(Test Bank) Pathophysiology

Mccance, 8

Medicine

Test Bank

8th Edition

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Test Bank for Pathophysiology, The downloadable file consists of 493 pages, and the total size of the file is 10.66 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Mccance

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY8THEDITIONMCCANCETESTBANK NURSINGTB.COM Chapter1:CellularBiology MULTIPLECHOICE 1.Whichstatementbestdescribesthecellularfunctionofmetabolicabsorption? a.Cellscanproduceproteins. c.Cellscantakeinandusenutrients. b.Cellscansecretedigestiveenzymes.d.Cellscansynthesizefats. ANS:C Inmetabolicabsorption,allcellstakeinandusenutrientsandothersubstancesfromtheir surroundings.Theremainingoptionsarenotinclusiveintheirdescriptionsofcellular metabolicabsorption. PTS:1 REF:Page2 2.Mostofacell’sgeneticinformation,includingRNAandDNA,iscontainedinthe: a.Mitochondria c.Nucleolus b.Ribosome d.Lysosome ANS:C Thenucleuscontainsthenucleolus,asmalldensestructurecomposedlargelyofRNA, mostofthecellularDNA,andtheDNA-bindingproteins,suchasthehistones,which regulateitsactivity.Theotheroptionsdonotcontainmostofacell’sgeneticinformation. PTS:1 REF:Page2 3.WhichcomponentofthecellprodNuUceRsSIhNyGdTroBg.CenOMperoxide(H2O2)byusingoxygento removehydrogenatomsfromspecificsubstratesinanoxidativereaction? a.Lysosomes c.Ribosomes b.Peroxisomes d.Oxyhydrosomes ANS:B Peroxisomesaresonamedbecausetheyusuallycontainenzymesthatuseoxygento removehydrogenatomsfromspecificsubstratesinanoxidativereactionthatproduces H2O2,whichisapowerfuloxidantandpotentiallydestructiveifitaccumulatesorescapes fromperoxisomes.RibosomesareRNA-proteincomplexes(nucleoproteins)thatare synthesizedinthenucleolusandsecretedintothecytoplasmthroughporesinthenuclear envelopecallednuclearporecomplexes.Lysosomesaresaclikestructuresthatoriginate fromtheGolgicomplexandcontainmorethan40digestiveenzymescalledhydrolases, whichcatalyzebondsinproteins,lipids,nucleicacids,andcarbohydrates.Oxyhydrosomes areinvolvedinenzymeproduction. PTS:1 REF:Page8 4.Whichcellcomponentiscapableofcellularautodigestionwhenitisreleasedduringcell injury? a.Ribosome c.Smoothendoplasmicreticulum b.Golgicomplex d.Lysosomes ANS:DPATHOPHYSIOLOGY8THEDITIONMCCANCETESTBANK NURSINGTB.COM Thelysosomalmembraneactsasaprotectiveshieldbetweenthepowerfuldigestive enzymeswithinthelysosomeandthecytoplasm,preventingtheirleakageintothe cytoplasmicmatrix.Disruptionofthemembranebyvarioustreatmentsorcellularinjury leadstoareleaseofthelysosomalenzymes,whichcanthenreactwiththeirspecific substrates,causingcellularself-digestion.Theotheroptionsdonotcorrectlydescribethis process. PTS:1 REF:Pages7-8 5.Whatisthesequenceofstepsinthedevelopmentofadigestiveenzymebythepancreas cellsfromtheinitialtranscriptiontothereleasefromthecell? a.TheenzymeistranscribedfromDNAbyRNAinthenucleus,proceedstothe ribosomeforsynthesis,andistransportedinasecretoryvesicletothecell membrane. b.TheenzymeistranscribedfromRNAbyDNAinthenucleus,proceedstothe lysosomeforsynthesis,andistransportedinanencapsulatedmembranetothecell membrane. c.Theenzymeistranscribedbythemitochondriainthenucleus,proceedstothe ribosomeforsynthesis,andistransportedinacytoskeletontothecellmembrane. d.TheenzymeistranscribedfromDNAbyRNAinthenucleus,proceedstothe Golgicomplexforsynthesis,andistransportedinacytosoltothecellmembrane. ANS:A TheenzymeistranscribedfromDNAbyRNAinthenucleus,proceedstotheribosome forsynthesis,andistransportedinasecretoryvesicletothecellmembrane.Theother optionsdonotcorrectlydescribethisprocess. PTS:1 REF:Page7|Figure1-5 6.DuringwhichphaseofthecellcycleisDNAsynthesized? a.G1 c.G2 b.S d.M ANS:B Thefourdesignatedphasesofthecellcycleare:(1)theG1phase(G=gap),whichisthe periodbetweentheMphase(M=mitosis)andthestartofDNAsynthesis;(2)theSphase (S=synthesis),duringwhichDNAissynthesizedinthecellnucleus;(3)theG2phase, duringwhichRNAandproteinsynthesisoccurs,theperiodbetweenthecompletionof DNAsynthesisandthenextphase(M);and(4)theMphase,whichincludesnuclearand cytoplasmicdivision. PTS:1 REF:Page37 7.Whatorganiccompoundfacilitatestransportationacrosscellmembranesbyactingas receptors,transportchannelsforelectrolytes,andenzymestodriveactivepumps? a.Lipids c.Proteins b.Proteases d.Carbohydrates ANS:CPATHOPHYSIOLOGY8THEDITIONMCCANCETESTBANK NURSINGTB.COM Proteinsactas(1)recognitionandbindingunits(receptors)forsubstancesmovinginand outofthecell;(2)poresortransportchannelsforvariouselectricallychargedparticles calledionsorelectrolytesandspecificcarriersforaminoacidsandmonosaccharides;and (3)specificenzymesthatdriveactivepumpsthatpromotetheconcentrationofcertain ions,particularlypotassium(K+),withinthecellwhilekeepingconcentrationsofother ions,forexample,sodium(Na+),belowtheconcentrationsfoundintheextracellular environment.Theotheroptionsdonotcorrectlydescribethisprocess. PTS:1 REF:Page13|Page15 8.Understandingthevariousstepsofproteolyticcascades,suchascaspase-mediated apoptosisandcomplementcascades,maybeusefulindesigningdrugtherapyfor whichhumandiseases? a.Cardiacandvasculardisorders b.Autoimmuneandmalignantdisorders c.Gastrointestinalandrenaldisorders d.Endocrineandgastrointestinaldisorders ANS:B Understandingthevariousstepsinvolvedinthisprocessiscrucialfordesigningdrug interventions.Dysregulationofproteasesfeaturesprominentlyinmanyhumandiseases, includingcancer,autoimmunity,andneurodegenerativedisorders.Theotheroptionsdo notcorrectlydescribethisprocess. PTS:1 REF:Page15 9.Whichstructurepreventswater-solublemoleculesfromenteringcellsacrosstheplasma membrane?NURSINGTB.COM a.Carbohydratechains c.Membranechannelproteins b.Glycoproteinchannels d.Lipidbilayer ANS:D Thebilayer’sstructureaccountsforoneoftheessentialfunctionsoftheplasma membrane.Itisimpermeabletomostwater-solublemolecules(moleculesthatdissolvein water)becausethewater-solublemoleculesareinsolubleintheoilycoreregion.The bilayerservesasabarriertothediffusionofwaterandhydrophilicsubstanceswhile allowinglipid-solublemolecules,suchasoxygen(O2)andcarbondioxide(CO2),to diffusethroughitreadily.Theotheroptionsdonotcorrectlydescribethisprocess. PTS:1 REF:Pages12-13 10.Thefluidmosaicmodelexplains: a.Howacellmembranefunctions b.Whyourbodiesappeartobesolid c.Howtissueisdifferentiated d.Howfluidmovesbetweentheintracellularandextracellularcompartments ANS:A Thefluidmosaicmodelaccountsfortheflexibilityofcellularmembranes,their self-sealingproperties,andtheirimpermeabilitytomanysubstances.Theremaining optionsdonotexplainthemosaicmodel.PATHOPHYSIOLOGY8THEDITIONMCCANCETESTBANK NURSINGTB.COM PTS:1 REF:Page12|What'sNewbox 11.Whichformofcellcommunicationisusedtocommunicatewithinthecellitselfandwith othercellsindirectphysicalcontact? a.Proteinchannel(gapjunction) b.Plasmamembrane–boundsignalingmolecules(involvingreceptors) c.Hormonesecretionsuchasneurotransmitters d.Extracellularchemicalmessengerssuchasligands ANS:A Cellscommunicatebyusinghundredsofkindsofsignalmolecules,forexample,insulin. Cellscommunicateinthreemainways;theydisplayplasmamembrane–boundsignaling molecules(receptors)thataffectthecellitselfandothercellsindirectphysicalcontact. Theotheroptionsdonotcorrectlydescribethisprocess. PTS:1 REF:Page20 12.Whichmodeofchemicalsignalingusesbloodtotransportcommunicationtocellssome distanceaway? a.Paracrine c.Neurotransmitter b.Autocrine d.Hormonal ANS:D Chemicalsignalingcanbeclassifiedintothreecategories:(1)local-chemicalmediator,(2) hormone,and(3)neurotransmitter.Inthelocal-chemicalmediatormodel,thesecreted chemicalactsonthecellsintheimmediateenvironment.Hormonesareusedfor communicationwithdistanttargetNcUeRllSsI.NFGoTrBe.xCaOmMple,cellscansecreteachemicalandrely