(Test Bank) Newman And Carranzas Clinical Periodontology For The Dental Hygienist

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Newman and Carranzas Clinical Periodontology for the Dental Hygienist 1st Edition Newman Test Bank Chapter 01: The Historical Background of Periodontology Newman: Clinical Periodontology for the Dental Hygienist, 1st Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What was the most common of all diseases found in the embalmed bodies of the ancient Egyptians? a. Heart disease b. Tonsillitis c. Periodontal disease d. Throat cancer ANS: C Periodontal disease was the most common of all diseases found in the embalmed bodies of the ancient Egyptians. DIF: Recall REF: p. 1 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 2. Which classical historical figure wrote about tartar deposits, and about how they must be removed with scraper or a small file? a. Hippocrates of Cos b. Paul of Aegina c. Albucasis d. Avicenna ANS: B Paul of Aegina (625 –690 AD) wrote that tartar deposits must be removed with either scrapers or a small file and that the teeth should be carefully cleaned after the last meal of the day. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 1 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 3. Who developed the doctrine of calculus? a. Paracelsus b. Albucasis c. Andreas Veslius d. John Hunter ANS: A Paracelsus (1493 –1541) developed an interesting and unusual theory of disease: the doctrine of calculus. He recognized the extensive formation of tartar on the teeth and related this to toothache. He considered toothaches to be comparable to pain produced by calculus in other organs, such as the kidneys. DIF: Recall REF: p. 2 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 4. Which one of these historical figures was a big 19th century influence in the field of periodontology? a. Ambroise Pare b. John Hunter c. Hippocrates of Cos d. Leonard Koecker ANS: D Leonard Ko ecker (1785 –1850) was a German -born dentist who recommended that oral hygiene was performed in the morning and after every meal with the use of an astringent powder and a toothbrush. He was also an early advocate of the “odontogenic focal infection” theory. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 3 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 5. Who is considered the father of oral hygiene and the inventor of dental floss? a. Levi Spear Parmly b. John W. Riggs c. Leonard Koecker d. Adolph Witzel ANS: A Levi Spear Parmly (1790 –1859) was a dentist from New Orleans, Louisiana, and is considered the father of oral hygiene and the inventor of dental floss. DIF: Recall REF: p. 4 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 6. Who was the first individual to identify bacteria as the cause of periodontal disease? a. Levi Spear Parmly b. Adolph Witzel c. Horace Wells d. William Morton ANS: B The first individual to identify bacteria as the cause of periodontal disease appears to have been the German dentist Adolph Witzel (1847 –1906). DIF: Recall REF: p. 4 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 7. During the first third of the 20th century, periodontics flourished in central Europe, with which two major cities as its center of excellence? a. Budapest and Prague b. Prague and Krakow c. Vienna and Berlin d. Berlin and Munich ANS: C During the first third of the 20th century, periodontics flourished in central Europe, with two major centers of excellence: Vienna and Berlin. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 5 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 8. In what year was periodontics recognized as a specialty of dentistry? a. 1962 b. 1940 c. 1959 d. 1947 ANS: D Periodontics was recognized as a specialty of dentistry by the American Dental Association in 1947. DIF: Recall REF: p. 8 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 9. Which ancient civilization wrote about gingival disease on Ebers papyrus? a. Egyptians b. Babylonians c. Sumerians d. Assyrians ANS: A The Ebers papyrus contains many references to gingival disease and offers a number of prescriptions for strengthening the teeth and gums. DIF: Recall REF: p. 1 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 10. Who wrote Cano n, a compTreEhSenTsBivAe NtrKeaStiEseLoLnEmRe.diCciOnMe, which was in continuous use for almost 600 years? a. Albucasis b. Avicenna c. Cornelius Celsus d. Paracelsus ANS: B Avicenna (980 –1037) was possibly the greatest of the Persian physicians. His Canon , a comprehensive treatise on medicine, was in continuous use for almost 600 years. DIF: Recall REF: p. 1 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 11. Who wrote the first original book about teeth, titled Libellus de Dentibus (“A Little Treatise on the Teeth”)? a. Albucasis b. Andreas Vesalius c. Bartholomeus Eustachius d. Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu ANS: C Bartholomeus Eustachius (1520 –1574) of Rome was another outstanding anatomist who wrote a small book about dentistry, Libellus de Dentibus (“A Little Treatise on the Teeth”), which contained 30 chapters. This wa s the first original book about the teeth, and it included a description of the periodontal tissues as well as information about the diseases of the mouth, their treatment modalities, and the rationale for treatment. