(Test Bank) Biological Anthropology

Stanford, 4

History & Arts

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4th Edition

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Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Chapter 1: Origins of Evolutionary Thought Multiple Choice Questions 1. What was the result of the Scopes Monkey Trial? a. Scopes was found guilty of teaching evolution and lost his job. b. The state of Tennessee was forced to allow the teaching of evolution in the classroom. c. Evolution was disproved. d. Scopes was found innocent. Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how science differs from other ways of understanding the world. Topic: Chapter Opener Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. Today, federal courts uphold the idea that __________. a. evolution should not be taught in public schools b. the Old Testament is the most accurate source of information about the Earth’s past c. evolution is the unifying principle of the life sciences d. intelligent design should be taught along with evolution Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how science differs from other ways of understanding the world. Topic: Chapter Opener Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 3. Science is a(n) __________, not a __________. a. result; process b. process; method c. process; result d. observation; hypothesis Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how science differs from other ways of understanding the world. Topic: What Is Science? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. Which of the following is a step in the scientific method? a. experimentation b. verification c. dissemination d. identification Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how science differs from other ways of understanding the world. Topic: What Is Science? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. According to the scientific method, what is the first step scientist should take when they have a question about a natural phenomenon? a. Perform an experiment b. Develop a hypothesis c. Analyze their data d. Assess a paradigm Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how science differs from other ways of understanding the world. Topic: What Is Science? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 6. Scientific hypotheses are __________. a. derived from a non-empirical process b. rarely tested c. always assumed to be true d. falsifiable Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how science differs from other ways of understanding the world. Topic: What is Science? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. Why do scientists avoid saying that a hypothesis or theory is “proven”? a. New data could falsify hypotheses or theories. b. Scientists are worried about their reputations. c. Only scientific laws and paradigms can be proven. d. It takes too much work to “prove” something, so it rarely occurs in science. Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how science differs from other ways of understanding the world. Topic: What is Science? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. What is the difference between a deduction and a hypothesis? a. A hypothesis is more accurate than a deduction. b. A deduction is a conclusion whereas a hypothesis is a preliminary explanation. c. A deduction cannot be disproven but a hypothesis can. d. Scientists work much more with hypotheses than with deductions. Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.1: Explain how science differs from other ways of understanding the world. Topic: What Is Science? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 9. According to Aristotle, _______ are the apex of the “Great Chain of Being.” a. insects b. plants c. mammals d. humans Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. Aristotle believed in the “immutability of species.” This means he felt that species __________. a. are always changing b. change only when it is possible c. are fixed and unchanging d. change sporadically and unpredictably Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. Which of the following is consistent with Aristotle’s ideas about nature? a. The Earth is constantly changing. b. Changes to the environment will cause animals to evolve. c. All life is arranged in an orderly and hierarchical fashion. d. Humans evolved over millions of years. Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 29 12. During the Middle Ages, most people believed that the Earth _______. a. was constantly changing b. was unchanged since its formation c. was formed billions of years ago d. had experienced several mass extinction events Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. The dominant paradigm for the natural world during the European Middle Ages was based on __________. a. science b. falsifiability c. theology d. empirical experimentation Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. How did Renaissance thinkers, such as Galileo Galilei, best contribute to the progression of science? a. With the discovery of the New World, they were able to pinpoint the origin of humanity. b. They determined that all texts from the Middle Ages were incorrect and rewrote them. c. They performed research that laid a foundation for an academic discipline devoted to the scientific understanding of the human condition. d. They argued openly against church doctrine. Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 30 15. With the circumnavigation of the globe, Renaissance scholars developed a strong sense of __________. a. biological and cultural variation b. the fixity of species c. humanity’s inferiority in nature d. monogenism Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. The main contribution of Renaissance thinkers Leonardo da Vinci and Andreas Vesalius was their __________. a. study of the stars and planets b. discovery of the New World c. ideas about polygenism d. anatomical drawings Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. What role did the exploration of the New World play in the development of evolutionary theory? a. Exploration of the New World did not impact the development of evolutionary theory. b. European scholars became increasingly aware of biological diversity on the planet. c. Europeans adopted new ideas from the people they interacted with in the New World. d. Explorers immediately found fossils that made them think the world was very old. Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 31 18. What did Malthus observe relative to populations in the natural world? a. Mutations are rare in large populations. b. Populations are always exponentially increasing in size. c. There is only a struggle for existence in small populations. d. Population size remains roughly stable. Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Describe the ideas of Charles Darwin and how he developed them. Topic: The Darwinian Revolution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 19. Why were sixteenth century scholars who argued for polygenism imprisoned or burned at the stake? a. They believed the Earth was much older than accepted by the church. b. They believed there was only one God. c. They followed a scientific doctrine instead of a Christian doctrine. d. They thought human origins were much more diverse than the church did. Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 20. The idea that there is a single, divine origin of humanity is called __________. a. monogenism b. polygenism c. evolution d. the fixity of species Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 32 21. What was one possible reason evolutionary thought remained stifled in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? a. Naturalists did not have the proper technology to study evolution. b. The New World had not yet been thoroughly examined. c. Naturalists still tried to fit their observations of the natural world into church doctrine. d. Too few fossils had been studied and classified. Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 22. Which of the following sources did James Ussher use to calculate the age of the Earth? a. geological evidence, including stratigraphy b. astronomical data c. the Old Testament of the Bible d. ancient Greek and Roman texts Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. Which of the following was most interesting to scientists in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? a. evolution b. polygenism c. classification d. geology Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 33 24. Why was Galileo’s work, The Starry Messenger, important in the development of scientific thought? a. It proved church doctrine. b. It supported the theory of evolution. c. It supported the idea that the Earth is at the center of the universe. d. It argued that forces outside of traditional church doctrine impacted the world. Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 25. John Ray was the first naturalist to ___________, and Carolus Linnaeus used Ray’s work to __________. a. use the terms genus and species; develop taxonomy b. argue against church doctrine; write The Starry Messenger c. propose polygenism; develop a racial classification system d. use taxonomy; propose evolution Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 26. What does taxonomy refer to? a. the theory of a single, divine origin of humanity b. the theory of multiple origins of humanity c. the science of classifying and naming organisms d. the study of the age of the Earth Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 34 27. Who is most associated with the taxonomy used by scientists today? a. Carolus Linnaeus b. Georges Cuvier c. Comte de Buffon d. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. A taxonomy is made up of discrete units called __________. a. species b. nomenclatures c. particles d. taxa Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.2: Identify the contributions of earliest scholars before Darwin to the development of evolutionary theory. Topic: The Early Thinkers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. Why was Comte de Buffon important in the development of evolutionary thought? a. He identified the mechanism of evolutionary change. b. He observed that animals adapt to changing environments. c. He identified many new animal species. d. He developed the principles of geology. Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the contributions of the thinkers just before Darwin’s time and how they helped him formulate his ideas. Topic: The Road to the Darwinian Revolution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 35 30. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, why had it become increasingly difficult for people to think that the Earth was young and unchanged? a. The church began accepting the idea of evolution. b. The work of James Ussher was disproven. c. Lamarck proved that evolution by natural selection took millions of years. d. Fossils of animals no longer in existence were being found in deep geological strata. Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the contributions of the thinkers just before Darwin’s time and how they helped him formulate his ideas. Topic: The Road to the Darwinian Revolution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 31. Georges Cuvier is the naturalist best associated with which of the following ideas? a. the inheritance of acquired characteristics b. catastrophism c. evolution d. uniformitarianism Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the contributions of the thinkers just before Darwin’s time and how they helped him formulate his ideas. Topic: The Road to the Darwinian Revolution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 32. Which of the following is most consistent with the idea of catastrophism? a. Animals inherit transformations from their parents. b. Well-adapted individuals will reproduce successfully. c. A disaster wiped out the dinosaurs. d. Life forms slowly and transforms over time in reaction to changing environmental conditions. Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the contributions of the thinkers just before Darwin’s time and how they helped him formulate his ideas. Topic: The Road to the Darwinian Revolution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 36 33. Who among the following individuals was a supporter of evolutionary change? a. Leonardo da Vinci b. Jean Baptiste Lamarck c. Aristotle d. George Cuvier Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the contributions of the thinkers just before Darwin’s time and how they helped him formulate his ideas. Topic: The Road to the Darwinian Revolution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 34. Lamarckianism holds that __________. a. individuals transform over their lifetime and their offspring inherit those transformations b. all species are fixed c. random mutations provide a pool of variation from which nature selects d. allele pairs correlate with one another Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the contributions of the thinkers just before Darwin’s time and how they helped him formulate his ideas. Topic: The Road to the Darwinian Revolution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35. Why did Trofim Lysenko’s Soviet agricultural project fail? a. He assumed that he could modify crops through artificial selection. b. He assumed that exposing seeds to the cold would result in cold-resistant seeds. c. He used methods developed from Darwinian evolution. d. Soviet technology was not advanced enough for the project to succeed. Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the contributions of the thinkers just before Darwin’s time and how they helped him formulate his ideas. Topic: The Road to the Darwinian Revolution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 37 36. James Hutton is associated with __________, which argues that __________. a. Lysenkoism; changes to individuals over their lifetime can be passed on to the next generation. b. catastrophism; there have been multiple creations interspersed by great natural disasters c. uniformitarianism; the same slow geological processes observed today also operated in the past d. adaptive radiation; one founding species can diversify into multiple species in multiple environmental niches Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the contributions of the thinkers just before Darwin’s time and how they helped him formulate his ideas. Topic: The Road to the Darwinian Revolution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37. Which of the following statements best defines the idea of uniformitarianism? a. All species are fixed and unchanging. b. The world is periodically destroyed by natural disasters followed by creation events. c. The geological processes that drive the world today have always done so. d. Creatures can transform during their lifetime and their offspring will inherit those transformations. Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the contributions of the thinkers just before Darwin’s time and how they helped him formulate his ideas. Topic: The Road to the Darwinian Revolution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 38 38. Although geological uniformitarianism was introduced by __________, it was greatly popularized by __________. a. Lyell; Darwin b. Hutton; Lyell c. Lamarck; Lyell d. Ray; Hutton Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.3: Identify the contributions of the thinkers just before Darwin’s time and how they helped him formulate his ideas. Topic: The Road to the Darwinian Revolution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39. Darwin’s role aboard the HMS Beagle was as a(n) __________. a. astronomer b. chemist c. conservationist d. naturalist Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Describe the ideas of Charles Darwin and how he developed them. Topic: The Darwinian Revolution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 40. Darwin’s ideas on evolution fell into place while he contemplated __________. a. horses from Patagonia b. eagles from the Andes Mountains c. finches from the Galapagos Islands d. giant tortoises from the African coast Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Describe the ideas of Charles Darwin and how he developed them. Topic: The Darwinian Revolution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 39 41. What did John Gould determine when studying Darwin’s collected finch specimens from the Galapagos Islands? a. The finches possessed very few differences from those species found on mainland South America. b. The finches could be sorted into different species and by island based on beak differences. c. The finches were changing their physical characteristics over their lifetimes in response to environmental pressures. d. The finches all descended from one founding group and then diversified across the islands. Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Describe the ideas of Charles Darwin and how he developed them. Topic: The Darwinian Revolution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 42. Which of the following best defines adaptive radiation? a. as individuals transform over their lifetime, their offspring inherit those transformations b. survival of the fittest c. a process by which many species result from one ancient one d. genetic change that occurs in a population over time Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 1.4: Describe the ideas of Charles Darwin and how he developed them. Topic: The Darwinian Revolution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts