(Test Bank) Adult Development And Aging

Cavanaugh,Blanchard-Fields, 8

Social Science

Test Bank

8th Edition

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Test Bank for Adult Development And Aging, The downloadable file consists of 345 pages, and the total size of the file is 3.38 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Cavanaugh, Blanchard-Fields

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Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 Powered by Cognero Page 1 Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. As a human resources director, you are only scheduling interviews with applicants under age 60. This is an example of a. ageism. b. gerontology. c. life-span perspective. d. age effects. 2. Believing that all old people are senile is an example of a. a stereotype that could lead to ageism. b. ageism that could lead to discrimination. c. accurate information about aging gathered from social media discussions. d. accurate information based on current research. 3. The uniforms for a fast food franchise are designed to fit young adults comfortably. This practice is known as a. contextualism. b. socialization. c. ageism. d. dysthmia. 4. Gerontology is a. the same thing as ageism. b. the study of prejudice and discrimination toward the elderly. c. the study of aging. d. the study of how chronic illnesses progress over time. 5. A key premise of the life-span perspective is that a. biological changes are the most important. b. events that happen in old age are more important than earlier experiences. c. social changes are the most important. d. aging is a lifelong process that begins at conception and ends at death. 6. Multidirectionality refers to a. development and aging involving both decline and growth. b. the ability to change and improve abilities over time and with development. c. the fact that each of us is affected by a variety of factors, both positive and negative. d. our differing cultural backgrounds. 7. Plasticity refers to a. development and aging involving both decline and growth. b. the ability to change and improve abilities over time and with development. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 Powered by Cognero Page 2 c. the fact that each of us is affected by a variety of factors, both positive and negative. d. our differing cultural backgrounds. 8. Understanding that development is shaped by biological, psychological, sociocultural, and life-cycle forces defines which feature of the life-span perspective? a. multidirectionality b. plasticity c. historical context d. multiple causation 9. According to Baltes et al. (2006) life-span development consists of the dynamic interaction among all of the following factors except a. geographic location b. growth c. maintenance d. loss regulation 10. Relative to the population of older European Americans, the number of older ethnic Americans is a. decreasing. b. increasing. c. similar. d. decreasing among women, while increasing among men. 11. Population trends in the United States, specifically the continuing rise in the number of elderly people, are a. unique and specific to the United States. b. not unique because the population of elderly persons is increasing in most parts of the world. c. also seen in Africa but not elsewhere in the world. d. also seen in Europe but not elsewhere in the world. 12. Thinning and graying of hair is an example of which force of development? a. life-cycle forces b. psychological forces c. biological forces d. histological forces 13. Characteristics that make us individuals, such as perception and emotional factors, are the result of a. life-cycle forces. b. psychological forces. c. biological forces. d. histological forces. 14. Together with life-cycle forces, the __________________________ provides a complete overview of the Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 Powered by Cognero Page 3 shapers of human development. a. context -specific approach b. internal perceptions scaffold c. biopsychosocial framework d. genetic forces model 15. Which of the following is an example of a normative age-graded influence on development? a. entering kindergarten b. living during the 9/11 attacks c. winning the lottery d. becoming addicted to methamphetamine 16. The age at which one begins their first marriage or retires from a career are a. normative age-graded events. b. normative history -graded events. c. normative individual -graded events. d. nonnormative events. 17. Normative history -graded influences are events that a. are unique to each person. b. occur at a specific age for each person. c. generally occur around the same age for most people. d. often give a generation its unique identity. 18. The advent of social media internet technology is an example of a a. normative age-graded event. b. normative history -graded event. c. normative individual -graded event. d. nonnormative event. 19. The retiring from the world of work at age 35 is an example of a a. normative age-graded event. b. normative history -graded event. c. normative individual -graded event. d. nonnormative event. 