onthebloodsystemtodeliverthesignaltoadistantcell.Finally,neurotransmittersare secretedbyneuronstostimulateanadjoiningcell.Forexample,aneuronmightsecrete acetylcholinetostimulatethemovementofamusclecell. PTS:1 REF:Page20 13.Whichmodeofchemicalsignalinguseslocalchemicalmediatorsthatarequicklytaken up,destroyed,orimmobilized? a.Paracrine c.Neurotransmitter b.Autocrine d.Hormone ANS:A Inparacrinesignaling,cellssecretelocalchemicalmediatorsthatarequicklytakenup, destroyed,orimmobilized.Theotheroptionsdonotcorrectlydescribethisprocess. PTS:1 REF:Page20 14.Neurotransmittersaffectthepostsynapticmembranebybindingto: a.Lipidsc. Amphipathiclipids b.Ribosomes d.Receptors ANS:D Ineachtypeofchemicalsignaling,thetargetcellreceivesthesignalbyfirstattachingto itsreceptors.Theotheroptionsdonotcorrectlydescribethisprocess.PATHOPHYSIOLOGY8THEDITIONMCCANCETESTBANK NURSINGTB.COM PTS:1 REF:Page17 15.Howdocellsreceivecommunicationfromtheextracellularfluidsurroundingthem? a.Proteinchannel(gapjunction) b.Plasmamembrane–boundsignalingmolecules(involvingreceptors) c.Hormonesecretionsuchasneurotransmitters d.Chemicalmessengerssuchasligands ANS:D Cellularcommunicationcanoccurbythebindingofachemicalmassager(aligand)toa specificmembranereceptorthatiscloselyassociatedwiththechannel(e.g.,Gproteins). Theotheroptionsdonotcorrectlydescribehowcellscommunicate. PTS:1 REF:Pages21-22 16.Whenasecondmessageisnecessaryforextracellularcommunicationtobeactivated,itis providedbywhichone? a.Guanosinetriphosphate(GTP) c.Adenosinetriphosphate(ATP) b.Adenosinemonophosphate(AMP)d.Guanosinediphosphate(GDP) ANS:B ThetwomajorsecondmessengerpathwaysarecyclicAMP(cAMP)andcalcium(Ca++). PTS:1 REF:Pages22-23 17.Underanaerobicconditions,whatprocessprovidesenergyforthecell? a.OxidativephosphorylationNURSINGTcB..COLMactolysis b.Glycolysis d.Passivetransport ANS:B GlycolysisproducesanetoftwomoleculesofATPperglucosemoleculethroughthe processofoxidationortheremovalandtransferofapairofelectrons.Theotheroptions donotcorrectlyidentifyananaerobicprocessthatprovidesenergytothecell. PTS:1 REF:Page28 18.Whatisthemechanismbywhichtheenergyproducedfromcarbohydrates,proteins,and lipidsistransferredtoadenosinetriphosphate(ATP)? a.Anaerobicglycolysis c.Oxidativephosphorylation b.Oxidativecellularmetabolism d.Tricarboxylicacidphosphorylation ANS:C Oxidativephosphorylationoccursinthemitochondriaandisthemechanismbywhichthe energyproducedfromcarbohydrates,fats,andproteinsistransferredtoATP.Theother optionsdonotcorrectlyidentifythemechanismdescribedinthequestion. PTS:1 REF:Pages27-28 19.Passivetransportisbestdescribedwithwhichstatement? a.Beingdrivenbyosmosis,hydrostaticpressure,anddiffusion b.InvolvingreceptorsthatcanbindwithsubstancesbeingtransportedPATHOPHYSIOLOGY8THEDITIONMCCANCETESTBANK NURSINGTB.COM c.Beingcapableoftransportingmacromolecules d.Requiringenergygeneratedbythecell ANS:A Waterandsmallelectricallyunchargedmoleculesmoveeasilythroughporesintheplasma membrane’slipidbilayer.Thisprocess,calledpassivetransport,naturallyoccursthrough anysemipermeablebarrier.Itisdrivenbyosmosis,hydrostaticpressure,anddiffusion,all ofwhichdependonthelawsofphysicsanddonotrequirelife.Theotheroptionsdonot correctlydescribepassivetransport. PTS:1 REF:Page28 20.Activetransportoccursacrosswhichtypeofmembranes? a.Membranesthathaveahigherconcentrationofthesoluteontheoutsideofthecell b.Membranesthataresemipermeabletowaterandsmallelectricallyuncharged molecules c.Membranesthathavereceptorsthatarecapableofbindingwiththesubstancesto betransported d.Membranesthathaveacellmembranethatishydrophobicratherthanhydrophilic ANS:C Somemoleculesaremovedintothecellbymechanismsofactivetransport,whichrequire receptorsthatarecapableofrecognizingandbindingwiththesubstancetobetransported. Diffusionisthemovementofasolutemoleculefromanareaofgreatersolute