(Test Bank) Nr 283 Pathophysiology Test Question Bank (Exam 1, 2, 3 & 4) -With 100% Verified Answers-2022

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NR 283 Pathophysiology Test Question Bank (exam 1, 2, 3 & 4) -with 100% verified answers-2022 1. Which of the following areas lacks blood vessels and nerves? a. Epidermis b. Dermis c. Subcutaneous tissue d. Fatty tissue ANS: A REF: 142 2. What is a raised, thin-walled lesion containing clear fluid called? a. Papule b. Pustule c. Vesicle d. Macule ANS: C REF: 143 3. Which of the following is a common effect of a type I hypersensitivity response to ingested substances? a. Contact dermatitis b. Urticaria c. Discoid lupus erythematosus d. Psoriasis ANS: B REF: 145 4. What change occurs in the skin with psoriasis? a. Recurrent hypersensitivity reactions b. Autoimmune response c. Increased mitosis and shedding of epithelium d. Basal cell degeneration ANS: C REF: 147 5. Which of the following best describes the typical lesion of psoriasis? a. Purplish papules that can erode and become open ulcers b. Firm, raised pruritic nodules that can become cancerous c. Moist, red vesicles, which develop into bleeding ulcers d. Begins as a red papule and develops into silvery plaques ANS: D REF: 147 6. Why do secondary infections frequently develop in pruritic lesions? a. Loss of protective sebum b. Entry of resident flora while scratching the lesion c. Blockage of sebaceous glands d. Increased sweat production ANS: B REF: 148 7. Which disease is considered an autoimmune disorder? a. Pemphigus b. Erysipelas c. Contact dermatitis d. Scleroderma ANS: A REF: 147 8. Which of the following skin lesions are usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus? a. Furuncles b. Verrucae c. Scabies d. Tinea ANS: A REF: 148 9. Which of the following statements applies to impetigo? a. Lesions usually appear on the hands and arms. b. The cause is usually a virus. c. The infection is highly contagious. d. Scar tissue is common following infection. ANS: C REF: 148 10. What is the common signal that a recurrence of herpes simplex infection is developing? a. Severe pain around the mouth b. Malaise and fatigue c. Fever and severe headaches d. Mild tingling along the nerve or on the lips ANS: D REF: 150 11. Herpes virus is usually spread by all of the following EXCEPT: a. saliva during an exacerbation and for a short time thereafter. b. contact with the fluid in the lesion. c. contaminated blood. d. autoinoculation by fingers. ANS: C REF: 150 12. How are antiviral drugs effective in treating a viral infection? a. They destroy the virus if administered for at least 2 weeks. b. They limit the acute stage and viral shedding. c. They prevent any systemic effects of viruses. d. They prevent any secondary bacterial infection. ANS: B REF: 150 13. Tinea capitis is an infection involving the: a. trunk. b. feet. c. scalp. d. nails. ANS: C REF: 150 14. Plantar warts are caused by: a. the fungus aspergillus. b. a parasitic arthropod. c. human papillomavirus. d. the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. ANS: C REF: 150 15. Which of the following statements regarding acute necrotizing fasciitis is TRUE? a. Infection is localized in a small area of the epidermis. b. It is usually caused by S. aureus. c. Spontaneous recovery usually occurs in 48 hours. d. Infection rapidly causes extensive tissue necrosis and toxic shock. ANS: D REF: 149 16. Which type of microbe causes Tinea infections? a. Fungus b. Virus c. Gram-negative bacterium d. Mite ANS: A REF: 150 17. What causes the pruritus associated with scabies? a. An allergic reaction to the causative microbe due to endotoxins b. Mites burrowing into the epidermis and reaction to their feces c. Bleeding and injected toxin from bites of the larvae d. Neurotoxins secreted by mites on the skin surface ANS: B REF: 152-153 18. How can pediculosis be diagnosed? a. Pruritus in hairy areas of the body b. Loss of blood due to lice bites c. Finding lice in clothing d. The presence of nits at the base of hair shafts ANS: D REF: 153 19. What is the major predisposing factor to squamous cell