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 2 TOP: NBDH E; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 12. Who appears to have been the first to differentiate among the types of periodontal disease? a. Girolamo Cardano b. Anton van Leewenhoek c. Pierre Fauchard d. Andreas Vesalius ANS: A The Italian physician, mathematician, and philosopher Girolamo Cardano (1501 –1576) appears to have been the first to differentiate among the types of periodontal disease. In a publication dated 1562, he mentions one type of disease that occurs with advanci ng age and leads to progressive loosening and loss of teeth as well as a second very aggressive type that occurs in younger patients. DIF: Recall REF: p. 3 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 13. In the 18th century, what were the two European countries who witnessed the most growth for modern dentistry? a. France and England b. Germany and Italy c. Poland and Switzerland d. Greece and Sweden ANS: A Modern dentistry essentially d eveloped in 18th century Europe, particularly France and England. Notable names include Pierre Fauchard, John Hunter, and Thomas Berdmore. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 3 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 14. Who is credited for the discovery of radiographs? a. Wilhelm Rontgen b. Rudolph Virchow c. John W. Riggs d. Louis Pasteur ANS: A German physicist Wilhelm Rontgen (1845 –1923) discovered radiographs in 1895 at the University of Wurzburg. It is considered to be a crucial development in periodontics and many other areas of medicine and dentistry. DIF: Recall REF: p. 4 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 15. Who is considered to be the first true oral microbiologist? a. John W. Riggs b. W. J. Younger c. Carl Koller d. Willoughby D. Miller ANS: D The first true microbiologist was the American Willoughby D. Miller (1853 –1907), whose professional activities took place in Berlin, where he embarked on a research career that introduced modern bacteriology principles to dentistry. He also wrote the book The Microorganisms of the Human Mouth , which wa s published in 1890. DIF: Recall REF: p. 4 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 16. Who described the principles of periodontal flap surgery, including osseous recontouring as it is currently known, in a book published in 1912? a. Oskar Weski b. Horace Wells c. Robert Neumann d. Julius Cohnein ANS: C Neumann (1882 –1958), in a book published in 1912 (with new editions in 1915, 1920, and 1924), described the principles of periodontal flap surgery, including osseous recontouring as it is currently known. DIF: Recall REF: p. 6 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 17. Who coined the term “gelatinus microbic plaque?” a. Salomon Robicsek b. G.V. Black c. Moritz Karolyi d. Hyacinthe Jean Vincent ANS: B Bacterial plaque was described by J. Leon Williams (1852 –1932), an American dentist who practiced in London and who, in 1897, described a gelatinous accumulation of bacteria adherent to the enamel surface in relation to caries. In 1899, G.V. Black (1836 –1915) coined the term gelatinous microbic plaque. DIF: Recall REF: p. 5 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 18. What school developed the basic histopathologic concepts on which modern periodontics was built? a. The Berlin School b. Oxford University c. The Vienna School d. Harvard University ANS: C The Vienna school developed the basic histopathologic concepts on which modern periodontics was built. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 5 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 19. During the 1950s, which Swedish orthopedic surgeon developed a technique that involved the use of titanium screw -shaped intraosseous implants? a. A. E. Strock b. Isadore Hirschfeld c. A. Schroeder d. Per-Ingvar Bränemark ANS: D During the 1950s, the Swedish orthopedic surgeon Per -Ingvar Bränemark developed a technique that involved the use of titanium screw -shaped intraosseous implants. This proved to be quite successful, and it was gradually adopted b y the dental profession after the 1982 international conference in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Numerous variations of the Bränemark concept were presented by A. Kirsch, G.A. Niznick, A. Schroeder, and others, and they are widely used at present. DIF: Recall REF: p. 7 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 20. Which two periodontists founded The American Academy of Periodontology? a. Henry M. Goldm an anTd EJoShTn BPrAicNhKarSdELLER.COM b. Grace Rogers Spalding and Gillette Hayden c. Irving Glickman and Saul Schluger d. Leonard Koecker and William Hunter ANS: B The American Academy of Periodontology, which was founded in 1914 by two female periodontists, Grace Rogers Spalding (1881 –1953) and Gillette Hayden (1880 –1929), has become the leader in organized periodontics. The association publishes a monthly scientific publication called the Journal of Periodontology , which presents all current advances in the discipline. DIF: Recall REF: p. 8 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases Chapter 02: Evidence -Based Decision Making Newman: Clinical Periodontology for the Dental Hygienist, 1st Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Using evidence from medical literature to answer questions, direct clinical action, and guide practice was pioneered by what university in the 1980s? a. Stanford University b. Oxford University c. McMaster University d. McGill University ANS: C Using evidence from the medical literature to answer questions, direct clinical action, and guide practice was pioneered at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada, in the 1980s. DIF: Recall REF: p. 10 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 2. What word can be defined as “the synthesis of all valid research that answers a specific question and that, in most cases, distinguishes it from a single research study?” a. Theory b. Evidence c. Hypothesis d. Conclusion ANS: B Evidence is considered the synthesis of all valid research that answers a specific question and that, in most cases, distinguishes it from a single research study. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 10 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 3. Which of the following is one of the two fundamental principles of evidence -based decision making (EBDM)? a. Evidence alone is never sufficient to make a clinical decision. b. Always critically apply the results of evidence in clinical practice. c. Rely on previously discovered information to formulate hypotheses. d. Evaluate processes and performance throughout the process. ANS: A The two fundamental principles of evidence -based decision making (EBDM) are: (1) evidence alone is never sufficient to make a clini cal decision, and (2) hierarchies of quality and applicability of evidence exist to guide clinical decision making. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 10 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 4. Which of the following is an example of a skill or ability that is needed to apply an evidence -based decision -making process? a. Conduct a computerized or manual search with ample efficiency for finding evidence with which to answer the question. b. Keep the results applicable only to the question at hand. c. Convert information needs and problems into theories. d. Critically appraise the evidence for its validity and usefulness. ANS: D The skills and abilities needed to apply an evidence -based decision -making process can be found in 2.1 of the textbook, and are also listed here: (1) convert information needs and problems into clinical questions so that they can be answered, (2) conduct a computerized search with maximum efficiency for finding the best external evidence with which to answer the question, (3) critically appraise the evidence for its validity and usefulness (clinical applicability), (4) apply the results of the appraisal, or evidence, in clinical practice, and (5) evaluate the process and your performance. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 11 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 5. PICO stands for four components of a well -built question. What does the “I” stand for? a. Intervention b. Information c. Intuition d. Inclusion ANS: A PICO stands for Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes. DIF: Recall REF: p. 11 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 EtiologyTaEndSpTaBthAogNeKneSsiEs LofLpEerRio.doCnOtaMl diseases 6. A controlled trial is a methodology of choice that can be used to answer what type of question? a. Etiology, causation, harm b. Diagnosis c. Therapy, prevention d. Prognosis ANS: B A controlled trial can be used to answer a question related to a diagnosis because it measures the reliability of a particular diagnostic measure for a disease against the “gold standard” diagnostic measure for the same disease. Refer to Table 2.1 in the textbook for more information. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 14 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 7. Evidence -based article reviews are an example of which type of source of evidence? a. Primary source b. Expert source c. Secondary source d. Highest source ANS: C Primary sources are original research studies and publications that have not been filtered or synthesized, such as an RCT or cohort study. Secondary sources are synthesized studies and publications of the already -conducted primary research, which include c linical practice questions (CPGs), SRs, MAs, and evidence -based article reviews and protocols. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 12 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 8. Clinical practice guidelines are considered a secondary source of evidence and are at which level of evidence? a. The lowest level of evidence b. The second lowest level of evidence c. The second highest level of evidence d. The highest level of evidence ANS: D Clinical practice guidelines are a secondary source of evidence and is at the top of the hierarchy of evidence. CPGs should be based on the best available scientific evidence, typically from MAs and SRs, which put together all that is known about a topic i n an objective manner. DIF: Application REF: p. 15 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 9. Which of the following is the National Library of Medicine’s premier bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the health care system, and the preclinical sciences? a. MEDLINE b. DOCLINE c. LOVELI NE d. PUBLINE ANS: A MEDLINE is the National Library of Medicine’s premier bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the health care system, and the preclinical sciences. It contains bibliographic citations and author abstracts from more than 5200 biomedical journals published in the United States and 80 other countries. DIF: Recall REF: p. 16 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 10. Although the use of evidence to help guide clinical decisions is not new, which of the following aspects of EBM are considered new? a. The methods of generating high -quality evidence, such as nonrandomized trials (NRTs) and other methods b. The statistical tools for synthesizing and analyzing the evidence (systematic reviews [SRs] and meta -analyses [MA]) c. The way in which dental care professi onals use evidence to steer patient decisions toward a common goal d. The usage of current best evidence to sometimes replace clinical expertise or input from the patient ANS: B The use of evidence to help guide clinical decisions is not new. However, the following aspects of EBM are new: (1) the methods of generating high -quality evidence, such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and other well-designed methods, (2) the statistical tools for synthesizing and analyzing the