justice response to crime begins when a crime is reported to the police. ⊚ true ⊚ false 5) A summary trial may be held in a felony case. ⊚ true ⊚ false 6) A prosecutor always reviews the case before an arrest is made. ⊚ true ⊚ false Version 1 2 7) In the case of a felony, a hearing is held to determine whether the defendant should be released or whether there is probable cause to hold the defendant for a preliminary hearing. ⊚ true ⊚ false 8) Probable cause is a standard of proof that requires trustworthy evidence sufficient to make a reasonable person believe that, more likely than not, the proposed action is justified. ⊚ true ⊚ false 9) A grand jury is a group of citizens who hear a criminal case during trial and decide upon the defendant's guilt. ⊚ true ⊚ false 10) Judges are limited by statutory provisions when passing a sentence. ⊚ true ⊚ false 11) Bail is the conditional release of prisoners before they have served their full sentences. ⊚ true ⊚ false 12) From a political standpoint, the crime control model reflects traditional liberal values. ⊚ true ⊚ false 13) The crime control model places a premium on speed and finality. ⊚ true ⊚ false Version 1 3 14) The primary focus of the due process model is efficiency. ⊚ true ⊚ false 15) In the due process model, the factual guilt of suspects is not determined until the suspects have had a full opportunity to discredit the charges against them. ⊚ true ⊚ false 16) The doctrine of legal guilt emphasizes the presumption of innocence. ⊚ true ⊚ false 17) Neither the crime control model nor the due process model is likely to completely control criminal justice in the future. ⊚ true ⊚ false 18) Criminal justice is primarily a state and local function. ⊚ true ⊚ false MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 19) As discussed in your textbook, the list of calls for police service in Portland, Oregon, shows which type of call for service to be the most common?Version 1 4 A) burglar alarms B) unwanted persons C) violent offenses D) prisoner transportation 20) As an institution of social control, criminal justice differs from the family, schools, organized religion, the media, and the law in that it A) requires society to abide by passive social values. B) exists as a single system. C) is generally society's "last line of defense." D) is usually used along with other institutions of social control. 21) Like the family, schools, organized religion, the media, and the law, criminal justice is a(n) A) institution of social control. B) private response to crime. C) informal method of social control. D) subtle social control. 22) American criminal justice consists of three main agencies. Which of the following is NOT one of those three main agencies? A) corrections B) prisons C) police D) courts 23) Which of the following types of offenses may be punishable by death in the United States?Version 1 5 A) libel B) a misdemeanor C) slander D) a felony 24) The term "jurisdiction," as used in your text, means A) the specific location in which a court is located. B) the loose confederation of prisons and jails around the country. C) a politically defined geographical area. D) the system of rank and hierarchy within police agencies. 25) During which of the following stages is an administrative record of an arrest made? A) Initial appearance B) Booking C) Preliminary hearing D) Arraignment 26) A suspect becomes a defendant after A) a grand jury issues a no bill against the suspect. B) a complaint has been made. C) an absence of probable cause has been established. D) one or more charges have been filed. 27) In the case of a misdemeanor or an ordinance violation, a(n) ________ may be held.Version 1 6 A) summary trial B) information C) arrest warrant D) grand jury 28) The purpose of a(n) ________ is for a judge to determine whether there is probable cause to believe that the defendant committed the crime or crimes with which he or she is charged. A) preliminary hearing B) indictment C) arraignment D) initial appearance 29) The primary purpose of a(n) ________ is to hear the formal information or indictment and to allow the defendant to enter a plea. A) preliminary hearing B) indictment C) arraignment D) initial appearance 30) About ________ of criminal defendants plead guilty to the charges against them in an arrangement called plea bargaining. A) 95 percent B) 75 percent C) 50 percent D) 25 percent 31) Cases that are not resolved through plea bargaining or by a jury trial are decided by a judge in a(n)Version 1 7 A) grand jury. B) indictment. C) bench trial. D) arraignment. 32) One of the main purposes of an arraignment is to A) outline the formal charge or charges against the defendant. B) allow the defendant to enter a plea. C) determine whether there is probable cause. D) ensure that the defendant will appear at a later stage in the criminal justice process. 33) Currently, five general types of punishment are in use in the United States. Which of the following is NOT one of these punishments? A) probation B) transportation C) intermediate punishments D) death 34) Defendants can appeal their convictions on legal or constitutional grounds. Which of the following is an example of a constitutional ground on which a defendant may appeal a conviction? A) mistaken interpretations of law B) defects in jury selection C) improper admission of evidence at trial D) illegal search and seizure 35) Defendants can appeal their convictions on legal or constitutional grounds. Which of the following is an example of a legal ground on which a defendant may appeal a conviction?Version 1 8 A) defects in jury selection B) incompetent assistance of counsel C) improper questioning of the defendant by the police D) identification of the defendant through a defective police lineup 36) Which of the following statements is true of parole? A) It is unconditional in nature. B) It is given before prisoners have served their full sentences. C) It includes modifying the verdict of a lower court and reversing it. D) It is granted, by default, by all jurisdictions in the United States. 