carcinoma? a. Viral infection b. Presence of nevi (moles) on the skin c. Exposure to ultraviolet light d. Frequent hypersensitivity reactions ANS: C REF: 154 20. All of the following statements apply to malignant melanoma EXCEPT: a. The malignant cell is a melanocyte. b. They present as non-pruritic purplish macules. c. The neoplasm grows rapidly and metastasizes early. d. The lesion is usually dark or multicolored with an irregular border. ANS: B REF: 155 21. Which of the following factors has contributed to the increased incidence of Kaposi’s sarcoma? a. Excessive sun exposure b. Increased number of nevi c. Increase in immunosuppressed individuals d. Presence of more seborrheic keratoses ANS: C REF: 155 22. Which of the following applies to actinic keratoses? a. They predispose to malignant melanoma. b. They arise on skin exposed to ultraviolet radiation. c. They occur primarily on dark-skinned persons. d. They are malignant and invasive. ANS: B REF: 154-155 23. Which lesion distinguishes Tinea corporis? a. Small, brown pruritic lines b. Painful and pruritic fissures c. Erythematous ring of vesicles with a clear center d. Firm, red, painful nodule or pustule ANS: C REF: 150 24. Systemic effects of acute necrotizing fasciitis include: a. low-grade fever and malaise. b. toxic shock and disorientation. c. mild nausea and vomiting. d. headache and difficulty breathing. ANS: B REF: 149 25. The cause of contact dermatitis can often be identified by: a. using a culture and sensitivity test on the exudate. b. checking the frequency of the exacerbations. c. noting the location and size of the lesion. d. the type of pain associated with the lesion. ANS: C REF: 145 26. The pathological change associated with scleroderma is: a. abnormal activation of T lymphocytes and an increase of cytokines. b an autoimmune reaction damaging the epidermis. .collagen deposits in the small blood vessels of the skin and sometimes the c. viscera.d . Type I hypersensitivity and increased serum IgE levels. ANS: C REF: 147 27. Choose the best description of the typical lesion of impetigo. a. Large, red, painful nodule filled with purulent exudates b. Small vesicles that rupture to produce a crusty brown pruritic mass c. Red, swollen, painful areas often with projecting red streaks d. Firm, raised papules that may have a rough surface and may be painful ANS: B REF: 149 28. Choose the correct match of the skin condition and its usual location. a. Scabies—fingers, wrists, waist b. Impetigo—legs, feet c. Pediculosis humanus corporis—scalp d. Seborrheic keratosis—feet, hands ANS: A REF: 153 29. Leprosy (Hansen’s disease) is caused by: a. a fungus. b. a bacterium. c. a virus. d. a helminth. ANS: B REF: 149 30. One factor that is responsible for increasing the mortality rate among patients suffering with necrotizing fasciitis is: a. a delay in initial diagnosis. b. lack of proper antibiotics. c. the appearance of additional opportunistic infections. d. secondary fungal infections. ANS: A REF: 149 1. Which of the following would result from a reduced number of erythrocytes in the blood? a. Increased hemoglobin in the blood b. Decreased hematocrit c. Increased risk of hemostasis d. Decreased osmotic pressure of the blood ANS: B REF: 185 2. What term is used to describe a deficit of all types of blood cells? a. Leucopenia b. Neutropenia c. Pancytopenia d. Erythrocytosis ANS: C REF: 205 3. Capillary walls consist of: a. multiple endothelial layers. b. a thick layer of smooth muscle. c. two or three epithelial layers. d. a single endothelial layer. ANS: D REF: 183 4. Vitamin K is required by the liver to synthesize: a. heparin. b. prothrombin. c. amino acids. d. bilirubin. ANS: B REF: 190 | 202 5. Individuals with type O blood are considered to be universal donors because their blood: a. contains A and B antibodies. b. contains A and B antigens. c. lacks A and B antibodies. d. lacks A and B antigens. ANS: D REF: 192 6. What are the two circulations that comprise the overall circulatory system? a. Pulmonary and systemic circulations b. Peripheral and central circulations c. Cardiovascular and