evidence (systematic reviews [SRs] and meta -analyses [MA]); and (3) the ways of accessing evidence (electronic databases) and applying it (evidence -based decision making [EBDM] and practice guidelines). DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 10 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 11. Which of the following is the definition for evidence -based dentistry ? a. The synthesis of all valid research that answers a specific question and that, in most cases, distinguishes it from a single research study. b. The integration of the best research evidence with our clinical expertise and our patient’s unique values and circumstances. c. An approach to oral health care that requires the judicious integration of systematic assessments of clinically relevant scientific evidence, relating to the patient’s oral and medical condition and history, with the dentist’s clinical expertise and the patient’s treatment needs and preferences. d. A structured proces s that incorporates a formal set of rules for interpreting the results of clinical research and places a lower value on authority or custom. ANS: C Evidence can be defined as “the synthesis of all valid research that answers a specific question and that, in most cases, distinguishes it from a single research study.” Evidence -based medicine can be defined asT“EthSeTinBteAgNraKtiSonEoLfLthEeRb.esCtOreMsearch evidence with our clinical expertise and our patient’s unique values and circumstances.” Evidence -based dentistry can be defined as “an approach to oral health care that requires the judicious integration of systematic assessments of clinically relevant sci entific evidence, relating to the patient’s oral and medical condition and history, with the dentist’s clinical expertise and the patient’s treatment needs and preferences.” Evidence -based decision making is “a structured process that incorporates a formal set of rules for interpreting the results of clinical research and places a lower value on authority or custom.” DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 10 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 12. The first step in evidence -based decision making (EBDM) is: a. asking the right question. b. conducting computerized research. c. searching for and acquiring evidence. d. appraising the evidence. ANS: A The first step in evidence -based decision making (EBDM) is asking the right question. DIF: Recall REF: p. 11 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 13. The combination of and good evidence allows health care professionals to apply the benefits from clinical research to patient care. a. technology b. good doctors c. practice d. teamwork ANS: A The combination of technology and good evidence allows health care professionals to apply the benefits from clinical research to patient care. DIF: Recall REF: p. 11 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 14. What can be a challenge when using EBDM? a. When only one research study is available on a particular topic. b. The fact that technology has not caught up to the needs of the process. c. When the clinician is forced to focus on what he or she and the patient believe to be the most important single issue and outcome. d. The fact that hierarchies of the types of evidence exist. ANS: A The challenge in using EBDM arises when only one research study is av ailable on a particular topic, or when limited research is available (and it is weak in quality or poorly conducted). DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 12 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 15. Which of the following is true about guidelines in the dental industry? a. Guidelines need to be strictly followed and never questioned. b. Guidelines are important to have in place so that dental care professionals do not veer from the course or goal. c. Guidelines are meant to be followed only by the dentist, not by the support staff. d. Guidelines will change over time as evidence evolves. ANS: D Guidelines will change over time as evidence evolves, thereby underscoring the importance of keeping current with scientific literature. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 15 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 16. Which of the following can be defined as “a statistical process used when the data from the individual studies in the systematic review can be combined into one analysis?” a. Clinical practice guidelines b. Case reports c. Meta -analysis d. Scientific process ANS: C Meta -analysis (MA) is a statistical process used when the data from the individual studies in the systematic review (SR) can be combined into one analysis. When data from these studies are pooled, the sample size and power usually increase. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 16 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 17. The highest level of evidence associated with questions about therapy or prevention is from: a. CPGs based on MAs and/or SRs of inception cohort studies. b. CPGs based on MAs and/or SRs of RCT studies. c. CPGs based on MAs and/or SRs about case reports. d. CPGs based on MAs and/or SRs about editorials. ANS: B The highest level of evidence associated with questions about therapy or prevention is from CPGs based on MAs and/or SRs of RCT studies. The highest level of evidence associated with questions about prognosis is from CPGs based on MAs and/or SRs of incepti on cohort studies. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 16 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 18. International evidence -based groups have made appraising evidence easier by developing appraisal forms and checklists that guide the user through a structured series of what types of questions? a. Open -ended questions b. Specific and measurable questions c. YES/NO questions d. PICO questions ANS: C International evidence -based groups have made appraising evidence easier by developing appraisal forms and checklists that guide the user through a structured series of “YES/NO” questions to determine the validity of the individual study or SR. Refer to Table 2.4 in the textbook. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 17 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 19. What does CASP stand for? a. Continuous Advancement Skills Program b. Critical Analysis Skills Program c. Continuous Allocation Skills Program d. Critical Appraisal Skills Program ANS: D CASP, which is an example of a critical analysis guide, stands for “Critical Appraisal Skills Program.” DIF: Recall REF: p. 17 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 20. Which of the following is an example of a question that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the EBDM process? a. Would more people want to have participated in this process? b. Did the selected intervention or treatment achieve the desired result? c. Do we want to continue this process at a later date? d. Did the hypothesis turn out to be the actual outcome of the process? ANS: B The final steps in the EBDM process are to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention and clinical outcomes and to determine how effectively the EBDM process was applied. For example, one question to ask in evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention is, “Did the selected intervention or treatment achieve the desired result?” DIF: Applica tion REF: p. 18 TOP: NBDHE; 4.1 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases Chapter 03: Critical Thinking: Assessing Scientific Evidence Newman: Clinical Periodontology for the Dental Hygienist, 1st Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is one of the three systematic experimental designs that are now routine in clinical research? a. The cohort study b. The case study c. The control study d. The exposure study ANS: A Three systematic experiments are now routine in clinical research: the case -control study, the cohort study, and the RCT. A cohort study is when exposed individuals are compared with nonexposed ind ividuals and monitored longitudinally for the occurrence of the primary endpoint of interest. DIF: Recall REF: p. 21 TOP: NBDHE; 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 2. All three systematic experimental designs that have become routine in clinical research permit us to study the association between the and the endpoint. a. hypothesis b. evidence c. exposure d. facts ANS: C All three study designs permit us to study the association between the exposure and the endpoint. An important challenge in the assessment of controlled evidence is determining whether the associated identified is casual. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 21 TOP : NBDHE; 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 3. Usually, clinically relevant questions share four important characteristics of the pretrial hypothesis. Which of the following is an example of such? a. A research team that is big enough to make a difference. b. Previous research related to the endpoint. c. A study sample that is big enough to be relevant. d. A clinically relevant endpoint. ANS: D Usually, clinically relevant questions share four important characteristics of the pretrial hypothesis: (1) a clinically relevant endpoint (referred to as the Outcome in the PICO question), (2) relevant exposure comparisons (referred to as the Intervention and the Control in the PICO question, (3) a study sample representative of real-world clinical patients (should be representative of the Patient defined in the PICO question), and (4) small error rates. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 22 TOP: NBDHE; 3.0 Analy zing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 4. How do you calculate an odds ratio? a. Create a multiplication equation and convert the byproducts. b. Create a two-by-two table and cross -tabulate. c. Create a realistic scenario and form a hypothesis. d. Critically appraise the evidence for its validity and usefulness. ANS: B An odds ratio is a ratio of odds. To calculate an odds ratio, a two -by-two (2 2) table is constructed in which the outcome is cross -tabulated with the exposure. Odds ratios can be calculated for data from RCTs, cohort studies, and case -control studies. DIF: Application REF: p. 23.e1 TOP: NBDHE; 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 5. For a factor to explain away an observed association, two criteria need to be fulfilled. Which of the following is one of those criteria? a. The factor must be cauTsaEllSy TreBlaAteNdKtoStEhLe LouEtcRo.mCeOanMd must not be in the causal pathway. b. The factor must be related to the exposure in a causal way. c. The factor must be associated to the outcome but not directly linked. d. The factor must be unrelated to the exposure. ANS: A For a factor (i.e., a potential confounder) to explain away an observed association, two criteria need to be fulfilled. First, the factor must be related to the exposure but not necessarily in a causal way. Second, the factor must be causally related to the outcome and must not be in the causal pathway. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 24 TOP: NBDHE; 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 6. Why can randomization be a counterintuitive process? a. It can create research bias. b. It takes control over treatment assignment away from the physic ian. c. It can lead to patient frustration. d. It can contribute to the patients feeling neglected and ignored. ANS: B