(Test Bank) Kinn’s Medical Assisting Fundamentals

Niedzwiecki, 1

Medicine

Test Bank

1st Edition

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Test Bank for Kinn’s Medical Assisting Fundamentals, The downloadable file consists of 914 pages, and the total size of the file is 6.69 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Niedzwiecki

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Kinn’s Medical Assisting Fundamentals 1st Edition Niedzwiecki Test Bank Chapter 01: Medical Terminology Basics Niedzwiecki: Kinn’s Medical Assisting Fundamentals, 1st Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Alzheimer’s disease is an example of a(n) a. prefix. b. word root. c. eponym. d. decodable term. ANS: C Eponyms are terms that are named after a person or a place. Alzheimer’s disease is named after the neurologist who first discovered the plaques and tangles in the brain associated with Alzheimer’s disease. REF: p. 3 OBJ: 1 TOP: Terminology: Medical Word Definitions MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 |CAAHEP: V.C.10 | ABHES: 3.a 2. Arthr/o is an example of a a. prefix. b. word root. c. suffix. d. combining form. ANS: D Arthr/o is an example of a combining form when used as part of a medical term. REF: p. 3 | Table 1.2 OBJ: 2 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.b 3. In the term hypodermic , the prefix is a. hypo. b. derm. c. dermo. d. ic. ANS: A To use a prefix with a term, simply add the prefix directly to the beginning of the term. The prefix of hypodermic would be hypo . REF: p. 9 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.b 4. In the term neonatology , the suffix is a. neo. b. nat. c. nato. d. logy. ANS : D The suffix for the term neonatology would be logy. A suffix occurs at the end of a word, and when used as a combining form, it can indicate the study of a particular body system. REF: p. 9 | Table 1.10 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.b 5. A word root for “bone” is a. osis. b. oste. c. ophthalm. d. opsy. ANS: B Oste/o is the word root for bone. REF: p. 12 | Table 1.14 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical WToErdSDTeBfAinNitiKoSnsE|LTLerEmRin.oCloOgMy: Root /Prefix/Suf fix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.b 6. The word component that refers to the stomach is a. gastr/o. b. col/o. c. enter/o. d. path/o. ANS: A Gastr/o is the word component that refers to the stomach. REF: p. 12 | Table 1.14 OBJ: 2 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.b 7. The prefix anti- means a. before. b. after, behind. c. near. d. against. ANS: D The prefix anti- means against. REF: p. 10 | Table 1.11 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3 .a | ABHES: 3.b 8. If a patient is being treated for hypothermia, he/she has abnormally a. high body temperature. b. low body temperature. c. high blood pressure. d. low blood pressure. ANS: B The prefix “hypo -” means “under”; therefore, the term hypothermia would mean “low body temperature.” REF: p. 9 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root /Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a | ABHES: 3.b 9. A patient who has a prenatal visit sees her practitioner a. after the birth of her child. b. before the birth of her child. c. the time surrounding the birth of her child. d. at the time of delivery. ANS: B A prenatal visit pertains to medical care received before the birth of a child. REF: p. 11 | Table 1.11 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 10. A patient has a surgical procedure described as an arthrotomy . You know that the joint a. was incised. b. was removed. c. had a new opening made. d. was visually examined. ANS: A The therapeutic intervention suffix tomy is used to describe an “incision or cutting” and arthr/o means “joint”; therefore, arthrotomy would indicate that the joint was incised. REF: p. 8 | Table 1.8 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix | Terminology: Specialty/Surgical/Procedures MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 11. A notation is made about an instrument to be ordered for the hospital. It makes a record of the electrical activity of the heart. The instrument is called an a. electrocardioscope. b. electrocardiogram. c. electrocardiograph. d. electrocardiography. ANS: C Electrocardiography is a diagnostic procedure that is done to measure the electrical activity in the heart and is done by using an instrument called an electrocardiograp h. REF: p. 8 | Table 1.9 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 12. You are checking a report for errors and find that one of the procedures listed is misspelled. Which one is it? a. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy b. Colostomy c. Tonsillectomy d. Ostetomy ANS: D The term osteotomy refers to an incision into the bone. If two or more combining forms are used in a term, the combining vowel is retained between the two, regardless of whether the second combining fo rm bTeEgSinTs BwAithNaKvSoEwLelLoErRa.coCnOsoMnant. REF: p. 8 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 13. Neurology is a discipline that would most likely treat patients with disorders of the a. nerves. b. teeth. c. stomach. d. joints. ANS: A Neur/o means “related to nerves” and logy means “the study of”; therefore, neurology means “the study of nerves.” REF: p. 12 | Table 1.14 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a | ABHES: 3.b 14. An instrument used to cut bone is an a. osteotome. b. osteoscope. c. osteotripter. d. osteometer. ANS: A The term osteotome means an instrument used to cut bone. It includes the instrument suffix of tome and the term oste/o which means “bone.” REF: p. 8 | Table 1.9 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a | ABHES: 3.b 15. A surgical repair of the external ear may be termed a. otoplasty. b. oculoplasty. c. tympanoplasty. d. trophoplasty. ANS: A The term otoplasty means “surgical repair of the ear.” It combines the term ot/o, which means “ear,” with the term plasty which indicates a “surgical repair.” REF: p. 4 | Table 1.3 OBJ: 2 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix | Terminology: Specialty/ Surgical/ProceTduErSesTBANKSELLER.COM MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a | ABHES: 3.b 16. The study of disease is a. pathology. b. neonatology. c. obstetrics. d. biology. ANS: A The term pathology describes the study of disease. REF: p. 8 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a | ABHES: 3.b 17. An enlargement of the heart is a. cardialgia. b. cardiopathy. c. cardiorrhexis. d. cardiomegaly. ANS: D The term cardiomegaly describes an enlargement of the heart. It uses the combined term cardio , which means “of the heart,” and the term megaly , which means an “enlargement.” REF: p. 7 | Table 1.6 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a | ABHES: 3.b 18. A new opening of the small intestines is a(n) a. colostomy. b. colotomy. c. enterostomy. d. enterotomy. ANS: C The term enterosotomy refers to a new opening of the small intestines. It uses the combined term enter/o which means “small intestine,” and the term stomy, which means “new opening.” REF: p. 5 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAA HEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a | ABHES: 3.b 19. A dermatosis would be a(n) a. abnormal condition of the skin. b. examination of the skTinE.STBANKSELLER.COM c. discharge or flow from the skin. d. instrument for cutting the skin. ANS: A The term dermatosis would refer to an abnormal condition of the skin. REF: p. 7 | Table 1.6 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix | Terminology: Specialty/Surgical/Procedures MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.10 | ABHES: 3.a | ABHES: 3.b 20. As part of the operative procedure, the surgeon performs an enteroplasty. You know that she has part of the intestines. a. enlarged b. sutured c. drained d. repaired ANS: D The term enteroplasty means a repair of the intestines. It combines the term enter/o , which means “small intestine,” with the term plasty , which indicates that it is a “surgical repair.” REF: p. 8 | Table 1.8 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Med ical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix | Terminology: Specialty/Surgical/Procedures MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a | ABHES: 3.b 21. In the term “periosteum,” you know that the suffix refers to a. a structure. b. surrounding. c. bone. d. through. ANS: A The suffix um of the term periosteum refers to a structure, thing, or membrane. REF: p. 6 | Table 1.4 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a | ABHES: 3.b 22. Patients with food caught in their interdental spaces have pieces of food a. within their teeth. b. between their teeth. c. under their teeth. d. above their teeth. ANS: B The term interdental means “between teeth,” and it uses the combined terms of inter , meaning “between,” and the term dental , referring to “teeth.” REF: p. 10 | Table 1.11 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medic al Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a | ABHES: 3.b 23. Examining the term epidermis, you would expect that the word part epi- refers to a structure the dermis. a. below b. around c. within d. above ANS: D The prefix epi of the term epidermis indicates that it is above or upon the skin. REF: p. 10 | Table 1.11 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a | ABHES: 3.b 24. If you are told that “cutane/o” is a combining form for the skin, then percutaneous would refer to a term that describes something that is the skin. a. under b. through c. surrounding d. before ANS: B The prefix per of the term percutaneous would indicate that it is through the skin. REF: p. 10 | Table 1.11 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a | ABHES: 3.b 25. You have just heard a word that begins with an “n” sound, but you cannot find it in