20. Which of the following is a nonnormative influence on behavior? a. when one’s first marriage occurs b. being a “baby boomer” c. having a child d. surviving a natural disaster Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 Powered by Cognero Page 4 21. is extremely important in gerontology because it shapes how people define core concepts such as age, old age, and normative life course. a. The age of the individual b. Ethnicity c. Culture d. Socialization 22. Normative age-related developmental changes, such as the slowing of one’s reaction time and the loss of family members and friends, are considered a. primary aging. b. secondary aging. c. tertiary aging. d. quaternary aging. 23. Developmental changes that are related to disease, lifestyle, and other environmental factors that are not inevitable are termed a. primary aging. b. secondary aging. c. tertiary aging. d. holistic aging. 24. Loss of memory due to Alzheimer’s disease is an example of a. primary aging. b. secondary aging. c. tertiary aging. d. quaternary aging. 25. involves a rapid loss that occurs just before death. a. Primary aging b. Secondary aging c. Tertiary aging d. Pathological aging 26. A resident of an assisted living center experiencing a marked decline in intellectual abilities in the years directly preceding death, known as terminal drop, is an example of which type of aging? a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. biopsychosocial 27. Denise is 51-years -old. However, posting selfies in a bungie jumping harness to her social media page made her feel much younger than her 51 years. The two types of age described here are Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 Powered by Cognero Page 5 a. sociocultural and biological. b. chronological and perceived. c. perceived and biological. d. chronological and biological. 28. Measuring the functioning of various vital or life-limiting systems, such as the human sensory system, is an assessment of a. biological age. b. chronological age. c. sociocultural age. d. psychological age. 29. The index of age that represents a person’s intellectual, memory, or learning ability is called a. biological age. b. perceived age. c. sociocultural age. d. psychological age. 30. A relatively recent term that points to the complexities of understanding the concept of age is “emerging adulthood.” Emerging adulthood is best understood as a. the transition from working life to retired life. b. the period of time from late adolescence until one’s early to mid-20s. c. the transition from early to late adolescence. d. the period of time during which one’s children leave home resulting in an “empty nest.” 31. How much of one’s development is influenced by heredity and how much is influenced by experience is referred to as the a. nature -nurture controversy. b. continuity -discontinuity controversy. c. stability -change controversy. d. universal versus context -specific controversy. 32. In order to understand a newborn’s future, we must simultaneously consider his or her inborn, hereditary characteristics, and the environmental influences. This is an example of which of the following controversies? a. continuity -discontinuity b. stability -change c. longitudinal -sequential d. nature -nurture 33. If we consider whether personality in young adulthood predicts personality in late adulthood, we are concerned with which of the following controversies or issues? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 Powered by Cognero Page 6 a. nature -nurture b. stability -change c. continuity -discontinuity d. quantitative -quantitative 34. Which controversy is a derivative of the stability -change issue and examines whether development occurs as a smooth transition over time or as a series of abrupt shifts? a. nature -nurture b. quantitative -qualitative c. continuity -discontinuity d. heredity -environment 35. As people age, the speed at which they react decreases. This phenomenon is cited in your textbook as an example of a. continuity. b. universality. c. plasticity. d. a cohort effect. 36. The belief that one’s capacity can be learned or improved with practice is called a. age effects. b. plasticity. c. incontinuity. d. instability. 37. Understanding the cultural and ethnic differences between !Kung African and European American family structures falls under which controversy? a. nature -nurture b. continuity -discontinuity c. stability -change d. universal versus context -specific 38. If you are using a questionnaire to assess memory in older individuals, and each time you administer the questionnaire it produces different results, it can then be said that the measure has low a. representativeness. b. utility. c. validity. d. reliability. 39. The degree to which a questionnaire measures what it is supposed to measure is an indication of its a. representativeness. b. utility. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 Powered by Cognero Page 7 c. validity. d. reliability. 40. Structured observations differ from naturalistic observations in that they a. use correlations to assess the strength and direction of a relationship. b. create a situation that is likely to elicit the behavior of choice. c. sample behaviors of interest in everyday situations. d. manipulate independent variables to see the effects on dependent variables. 