concentrationtoanareaoflessersoluteconcentration.Hydrostaticpressureisthe mechanicalforceofwaterpushingagainstcellularmembranes.Osmosisisthemovement ofwaterdownaconcentrationgradient;thatis,acrossasemipermeablemembranefroma regionofhigherwaterconcentratiNoUnRtoSIaNGloTwBe.CrOwMaterconcentration PTS:1 REF:Page28 21.Whichmethodoftransportusestransmembraneproteinswithreceptorswithahighdegree ofspecificityforthesubstancebeingtransported? a.Active c.Transmembranous b.Mediated d.Passive ANS:B Mediatedtransport(passiveandactive)involvesintegralortransmembraneproteinswith receptorshavingahighdegreeofspecificityforthesubstancebeingtransported.Inorganic anionsandcations(e.g.,Na+,K+,Ca++,chloride[Cl–],bicarbonate[HCO3–])andcharged andunchargedorganiccompounds(e.g.,aminoacids,sugars)requirespecifictransport systemstofacilitatemovementthroughdifferentcellularmembranes.Theremaining optionsdonotcorrectlyidentifytheprocessdescribed. PTS:1 REF:Page31 22.Themovementoffluidacrossthearterialendofcapillarymembranesintotheinterstitial fluidsurroundingthecapillaryisanexampleofwhichfluidmovementprocess? a.Hydrostaticpressure c.Diffusion b.Osmosis d.Activetransport ANS:APATHOPHYSIOLOGY8THEDITIONMCCANCETESTBANK NURSINGTB.COM Hydrostaticpressureisthemechanicalforceofwaterpushingagainstcellularmembranes. Inthevascularsystem,hydrostaticpressureisthebloodpressuregeneratedinvesselsby thecontractionoftheheart.Bloodreachingthecapillarybedhasahydrostaticpressureof 25to30mmHg,whichissufficientforcetopushwateracrossthethincapillary membranesintotheinterstitialspace.Theremainingoptionsdonotcorrectlyidentifythe processdescribed. PTS:1 REF:Pages29-30 23.Whyisosmolalitypreferredoverosmolarityasthemeasurementofosmoticactivityinthe clinicalassessmentofindividuals? a.Plasmacontainssodiumandchloride,whichinfluencethevolumeofsolution. b.Volumeaffectsperfusionmorethantheweightofsolutes. c.Moreoftheweightofplasmaisinfluencedbysolutes,suchasproteinandglucose, ratherthanbywater. d.Osmoticactivitydependsontheconcentrationofsolutespresentinplasma,suchas proteinsandglucose. ANS:C Inplasma,lessoftheplasmaweightiswater;thereforetheoverallconcentrationof particlesisgreater.Theosmolalitywillbegreaterthantheosmolaritybecauseofthe smallerproportionofwater.Osmolalityisthusthepreferredmeasureofosmoticactivity inclinicalassessmentofindividuals. PTS:1 REF:Page30 24.Apatientwhohasdiarrheareceivesa3%salinesolutionintravenouslytoreplacethe sodiumandchloridelostinthestoNoUl.RWSINhaGtTeBf.fCeOctMwillthisfluidreplacementhaveoncells? a.Becomehydrated c.Shrink b.Swellorburst d.Divide ANS:C Ahypertonicsolutionhasaconcentrationofgreaterthan285to294mOsm/kg.An exampleofahypertonicsolutionis3%salinesolution.Watercanbepulledoutofthecells byahypertonicsolution;thereforethecellsshrink.Theremainingoptionsdonotcorrectly describetheeffectidentifiedinthestem. PTS:1 REF:Page31 25.Thetransportofglucosefromthebloodtothecellisaccomplishedbywhichprocess? a.Active-mediatedtransport(activetransport) b.Activediffusion c.Passiveosmosis d.Passive-mediatedtransport(facilitateddiffusion) ANS:D Facilitateddiffusionisthemeansbywhichglucoseistransportedfromthebloodtothe cells.Theremainingoptionsdonotcorrectlyidentifythisprocess. PTS:1 REF:Pages31-32 26.Potassiumandsodiumaretransportedacrossplasmamembranesby:PATHOPHYSIOLOGY8THEDITIONMCCANCETESTBANK NURSINGTB.COM a.Passiveelectrolytechannels b.Coupledchannels c.Adenosinetriphosphatase(ATPase)enzyme d.Diffusion ANS:C TheexactmechanismforthetransportofNa+andK+acrossthemembraneisuncertain. OneproposalisthatATPaseenzymeinducesthetransporterproteintoundergoseveral conformationalchanges,causingNa+andK+tomoveshortdistances(seeFigure1-29). TheremainingoptionsdonotcorrectlydescribethemeansbywhichK+andNa+are transported. PTS:1 REF:Pages32-33 