(Test Bank) 2018 Obesity Algorithm

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Test Bank

1st Edition

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Test Bank for 2018 Obesity Algorithm, The downloadable file consists of 364 pages, and the total size of the file is 5.16 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

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Study Note Preview

1 obesitymedicine.orgObesity Algorithm® 2017-2018 Obesity Algorithm®. ©2017-2018 Obesity Medicine Association.2Disclaimer and Permissions Disclaimer The Obesity Algorithm ® guidelines were originally presented by the Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) in 2013 and have since been updated yearly to include the latest treatments and trends in the field of obesity medicine. They were developed to assist health care professionals in the management and care for patients with overweight and obesity. The Obesity Algorithm is not intended to be a substitute for a medical professional's independent judgment and should not be considered medical advice. The content herein is based on medical literature and the clinical experiences of obesity medicine specialists. In areas regarding inconclusive or insufficient scientific evidence, the authors used their professional judgment. The Obesity Algorithm is a working document that represents the state of obesity medicine at the time of publication. OMA encourages medical professionals to use this information in conjunction with, and not as a replacement for, their best clinical judgment. The presented recommendations may not be appropriate in all situations. Any decision by practitioners to apply these guidelines must be made in light of local resources and individual patient circumstances. Permissions The Obesity Medicine Association owns the copyright to the Obesity Algorithm but invites you to use the slide set. Access to the Obesity Algorithm content and/or permission for extensive quoting or reproducing excerpts and for the reproduction and use of copyrighted text, images, or entire slides will not be granted until the requestor has signed the copyright consent and permission agreement available at www.ObesityAlgorithm.org. OMA reserves the right to deny a request for permission to use the Obesity Algorithm. Obesity Algorithm®. ©2017-2018 Obesity Medicine Association.3Peer Review Since its original release in 2013, the Obesity Algorithm has undergone peer review by medical professionals and providers, facilitated by: •Public posting on the web with free access and free download •Presentations and discussions at OMA meetings •Presentations and discussions at other scientific sessions and conferences •Citations in medical literature Throughout the year, OMA receives comments based on widespread exposure amongst world-wide colleagues (e.g., scientific and clinical peers), as well as via online public access. OMA members are encouraged to provide feedback. This 2017-2018 version of the Obesity Algorithm incorporates worldwide input, as well as interim scientific and clinical trial data. Obesity Algorithm®. ©2017-2018 Obesity Medicine Association.4Major Updates Included in the 2017-2018 Version •General updates and text edits •Suggested core slides – Clinical application and staff training •Suggested core slides – Review for the American Board of Obesity Medicine exam •Obesity prevalence •Lipodystrophy •Expansion of obesity paradox •Clinical interpretation of Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) results •Greater detail on the importance of non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) •Anti-obesity drug updates and summary •Updated references Obesity Algorithm®. ©2017-2018 Obesity Medicine Association.5Authors and Citation Core Authors: Bays HE, Seger, J, Primack C, Long J, Shah NN, Clark TW, McCarthy W. Contributing Authors: Horn DB, Westman, E Citation: Bays HE, Seger, J, Primack C, Long J, Shah NN, Clark TW, McCarthy W. Obesity Algorithm, presented by the Obesity Medicine Association. www.obesityalgorithm.org. 2017-2018. www.obesityalgorithm.org (Accessed = Insert date) Obesity Algorithm®. ©2017-2018 Obesity Medicine Association.6Purpose To provide clinicians with an overview of principles important to the care of patients with increased and/or dysfunctional body fat, based upon scientific evidence, supported by medical literature, and derived from the clinical experiences of members of the Obesity Medicine Association. Obesity Algorithm®. ©2017-2018 Obesity Medicine Association.7Process •The Obesity Algorithm was derived from input by volunteer OMA members consisting of: –Clinicians –Clinical trialists –Researchers –Academicians •The Obesity Algorithm project has never received industry funding •The authors have never received payment for their contributions Obesity Algorithm®. ©2017-2018 Obesity Medicine Association.8Intent of Use The Obesity Algorithm is intended to be a “living document” updated once a year (as needed). It is intended to be an educational tool used to translate the current medical science and the experiences of obesity specialists to better facilitate and improve the clinical care and management of patients with overweight and obesity. This algorithm is not intended to be interpreted as “rules” and/or