41. The main question with the sampling behavior approach is its a. observability. b. reliability. c. specificity. d. validity. 42. If the spring semester class of adulthood and aging students filled out questionnaires regarding stereotypes about aging people, the class would be a a. population of people. b. sample of people. c. independent variable. d. dependent variable. 43. You are conducting a study on adult development and aging. Your sample is 25 middle -class European Americans. This brings into question whether your sample is a. representative of the larger population. b. assessed using reliable measures. c. biased in their results because they rely on naturalistic observation as opposed to experimental design. d. biased in their self-reports. 44. The experimental design uses all of the following except: a. random sampling b. manipulating a key factor c. a control group d. nonrepresentative sampling 45. Which variables are manipulated by the researcher(s) in an experiment? a. dependent variables b. independent variables c. codependent variables d. confounding variables Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 Powered by Cognero Page 8 46. In an experiment, which group receives the manipulation? a. the control group b. the experimental group c. the sample d. the population 47. Which of the following cannot be an independent variable? a. drug dosage b. use of memory aids c. amount of sleep d. age 48. The reason that most research on aging is not truly experimental is because a. age cannot be measured accurately in most people. b. most statistical techniques are not able to use age as a variable. c. age cannot be manipulated, so it cannot be an independent variable. d. it is hard to get large enough samples to represent different age groups. 49. A research design that seeks to determine the nature of the relationship between two variables, such as amount of in-ear headphone use and the prevalence of hearing loss in old age, is called a(n) a. self-report study. b. observational study. c. experiment. d. correlational study. 50. If a study concludes that increases in yoga pants purchases are correlated with increases in brain functioning in older adults, what can we assume to be suggested by the study? a. The increased yoga pants purchases caused an increase in brain functioning. b. The two variables are unrelated. c. The variables are positively related or correlated. d. The two variables are inversely or negatively correlated. 51. Even if age is positively correlated with speed of cognitive processing, we cannot conclude that age “caused” this increase because a. response speed is not usually affected by age. b. age normally causes a decrease in cognitive speed. c. only experimental studies can demonstrate cause and effect relationships. d. only correlational studies can demonstrate cause and effect relationships. 52. Dr. Grey, a gerontologist, is intensely studying one individual who has shown a remarkable lessening of Alzheimer’s symptoms after taking a new drug. This reversal has never before been observed in other individuals. This research design is known as a(n) Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 Powered by Cognero Page 9 a. experiment. b. correlational study. c. case study. d. unethical research method. 53. While going through her late 40s and early 50s a woman is experiencing menopause. This is an example of a(n) a. age effect. b. time-of-measurement effect. c. practice effect. d. cohort effect. 54. The term used to refer to differences caused by experiences and circumstances unique to the generation to which one belongs is known as the a. age effect. b. time-of-measurement effect. c. practice effect. d. cohort effect. 55. Being born in the year 2000 is a variable that could produce a(n) a. age effect. b. time-of-measurement effect. c. practice effect. d. cohort effect. 56. Testing people’s fear of bridges shortly following a well-publicized bridge collapse might produce a(n) a. age effect. b. time-of-measurement effect. c. practice effect. d. cohort effect. 57. Developmental researchers are interested in understanding a. how people change over time. b. age-related changes. c. age-related differences or variations. d. all of these are correct. 58. In a design, groups of participants who vary in age are studied at one point in time. a. cross -sectional b. longitudinal c. cross -sequential Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 Powered by Cognero Page 10 d. longitudinal -sequential 59. Dr. Arthur Itis wants to survey people 21-years -old and 90-years -old to get their opinions concerning national health care. Which research design is Dr. Itis most likely to use? a. cross -sectional b. longitudinal c. time-lag d. sequential 60. Dr. Faith Brook wants to survey young adults, middle -aged adults, and older adults on their use of social media. Which research design is Dr. Brook likely to use? a. cross -sectional b. longitudinal c. experimental d. sequential 61. Which of the following is not a characteristic of cross -sectional research? a. multiple age groups b. multiple cohorts c. repeated observations d. single time-of-measurement 62. A study of 70-year-olds finds that they are more likely to vacation in January than younger individuals. What can be concluded? a. Increased age caused participants to vacation more. b. Sex of participant is a confounding variable. c. Since age and cohort are confounding variables, it is not possible to determine whether increased vacations in January are due to age or historical time in which one lived. d. Time of measurement is a confounding variable. 