27.Whatoccursduringexocytosis? a.Macromoleculescanbesecretedacrosseukaryoticcellmembranes. b.Allsubstancesaresecretedintothecellularmatrix. c.Norepairsintheplasmamembranecantakeplace. d.Solutemoleculesflowfreelyintoandoutofthecell. ANS:A Ineukaryoticcells,secretionofmacromoleculesalmostalwaysoccursbyexocytosis.The remainingoptionsdonotcorrectlydescribeexocytosis. PTS:1 REF:Pages35-36 28.Whyisitpossibleforpotassiumtodiffuseeasilyintoandoutofcells? a.PotassiumhasagreaterconceNntUraRtSioINnGinTBth.CeOiMntracellularfluid(ICF). b.Sodiumhasagreaterconcentrationintheextracellularfluid(ECF). c.Therestingplasmamembraneismorepermeabletopotassium. d.Anexcessofanionsareinsidethecell. ANS:C BecausetherestingplasmamembraneismorepermeabletoK+thantoNa+,K+caneasily diffusefromitsareaofhigherconcentrationintheICFtoitsareaoflowerconcentrationin theECF.BecauseNa+andK+arebothcations,thenetresultisanexcessofanionsinside thecell,resultingintherestingmembranepotential.Theremainingoptionsdonot correctlyidentifytheprocessthatmosteasilydiffusesK+. PTS:1 REF:Page36 29.Thecellularuptakeofthenutrientcholesteroldependsonwhichprocess? a.Receptor-mediatedexocytosis c.Receptor-mediatedendocytosis b.Antiportsystem d.Passivetransport ANS:C Thecellularuptakeofnutrients,suchascholesterol,forexample,dependson receptor-mediatedendocytosis.Nutrientsarenottransportedviatheotheroptions. PTS:1 REF:Page33PATHOPHYSIOLOGY8THEDITIONMCCANCETESTBANK NURSINGTB.COM 30.Whatcausestherapidchangeintherestingmembranepotentialtoinitiateanaction potential? a.Potassiumgatesopen,andpotassiumrushesintothecell,changingthemembrane potentialfromnegativetopositive. b.Sodiumgatesopen,andsodiumrushesintothecell,changingthemembrane potentialfromnegativetopositive. c.Sodiumgatesclose,allowingpotassiumintothecelltochangethemembrane potentialfrompositivetonegative. d.Potassiumgatesclose,allowingsodiumintothecelltochangethemembrane potentialfrompositivetonegative. ANS:B Whenarestingcellisstimulatedthroughvoltage-regulatedchannels,thecellmembranes becomemorepermeabletoNa+.AnetNa+movesintothecell,andthemembrane potentialdecreases,ormovesforward,fromanegativevalue(inmillivolts)tozero.The Na+gatesopen,andNa+rushesintothecell,causingthemembranepotentialtoreduceto zeroandthenbecomepositive(depolarization).Theremainingoptionsdonotcorrectly describethechangethatinitiatesanactionpotential. PTS:1 REF:Page36 31.Theactionofplatelet-derivedgrowthfactoristostimulatetheproductionofwhichcells? a.Platelets c.Connectivetissuecells b.Epidermalcells d.Fibroblastcells ANS:C Differenttypesofcellsrequiredifferentfactors;forexample,platelet-derivedgrowth factorstimulatestheproductionofNcUoRnSnINecGtiTvBe.CtiOssMuecells.Theremainingoptionsdonot correctlydescribetheactionofplatelet-derivedgrowthfactor. PTS:1 REF:Page39 32.Theroleofcytokinesincellreproductionisthatthey: a.Providegrowthfactorfortissuegrowthanddevelopment. b.Blockprogressofcellreproductionthroughthecellcycle. c.Restraincellgrowthanddevelopment. d.Providenutrientsforcellgrowthanddevelopment. ANS:A Growthfactors,alsocalledcytokines,arepeptidesthattransmitsignalswithinandamong cells.Theyhaveamajorroleintheregulationoftissuegrowthanddevelopment(see Table1-6).Theremainingoptionsdonotcorrectlydescribetheroleofcytokinesincell reproduction. PTS:1 REF:Pages38-39 33.Whatistheprocessofcellularreproduction? a.Theprocessoftentakesmonthsoryearstocomplete. b.Cellularreproductiontypicallyhasashortinterphase. c.Twodiploidcells,calleddaughtercells,havebeenformed. d.Theprocessinvolvestheinteractionofmaleandfemalecells.PATHOPHYSIOLOGY8THEDITIONMCCANCETESTBANK NURSINGTB.COM ANS:C Duringtelophase,thefinalstage,anewnuclearmembraneisformedaroundeachgroupof 46chromosomes,thespindlefibersdisappear,andthechromosomesbegintouncoil. Cytokinesiscausesthecytoplasmtodivideintoroughlyequalpartsduringthisphase.At theendoftelophase,twoidenticaldiploidcells,calleddaughtercells,havebeenformed