37) In the United States, the states that do not utilize preliminary hearings schedule an arraignment date at the ________. A) initial appearance B) summary trial C) stage of booking D) stage of arrest 38) Because there is considerable conflict and confusion between different agencies of criminal justice, an accurate way of defining American criminal justice may be to call it A) a system. B) a nonsystem. C) extremely uniform. D) smoothly operating. 39) When politically conservative values are dominant in society, the principles and policies of ________ seem to dominate the operation of criminal justice.Version 1 9 A) the crime control model B) obstacle-course justice C) fact-finding processes D) the due process model 40) According to the crime control model of criminal justice, the most important function of criminal justice is A) the means by which crime is controlled. B) rehabilitation. C) the control of criminal behavior. D) human rights. 41) What is the key to the operation of the crime control model? A) The defense of personal freedom B) The doctrine of legal guilt C) A focus on due process D) A presumption of guilt 42) If defendants are not satisfied with the outcome of their trials, they have the right to A) declare a mistrial. B) appeal. C) retrial. D) request new counsel. 43) Which of the following is used to increase efficiency—meaning speed and finality—in the crime control model?Version 1 10 A) a mistrial B) plea bargaining C) an appeal D) a bench trial 44) A major problem with the crime control model is that a presumption of guilt goes against which of the oldest and most cherished principles of American criminal justice? A) Defendants have the right to counsel, even if they are indigent. B) Defendants have the right to a jury of their peers. C) Defendants are considered innocent until proven guilty. D) Defendants are protected against compelled self-incrimination. 45) Herbert Packer characterizes the due process model as A) "assembly-line justice." B) focused on speed and efficiency. C) more concerned with guilt than with innocence. D) "obstacle-course justice." 46) The due process model is based on the doctrine of A) legal guilt. B) factual guilt. C) presumptive guilt. D) legal innocence. 47) Which of the following is a condition of legal guilt?Version 1 11 A) the right to counsel B) freedom from interrogation C) the right to double jeopardy D) freedom from all forms of searches and seizures 48) One way in which state and local governments in the United States share the costs of criminal justice is by making ________ primarily a local function. A) corrections B) juvenile justice C) police protection D) judicial services 49) In 2015, which level of government spent the most on police protection? A) federal B) state C) local D) Expenses were equally divided among all levels of government 50) In 2015, which level of government spent the most on corrections? A) federal B) state C) local D) Expenses were equally divided among all levels of government 51) In 2015, the federal government spent about ________ of the total expenditures on criminal and civil justice.Version 1 12 A) 20 percent B) 8 percent C) 16 percent D) 6 percent 52) How much did the state of Florida reportedly spend to administer justice to serial murderer Ted Bundy in 1989? A) $10,000 B) $100,000 C) $1 million D) $10 million 53) Overall, about how much of every tax dollar is spent on criminal justice? A) 4 cents B) 10 cents C) 1 cent D) 25 cents Version 1 13 SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 54) Assume that an arrest is made and the defendant is found guilty. Number of the following steps in the order in which they occur in the criminal justice process. Numbers should be from 1 to 11. ____ possible appeal ____ either indictment by a grand jury followed by arraignment or arraignment on an information ____ formal charging of the suspect ____ arrest ____ preliminary hearing (for a felony) ____ sentencing ____ booking ____ investigation ____ initial appearance ____ punishment ____ either a plea bargain or a trial 55) Identify the two ways described in your textbook in which criminal justice differs from other institutions of social control. 56) Defendants can appeal their convictions either on legal grounds or on constitutional grounds. Your textbook identifies three examples of legal grounds and four examples of constitutional grounds. Name two of each. Version 1 14 57) What are the four ways in which an appellate court can handle a case that has been appealed? 58) Explain the two reasons the American criminal justice system is a nonsystem. 59) Explain the doctrine of legal guilt. 60) Your textbook identifies nine due process rights that affect the determination of legal guilt. Name five of them. Version 1 15 61) You have just purchased a new home and planted some rosebushes in the front yard. Your neighbor, Jack, claims that they are on his property. You try to discuss the situation calmly, but Jack threatens to destroy the bushes and the two of you begin shouting loudly at one another. The police are called and warn you both to calm down or be arrested for disturbing the peace. That evening, your security camera records Jack pulling the rosebushes out of the ground. You go to the police and file a complaint for larceny with regard to the cost of the roses. Explain what is likely to happen to Jack by outlining the stages from arrest to the possible disposition of the case, using either the crime control or the due process model. Assume this is Jack's first offense and that he fully admits to taking the roses. 62) Using your local law enforcement jurisdiction as an example, gather the most recently published crime statistics, as well as a review of recent headlines, and prepare an answer to the following scenario: Mary, who has been charged with felony burglary, has been indicted by a grand jury and is facing trial next month. Given the history of your jurisdiction's key players in the police department, court, and corrections, will she likely experience the due process model or the crime control model? Why? How, if at all, will this vary from recent trends within the United States?