the dictionary under the letter “N.” What other letter combinations could you try? a. sn b. tn c. pn d. an ANS: C A term that begins with an “n” sound may actually begin with the letters “pn.” REF: p. 11 | Table 1.13 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: SpTelElinSgTBANKSEL LMESRC.:CCOAMAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 26. One of your professors is using a term that sounds like it starts with a “z,” but you have read every Z term in your dictionary, and it’s not there. You should try looking under the letter a. Y. b. X. c. W. d. S. ANS: B A term that begins with a “z” sound may actually begin with the letter “x.” REF: p. 11 | Table 1.13 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Spelling MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 27. The professor dictated the terms that would be included on the next examination, but you didn’t recognize the one that started with a “t” sound. Later when reviewing your notes, you realize that it could have started with a(n) a. p. b. s. c. g. d. n. ANS: A A term that begins with a “t” sound may actually begin with the letters “pt.” REF: p. 11 | Table 1.13 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Spelling MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 28. You are sure that you heard an “f” sound at the beginning of the term meaning a bone of the fingers or toes. After exhausting your possibilities in the F section of the dictionary, you realize that you could also try which letter combination? a. sh b. ph c. th d. pt ANS: B A term that begins with an “f” sound may actually begin with the letters “ph.” REF: p. 11 | Table 1.13 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Spelling MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 29. Most medical terms are from which two languages? a. Spanish, English b. English, Latin c. English, Greek d. Greek, Latin ANS: D Medical terminology has its roots in Greek and Latin, like much of the English language. REF: p. 12 Definitions OBJ: 1 TOP: Terminology: Medical Word MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 30. Which is spelled correctly? a. Gastrotomy b. Gastroectomy c. Gastroscopy d. Gastroistis ANS: A The term gastrotomy refers to an incision of the stomach. REF: p. 4 | Table 1.3 OBJ: 2 TOP: Terminology: Spelling MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 31. The plural of vertebra is a. vertebri. b. vertebras. c. vertebrus. d. vertebrae. ANS: D If a term ends in -a, you form the plural by dropping the -a and adding -ae, such as vertebrae . REF: p. 11 | Table 1.12 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Spelling MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.10 | ABHES: 3.a 32. The plural of diagnosis is a. diagnoses. b. diagnosi. c. diagnosises. d. diagnosae. ANS: A If a term ends in -is, you form the plural by dropping the -is and adding -es, such as diagnoses. REF: p. 11 | Table 1.12 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Spelling MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.10 | ABHES: 3.a 33. The plural of phalanx is a. phalangi. b. phalanxae. c. phalanges. d. phalangus. ANS: C If a term ends in -nx, yo uTfEoSrmTtBhAe NplKurSaEl bLyLdEroRp.piCnOg Mthe -nx and adding -nges, such as phalanges . REF: p. 11 | Table 1.12 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Spelling MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.10 | ABHES: 3.a 34. What is the singular of thrombi? a. Thromba b. Thrombus c. Thrombis d. Thromba ANS: B The singular form of the term thrombi is thrombus . REF: p. 11 | Table 1.12 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Spelling MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 35. What is the singular of septa? a. Septus b. Septi c. Septae d. Septum ANS: D The singular form of septa is septum . REF: p. 11 | Table 1.12 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Spelling MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 36. What is the singular of prognoses? a. Prognosum b. Prognosis c. Prognosa d. Prognose ANS: B Prognosis is the singular form of prognoses . REF: p. 11 | Table 1.12 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Spelling MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 37. What is the singular of larynges? a. Larynx b. Larynge c. Larynis d. Laryna ANS: A Larynx is the singular form of larynges . REF: p. 11 | Table 1.1 2TESTBANKSEL LOEBRJ.: C3OM TOP: Terminology: Spelling MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 38. What is the plural of digitus? a. Digites b. Digities c. Digitusi d. Digiti ANS: D Digiti is the plural form of digitus . REF: p. 11 | Table 1.12 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Spelling MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.10 | ABHES: 3.a 39. Which of the following is a “sign”? a. Fever b. Pain c. Dizziness d. Itching ANS: A A “sign” is an objective finding of a disease state (e.g., fever, high blood