fromtheoriginalcell. PTS:1 REF:Page37 34.Whichstatementistrueabouteukaryoticcells? a.Theylackdistinctnucleus. b.Theycontaincompartmentscalledorganelles. c.Theylackanencasingnuclearmembrane. d.Theyaresmallerthanthetypicalprokaryotecell. ANS:B Eukaryoticcellshaveacharacteristicsetofmembrane-boundintracellularcompartments calledorganellesthatincludeawell-definednucleusandarelargerthanprokaryotes.The remainingstatementsarenottrueregardingeukaryoticcells. PTS:1 REF:Page2 35.Whichstatementistrueaboutphagocytosis? a.Phagocytosisisanexampleofexocytosis. b.Phagocytosisisdependentonsmallvesicles. c.Phagocytosisinvolvestheingestionofbacteria. d.Phagocytosisfocusesonsolutemolecules. NURSINGTB.COM ANS:C Inphagocytosis,thelargemolecularsubstancesareengulfedbytheplasmamembraneand enterthecellsothattheycanbeisolatedanddestroyedbylysosomalenzymes.Twotypes ofendocytosisaredesignated,basedonthesizeofthevesicleformed.Pinocytosis(cell drinking)involvestheingestionoffluidsandsolutemoleculesthroughtheformationof smallvesicles,andphagocytosis(celleating)involvestheingestionoflargeparticles,such asbacteria,throughformationoflargevesicles(alsocalledvacuoles).Phagocytosisinan exampleofendocytosis,notexocytosis. PTS:1 REF:Pages33-34 36.Amusclecellpossesseswhichspecializedfunction? a.Movement c.Secretion b.Conductivity d.Respiration ANS:A Acellhasthepotentialtodifferentiationandtogaintheabilitytoperformoneofeight specializedfunctions.Musclecellscangenerateforcesthatproducemotion.Nervescells arecapableofconductivity.Cellsoftheadrenalgland,testis,andovarycansecrete. Respirationisafunctionthatallcellspossess. PTS:1 REF:Page2PATHOPHYSIOLOGY8THEDITIONMCCANCETESTBANK NURSINGTB.COM 37.Whenamucousglandcellcreatesanewsubstancefrompreviouslyabsorbedmaterial,this processisknownaswhichspecializedcellularfunction? a.Excretion c.Reproduction b.Metabolicabsorption d.Secretion ANS:D Certaincells,suchasmucousglandcells,cansynthesizenewsubstancesfromsubstances theyabsorbandthensecretethenewsubstancestoserveelsewhereasneeded.Theother optionsarenotusedtodescribethefunctiondescribedinthestem. PTS:1 REF:Page2 38.Allcellsarecapableofwhatprocess? a.Excretion c.Metabolicabsorption b.Movement d.Continuousdivision ANS:A Allcellshavethecapacitytoexcrete,thusallowingthemtoridthemselvesofwaste productsresultingfromthemetabolicbreakdownofnutrients.Theremainingoptionsare notfunctionspossessedbyallcells. PTS:1 REF:Page2 MULTIPLERESPONSE 39.Whatarethemajorchemicalcomponentsofthecellmembranes?(Selectallthatapply.) a.Lipids b.Sodiumions c.Carbohydrates d.DNA e.Proteins ANS:A,ENURSINGTB.COM Themajorchemicalcomponentsofallcellmembranesarelipidsandproteins,butthe percentageofeachvariesamongdifferentmembranes. PTS:1 REF:Page12 40.Whichcellslosetheirabilitytoreplicateanddivide?(Selectallthatapply.) a.Intestines b.Nerves c.Skin d.Lensoftheeye e.Skeletalmuscle ANS:B,D,E Alltypesofcellsundergomitosisduringtheformationoftheembryo,butmanyadult cells,suchasnervecells,lenscellsoftheeye,andmusclecells,losetheirabilityto replicateanddivide.Intestinesandskincellsretaintheirabilitytoreplicateanddivide. PTS:1 REF:Page37PATHOPHYSIOLOGY8THEDITIONMCCANCETESTBANK NURSINGTB.COM 41.Whichstatementsaretrueconcerningtheprocessoffacilitateddiffusion?(Selectallthat apply). a.Facilitateddiffusionisalsoreferredtoaspassivemediatedtransport. b.Thisprocessexpendsnometabolicenergy. c.Movingsolutemoleculesthroughcellularmembranesareinvolvedinthisprocess. d.Movementupaconcentrationgradientisnecessary. e.Facilitateddiffusionistheprimarymeansforwatertransport. ANS:A,B,C Inpassivemediatedtransport,alsocalledfacilitateddiffusion,theproteintransporter movessolutemoleculesthroughcellularmembraneswithoutexpendingmetabolicenergy. Downwardmovementalongaconcentrationgradientisnecessary.Osmosisisthe movementofwaterdownaconcentrationgradient. PTS:1 REF:Pages31-32 42.Passivetransportisdependenton:(Selectallthatapply.) a.Semipermeablebarriermembrane b.Theprocessofosmosis c.Diffusionasadrivingforce d.Alivinghost e.Hydrostaticpressure ANS:A,B,C,E Passivetransportnaturallyoccursthroughanysemipermeablebarrier.Itisdrivenby osmosis,hydrostaticpressure,anddiffusion,allofwhichdependonthelawsofphysics anddonotrequirelife. NURSINGTB.COM PTS:1 REF:Page28 43.Whatistheprimaryfunctionofproteins?