63. You recently read a study in which the researchers concluded that after age 60, women’s IQs drop dramatically. This conclusion was based upon comparisons of women born between 1910 and 1930 and women born between 1960 and 1980. Based upon this information, the comment you would most likely make is a. this is not a valid result because men were not included in the study. b. longitudinal research doesn’t work well when looking at IQ over time. c. cohort effects likely account for the observed differences. d. whoever conducted this study is negatively biased against older women. 64. A commonly used design in adult development and aging research is the extreme age design (“young” vs “old”). Which of the following is a limitation of this type of study? a. the samples are not representative and may not generalize b. the measures may not mean the same thing across age groups and may not be valid Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 Powered by Cognero Page 11 c. age is not treated as a continuous variable d. all of these are correct 65. In a design, one group of participants is studied repeatedly over a period of time. a. cross -sectional b. longitudinal c. cross -sequential d. longitudinal -sequential 66. Graduate student Patty Hope Davis wants to follow the 2017 class of medical school graduates across the first decade after their graduation. Which research design will Patty most likely use? a. cross -sectional b. longitudinal c. time-lag d. sequential 67. A researcher decides to investigate whether there are any significant changes in personality from early adulthood through late adulthood. The researcher begins with a sample of 21-year-olds and plans to follow this group until they are 80 years old. The type of research design is a. cross -sectional. b. longitudinal. c. time-lag. d. sequential. 68. Age changes are studied most effectively using a design. a. cross -sectional b. longitudinal c. time-lag d. sequential 69. Children in a day care setting, ages 6 to18 months of age, are participating in a study examining the development of gross and fine motor skills. They are tested each week so that the researchers can observe their progress as it occurs. This type of study is known as a. an experiment b. a microgenetic study c. a macrogenetic study d. a cohort study 70. Practice effects are a major problem with . a. cross -sectional designs b. longitudinal designs c. time-lag designs Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 Powered by Cognero Page 12 d. sequential designs 71. If participants at the end of a longitudinal study tend to be those who were initially higher on some variable, then we have a case of a. negative selective survival. b. positive selective survival. c. elective selective survival. d. equally selective survival. 72. If the surviving participants in the last wave of testing in a longitudinal study on health and aging are those who initially had the lowest blood pressures, then we have a case of a. negative selective survival. b. positive selective survival. c. elective selective survival. d. equally selective survival. 73. A research design combines two or more cross -sectional designs. a. cross -sequential b. longitudinal c. cross -sectional d. longitudinal sequential 74. A developmental psychologist wants to survey several cohorts of people aged 60-years -old to get their opinions concerning Medicare (e.g., assessing 60-year-olds in 2010, then another group of 60-year-olds in 2015, and yet another in 2020). Which research design is best suited to this task? a. cross -sequential b. longitudinal -sequential c. microgenetic d. cross -sectional 75. The career development center at a local university wants to know what will happen to the 2015, 2020, and 2025 classes of gerontology graduates during the decade following their graduation. Which research design will the center most likely use? a. cross -sequential b. longitudinal c. time-lag d. longitudinal -sequential 76. An example of a longitudinal -sequential design would be a. measuring two cohorts of people over time. b. measuring several cross sections of people once. c. measuring multiple groups of same -aged people. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 Powered by Cognero Page 13 d. measuring one group of people over time. 77. In this type of sequential design, cohort and time-of-measurement effects are examined. a. cross -sequential b. time-sequential c. time-lag sequential d. longitudinal -sequential 78. The procedures used in research to ensure that participants are treated fairly and with care are known as a. ethical principles. b. psychological principles. c. psychometrics. d. debriefing. 