pressure, rash). REF: p. 3 OBJ: 1 TOP: Terminology: Medical Word 1.14 OBJ: 3 Definitions MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 40. A patient is treated for kidney stones with a machine called a lithotripter . Its function is to stones. a. crush b. incise c. view d. record ANS: A A lithotripter is a machine used to crush kidney stones. REF: p. 8 | Table 1.9 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Medical Word Definitions MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 41. The study and treatment of the eye are a. ophthalmology. b. oncology. c. otology. d. odontology. ANS: A Ophthalmology is a term used when referring to “the study and treatment of the eye.” It uses the terms ophthalm/o which means “eye,” and the term logy which means “the study of.” REF: p. 12 | Table TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a | ABHES: 3.b 42. One of the terms used to describe a patient’s healthy condition starts with a “u” sound. You can’t find it in the U listings, so you check under which spelling? a. ou b. au c. eu d. yu ANS: C A term that begins with a “u” sound may actually begin with the letters “eu.” REF: p. 11 | Table 1.13 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Spelling MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 43. Which of the following disorders is an inflammation? a. Cardiomegaly b. Enteritis c. Ophthalmology d. Arteriostenosis ANS: B The term enteritis uses the suffix itis which means “inflammation.” REF: p. 7 | Table 1.6 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 44. An antib acterial agent a. produces bacteria. b. is against bacteria. c. surrounds bacteria. d. is without bacteria. ANS: B The term antibacterial uses the prefix anti which means “against.” REF: p. 10 | Table 1.11 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 45. A patient with an enteropathy has a(n) of the intestines. a. disease b. surgical repair c. suture d. enlargement ANS: A The term enteropathy means “disease of the intestines.” It uses the combining form of entero/o , which means “intestines” and path/o which means “disease.” REF: p. 12 | Table 1.14 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 46. The o in the term thermometer is a a. prefix. b. word root. c. combining form. d. combining vowel. ANS: D A combining vowel is a letter sometimes used to join word parts. Usually an “o” but occasionally an “a,” “e,” “i,” or “u.” REF: p. 2 OBJ: 1 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Word Combinations MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 47. Which of the following is an eponym? a. ng b. Achilles tendon c. Cataract d. + ANS: B Eponyms are terms that are named after a person or a place associated with the term, such as Achilles tendon . REF: p. 3 OBJ: 2 TOP: Terminology: Medical Word Definitions MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 48. Which of the following is an acronym? a. IM b. C2 c. ng d. TURP ANS: D Acronyms are abbreviations that are also pronounceable, such as TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate). REF: p. 3 OBJ: 1 TOP: Terminology: Abbreviations MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.1T0E| ASBTHBEASN:K3S.dELLER.COM 49. A patient reports, “I can’t sleep, my throat is sore, my muscles ache, and my fever is 102.4  F.” Which is considered a sign? a. “Can’t sleep” b. Sore throat c. Muscle aches d. 102.4  F fever ANS: D A sign is an objective finding of a disease state (e.g., fever, high blood pressure, rash). REF: p. 3 OBJ: 1 TOP: Terminology: Medical Word Definitions MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 50. The patient reports that her breathing difficulties of the last few years have been getting progressively worse. After testing, her disease is diagnosed as one that she will most likely have for the next several years. Her disease is considered to be a. acute. b. chronic. c. therapeutic. d. CABG. ANS: B A chronic condition typically develops slowly and lasts for 6 months or longer. REF: p. 3 OBJ: 1 TOP: Terminology: Medical Word Definitions MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 51. “Intr a-” has a similar meaning to a. infra -. b. inter-. c. peri-. d. endo -. ANS: D The prefix “intra -” has a similar meaning to the prefix “endo -.” REF: p. 10 | Table 1.11 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 52. The opposite of “hyper -” is a. anti-. b. hypo -. c. epi-. d. pre-. ANS: B The opposite of the pr efiTx E“hSyTpeBrA-”NisKtSheEpLrLefEixR“.hCypOoM-.” REF: p. 10 | Table 1.11 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 53. Which of the following means below or under? a. Dys- b. Hypo - c. Trans - d. Post- ANS: B The prefix “hypo -” means “below or under.” REF: p. 10 | Table 1.11 OBJ: 3 TOP: Terminology: Structure of Medical Words | Terminology: Medical Word Definitions | Terminology: Root/Prefix/Suffix MSC: CAAHEP: V.C.9 | ABHES: 3.a 54. The plural of pleura is a. pleurae. b. pleuri. c. pleurus. d. pleures.