(Selectallthatapply.) a.Proteinsarebindingunits. b.Proteinsaretransportchannels. c.Proteinsareribonucleoproteins. d.Proteinsprovidecellsurfacemarkers. e.Proteinsarechemicalreactioncatalysts. ANS:A,B,D,E Proteinfunctionsinclude(a)recognitionandbindingunits(receptors)forsubstances movinginandoutofthecell;(b)poresortransportchannels;(c)enzymesthatdriveactive pumps;(d)cellsurfacemarkers,suchasglycoproteins;(e)celladhesionmolecules;and(f) catalystsofchemicalreactions. PTS:1 REF:Page15 MATCHING Matchthestructurewithitsfunction.Answersmaybeusedmorethanonce. A.Endoplasmicreticulum B.Ribosome C.SecretoryvesiclePATHOPHYSIOLOGY8THEDITIONMCCANCETESTBANK NURSINGTB.COM D.Lysosomes 44.Packagesandtransportsproteins. 45.Fuseswiththeplasmamembranetoreleasecontentsfromthecell. 46.Synthesizesandtransportslipids. 47.Providesenergytodigestproteinsintoaminoacids. 44.ANS:A PTS:1 REF:Pages5-6 MSC:Theendoplasmicreticulum(endo=within;plasma=cytoplasm;reticulum=network)isa membranefactorythatspecializesinthesynthesisandtransportoftheproteinandlipid componentsofmostofthecell'sorganelles. 45.ANS:C PTS:1 REF:Pages6-7 MSC:Proteinsfromtheendoplasmicreticulumareprocessedandpackagedintosmall membrane-boundsacsorvesiclescalledsecretoryvesiclesthatcollectattheendofthe membranousfoldsoftheGolgibodies.ThesecretoryvesiclesthenbreakofffromtheGolgi complexandmigratetoavarietyofintracellularandextracellulardestinations,includingthe plasmamembrane.Thevesiclesfusewiththeplasmamembrane,andtheircontentsarereleased fromthecell. 46.ANS:A PTS:1 REF:Pages5-6 MSC:Theendoplasmicreticulum(endo=within;plasma=cytoplasm;reticulum=network)isa membranefactorythatspecializesinthesynthesisandtransportoftheproteinandlipid componentsofmostofthecell'sorganelles. 47.ANS:D PTS:1 REF:Page7 MSC:Lysosomesfunctionastheintracellulardigestivesystem(seeFigure1-6).Lysosomal enzymesarecapableofdigestingmostcellularconstituentsdowntotheirbasicforms,suchas aminoacids,fattyacids,andsugars. MatchthestructurewithitsfunctiNoUn.RASInNsGwTeBrs.CmOaMybeusedmorethanonce. A.Passive-mediatedtransport B.Active-mediatedtransport C.Osmosis 48.Movementofwater 49.Proteincarrier 50.Facilitateddiffusion 48.ANS:C PTS:1 REF:Page30 MSC:Osmosisisthemovementofwaterdownaconcentrationgradient;thatis,acrossa semipermeablemembranefromaregionofhigherwaterconcentrationtoalowerwater concentration. 49.ANS:B PTS:1 REF:Page32 MSC:Inactive-mediatedtransport,alsocalledactivetransport,theproteintransportermoves moleculesagainst,orup,theconcentrationgradient.Unlikepassive-mediatedtransport, active-mediatedtransportrequirestheexpenditureofenergy. 50.ANS:A PTS:1 REF:Pages31-32 MSC:Inpassive-mediatedtransport,alsocalledfacilitateddiffusion,theproteintransporter movessolutemoleculesthroughcellularmembraneswithoutexpendingmetabolicenergy.PATHOPHYSIOLOGY8THEDITIONMCCANCETESTBANK ANS: NURSINGTB.COM Chapter2:AlteredCellularandTissueBiology MULTIPLECHOICE 1.Whichtypeofcelladaptationoccurswhennormalcolumnarciliatedepithelialcellsofthe bronchiallininghavebeenreplacedbystratifiedsquamousepithelialcells? a.Hyperplasia c.Dysplasia b.Metaplasia d.Anaplasia ANS:B Metaplasiaisthereversiblereplacementofonematurecellbyanother,sometimesaless differentiatedcelltype.Thebestexampleofmetaplasiaisthereplacementofnormal columnarciliatedepithelialcellsofthebronchial(airway)liningbystratifiedsquamous epithelialcells.Theotheroptionsdonotaccuratelydescribetheeventinthequestion. PTS:1 REF:Page54 2.Thelossoftheadenosinetriphosphate(ATP)duringischemiacausescellsto: a.Shrinkbecauseoftheinfluxofcalcium(Ca). b.Shrinkbecauseoftheinfluxofpotassiumchloride(KCl). c.Swellbecauseoftheinfluxofsodiumchloride(NaCl). d.Swellbecauseoftheinfluxofnitricoxide(NO). ANS:C AreductioninATPlevelscausestheplasmamembrane’ssodium-potassium(Na+–K+) pumpandsodium-calciumexchangetofail,whichleadstoanintracellularaccumulation ofsodiumandcalciumanddiffusiNoUnRoSfINpoGtTaBss.CiuOmMoutofthecell.