lymphatic circulations d. Cardiopulmonary and peripheral circulations ANS: A REF: 183 7. Chronic blood loss causes anemia because of the: a. shortened life span of the erythrocytes. b. lower metabolic rate c. loss of protein and electrolytes. d. smaller amount of recycled iron available. ANS: D REF: 193 8. What is the cause of sickle cell anemia? a. A defective gene inherited from both parents b. A chronic bacterial infection c. Bone marrow depression d. An autoimmune reaction ANS: A REF: 198 9. Which of the following best describes the characteristic erythrocyte associated with pernicious anemia? a. Hypochromic, microcytic b. Normochromic, normocytic c. Elongated, sickle-shaped d. Megaloblastic or macrocytic nucleated cells ANS: D REF: 201 10. What causes numbness and tingling in the fingers of individuals with untreated pernicious anemia? a. Persistent hyperbilirubinemia b. Increasing acidosis affecting metabolism c. Vitamin B12 deficit causing peripheral nerve demyelination d. Multiple small vascular occlusions affecting peripheral nerves ANS: C REF: 195 11. Jaundice is one typical sign of: a. sickle cell anemia. b. aplastic anemia. c. iron deficiency anemia. d. acute leukemia. ANS: A REF: 198 12. What are the typical early general signs and symptoms of anemia? a. Chest pain, palpitations b. Jaundice, stomatitis c. Pallor, dyspnea, and fatigue d. Bradycardia, heat intolerance ANS: C REF: 193 13. What is the cause of oral ulcerations and delayed healing occurring with any severe anemia? a. Lack of folic acid for DNA synthesis b. Frequent microinfarcts in the tissues c. Deficit of oxygen for epithelial cell mitosis and metabolism d. Elevated bilirubin levels in blood and body fluids ANS: C REF: 193 14. Which of the following is present with pernicious anemia? a. Pancytopenia b. Hypochlorhydria c. Leukocytosis d. Multiple infarcts ANS: B REF: 195 15. Why is pernicious anemia treated with injections of vitamin B12? a. An immune reaction in the stomach would destroy the vitamin. b. Digestive enzymes would destroy the vitamin. c. The vitamin irritates the gastric mucosa. d. The ingested vitamin would not be absorbed into the blood. ANS: D REF: 195 16. Why do abnormally low hemoglobin values develop with pernicious anemia? a. Decreased production of erythrocytes b. Shorter life span of erythrocytes c. Abnormal structure of hemoglobin chains d. Deficit of folic acid ANS: B REF: 195 17. What are the common early signs of aplastic anemia? a. Painful joints and skeletal deformity b. Abdominal discomfort and splenomegaly c. Excessive bleeding and recurrent infections d. Palpitations and chest pain ANS: C REF: 197 18. Why do vascular occlusions and infarcts occur frequently with sickle cell anemia? a. The red blood cells are abnormally large. b. Increased hemolysis of erythrocytes occurs. c. Erythrocytes change to sickle shape when hypoxia occurs. d. HbS is unable to transport oxygen. ANS: C REF: 199 19. Which of the following applies to sickle cell trait? a. Most hemoglobin is in the form of HgS b. Sickling of erythrocytes occurs with severe hypoxia. c. Painful sickling crises with multiple infarctions occur frequently. d. A child’s skeletal growth is delayed. ANS: B REF: 198 20. What is the basic abnormality in thalassemia? Several amino acids in the globin chains have been replaced by substitute a. amino acids. b. More than four globin chains are found in the erythrocytes. c. The iron molecule is displaced in hemoglobin. d There is failure to synthesize either the alpha or beta chains in the hemoglobin molecule. ANS: D REF: 200 21. Which of the following can result from a malabsorption problem? a. Aplastic anemia b. Sickle cell anemia c. Thalassemia major d. Pernicious anemia ANS: D REF: 195 22. In individuals with pernicious anemia, antibodies form to: a. vitamin B12. b. intrinsic factor or parietal cells c. mucus-producing glands. d. hydrochloric acid. ANS: B REF: 195 23. In cases of polycythemia vera, blood pressure is elevated as a result of: a. increased blood volume. b. frequent infarcts in the coronary circulation. c. congested spleen and bone marrow.