directives regarding the medical care of an individual patient. While the hope is many clinicians may find this algorithm helpful, the final decision regarding the optimal care of the patient with overweight and obesity is dependent upon the individual clinical presentation and the judgment of the clinician who is tasked with directing a treatment plan that is in the best interest of the patient. The Obesity Algorithm is listed by the American Board of Obesity Medicine as a suggested resource and study-aid for the obesity medicine certification exam. (abom.org/exam-resources) Obesity Algorithm®. ©2017-2018 Obesity Medicine Association.9Author-Suggested Abbreviated Subset Slides All slides may be useful; however, the following are author suggestions of core slides for specific educational purposes regarding obesity: Illustrative Core Slides for Clinical Care and Staff Training: 11, 13, 16, 17, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 92, 93, 94, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 114, 126, 127, 128, 137, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 163, 175, 177, 178, 179, 185, 197, 217, 218, 219, 220, 211, 223, 226, 228, 229, 249, 250, 251, 262, 263, 265, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 304, 305, 306, 318, 320, 321 Illustrative Core Slides for American Board of Obesity Medicine Review: 20-31, 54-63, 65-90, 92-96, 112-123, 125-135, 141-147, 159-172, 180, 183-198, 200-221, 226-247, 253-260, 262-275, 276-281, 282-306, 307-316 Obesity Algorithm®. ©2017-2018 Obesity Medicine Association.10Table of Contents Obesity Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Obesity Defined as a Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Obesity as a Multifactorial Disease . . . . . . . . . . 18 Overall Obesity Management Goals . . . . . . . . . 32 Obesity Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Fat Mass Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Adiposopathy (Sick Fat Disease) . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Obesity Paradox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Stress and Obesity: Both Cause and Effect . . . 91 Patient Evaluation: History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Patient Evaluation: Physical Exam . . . . . . . . . . 104 Patient Evaluation: Laboratory and Diagnostic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Body Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Energy Expenditure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Concomitant Medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 General Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Nutritional Therapy for Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Motivational Interviewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Behavior Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Technologies for Weight-management . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Anti-obesity Medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Early Versus Late Weight-management Intervention . . 248 Bariatric Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Historic Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363Obesity Algorithm®. ©2017-2018 Obesity Medicine Association.11 Nutritional Intervention Physical Activity Pharmaco- therapy Bariatric Procedures Behavior Therapy Motivational Interviewing Management Decisions Evaluation and AssessmentObesity Algorithm Obesity as a Disease Data Collection Reference/s: [1] Obesity Algorithm®. ©2017-2018 Obesity Medicine Association.12 obesitymedicine.orgObesity Defined as a Disease13The Obesity Medicine Association’s Definition of Obesity “Obesity is defined as a chronic, relapsing, multi-factorial, neurobehavioral disease, wherein an increase in body fat promotes adipose tissue dysfunction and abnormal fat mass physical forces, resulting in adverse metabolic, biomechanical, and psychosocial health consequences.” Obesity Algorithm®. ©2017-2018 Obesity Medicine Association. Reference/s: [1]14Obesity Is a Disease When… •The patient has excessive body fat, as assessed by reliable measures •Excessive body fat is caused by genetic or developmental errors, infections, hypothalamic injury, adverse reactions to medications, nutritional imbalance, and/or unfavorable environmental factors •Multiple pathogenic adipocyte and/or adipose tissue endocrine and immune dysfunctions contribute to metabolic disease (adiposopathy or “sick fat” disease) •Multiple pathogenic physical forces from excessive body fat cause stress damage to other body tissues (fat mass disease) The adverse health consequences of increased body fat are not simply “co-morbidities” or “associated risk factors” Obesity Algorithm®. ©2017-2018 Obesity Medicine Association. Reference/s: [1]15Obesity Prevalence •In 2015 – 2016, the prevalence of obesity is estimated to be ~ 40% in US adults, and 18.5% of youths •The prevalence of obesity is higher among non-Hispanic black and Hispanic adults than among non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic Asian adults and youth •At least since 1999, the trend towards an increase in prevalence in obesity continues to increase among adults and youths Obesity Algorithm®. ©2017-2018 Obesity Medicine Association. Reference/s: [2]