(TheNa+–K+pumpis discussedinChapter1.)Sodiumandwatercanthenfreelyenterthecell,andcellular swellingresults.TheotheroptionsdonotaccuratelydescribetheresultofATPatthe cellularlevel. PTS:1 REF:Page57 3.Themammaryglandsenlargeduringpregnancyprimarilyasaconsequenceofhormonal: a.Atrophy c.Anaplasia b.Hyperplasia d.Dysplasia ANS:B Hormonalhyperplasiaoccurschieflyinestrogen-dependentorgans,suchastheuterusand breast.Theremainingoptionsdonotadequatelydescribetheconsequenceofhormoneson breasttissueduringpregnancy. PTS:1 REF:Page53 4.Freeradicalsplayamajorroleintheinitiationandprogressionofwhichdiseases? a.Cardiovasculardiseasessuchashypertensionandischemicheartdisease b.Renaldiseasessuchasacutetubularnecrosisandglomerulonephritis c.GastrointestinaldiseasessuchaspepticulcerdiseaseandCrohndisease d.MusculardiseasesuchasmusculardystrophyandfibromyalgiaPATHOPHYSIOLOGY8THEDITIONMCCANCETESTBANK ANS: NURSINGTB.COM Emergingdataindicatethatreactiveoxygenspeciesplaymajorrolesintheinitiationand progressionofcardiovascularalterationsassociatedwithhyperlipidemia,diabetesmellitus, hypertension,ischemicheartdisease,andchronicheartfailure.Nocurrentresearch connectsthedisordersmentionedintheotheroptionstotheeffectsoffreeradicals. PTS:1 REF:Pages59-60 5.Freeradicalscausecelldamageby: a.Stealingthecell’soxygentostabilizetheelectron,thuscausinghypoxia b.Stimulatingthereleaseoflysosomalenzymesthatdigestthecellmembranes c.Transferringoneofitscharged,stabilizedatomstothecellmembrane,which causeslysis d.Givingupanelectron,whichcausesinjurytothechemicalbondsofthecell membrane ANS:D Afreeradicalisanelectricallyunchargedatomorgroupofatomshavinganunpaired electron.Havingoneunpairedelectronmakesthemoleculeunstable;thustostabilize,the moleculegivesupanelectrontoanothermoleculeorstealsone.Thereforeitiscapableof forminginjuriouschemicalbondswithproteins,lipids,orcarbohydrates—keymolecules inmembranesandnucleicacids.Theremainingoptionsdonotaccuratelydescribetherole playedbyfreeradicalsincelldamage. PTS:1 REF:Page60 6.Whatisaconsequenceofplasmamembranedamagetothemitochondria? a.EnzymaticdigestionhaltsDNAsynthesis. b.InfluxofcalciumionshaltsANTUPRpSrIoNdGuTctBio.CnO.M c.EdemafromaninfluxinsodiumcausesareductioninATPproduction. d.Potassiumshiftsoutofthemitochondria,whichdestroystheinfrastructure. ANS:B Themostseriousconsequenceofplasmamembranedamageis,asinhypoxicinjury,tothe mitochondria.Aninfluxofcalciumionsfromtheextracellularcompartmentactivates multipleenzymesystems,resultingincytoskeletondisruption,membranedamage, activationofinflammation,andeventuallyDNAdegradation.Calciumionaccumulation inthemitochondriacausesthemitochondriatoswell,whichisanoccurrencethatis associatedwithirreversiblecellularinjury.Theinjuredmitochondriacannolonger generateATP,buttheydocontinuetoaccumulatecalciumions.Theremainingoptionsdo notaccuratelydescribetheconsequenceofplasmamembranedamagetothemitochondria. PTS:1 REF:Page63 7.Whatisaconsequenceofleakageoflysosomalenzymesduringchemicalinjury? a.Enzymaticdigestionofthenucleusandnucleolusoccurs,haltingDNAsynthesis. b.Influxofpotassiumionsintothemitochondriaoccurs,haltingtheATPproduction. c.EdemaoftheGolgibodyoccurs,preventingthetransportofproteinsoutofthe cell. d.Shiftofcalciumoutoftheplasmamembraneoccurs,destroyingthecytoskeleton.