79. Correlations can range from -1.0 to 1.0, reflecting three different types of relations between study time and number of grocery items from a list that are remembered. Which of the following statement satisfies the condition “r = 0”? a. Study time has no relation to remembering grocery items from a list. b. As study time increases (or decreases), the number of grocery items remembered also increases (or decreases). c. When study time increases (or decreases), the number of grocery items remembered decreases (or increases). d. Study time has relation to remembering items from the list. 80. Confounding refers to: a. any situation in which one cannot determine which of two or more effects is responsible for the behaviors being observed. b. any situation in which one can determine which of two or more effects is responsible for the behaviors being observed. c. any situation in which one cannot determine the behaviors being observed. d. effects that are responsible for the behaviors being observed. 81. Which type of commitment is not possible for most researchers? a. Generating sequential designs. b. Following many people over long periods of time, generating new samples, and conducting complex data analyses. c. Fixing the development issues while creating sequential designs. d. None of these 82. Meta -analysis is ____________ . a. a powerful tool as it allows scientists to determine whether a finding generalizes a study. b. a powerful tool as it allows people to determine whether a finding generalizes across many studies that used different methods. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 Powered by Cognero Page 14 c. a confusing tool that does not allow people to determine whether a finding generalizes a study. d. None of these 83. What makes research ethical? a. When designing a research study, investigators must do so in a way that does not violate the rights of the people who participate. b. Local panels of experts and community representatives do not review proposed studies before any data are collected. c. Scientists can begin their study without receiving approval from an expert panel. d. None of these 84. Professional organizations and government agencies adhere to ethical codes such as 'Minimize risks to research participants’ which will specify the rights of research participants and procedures. What does “Minimize risks to research participants” mean? a. Have the least potential for causing harm or stress. b. During the research, do not seek to avoid any unforeseen stress or harm. c. Have the substantial potential for causing harm or stress and proceed with the research regardless. d. None of these 85. Results of the participants who participated in the research should be: a. named. b. published. c. anonymous. d. ominous. 86. Which of the following factors may encourage participants to participate in the research? a. participants must be told the purpose of the project. b. participants must be warned about potential risks or harm. c. participants must be told whether they are free to discontinue participation at any time without penalty. d. All of these 87. One of the perspectives of life-span development is that people develop within a certain set of circumstances that are determined by the culture in which they were born. This perspective is called: a. Plasticity b. Multidirectionalism c. Historical context d. Multiple causation 88. There will be a strain in the healthcare and social service systems because people over the age of ____ are the most rapidly growing segment of the U.S. population. a. 16 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01 Powered by Cognero Page 15 b. 85 c. 35 d. 50 89. All of the following are historical terms referring to Americans of African ancestry except: a. Caucasian b. Colored people c. Negroes d. Black Americans 90. A study in which participants answer questions on topics of interest is called: a. Sequential design b. Multidirectional testing c. Plasticity testing d. Self-reporting 91. When a researcher manipulates a key factor that he thinks is responsible for specific behavior and allocates testing participants according to which factor is tested, the resulting groups are called _______ groups. a. ethnic b. research c. experimental d. None of these are correct. 92. What additional evidence would have strengthened K. Werner Schaie’s longitudinal study of intellectual abilities over time? a. People who live in different geographical areas would provide evidence as to whether the results are limited geographically. b. People with different economic backgrounds would provide insight into the effects on intellectual development variables. c. People with differing levels of access to health care would provide insight on the effects of these variables on intellectual ability over time. d. All of these 93. According to Schaie (1994), how can someone reduce the risk of cognitive decline in old age? a. Remaining cognitively active through lifelong reading and learning. b. Not treating cardiovascular and other chronic diseases in middle age. c. Having a rigid and structured lifestyle in middle age. d. Remaining unmarried throughout life. 94. Name the type of investigation design invented by K. Warner Schaie. a. Sequential design b. Parallel design