(Test Bank) Understanding Biology

Mason, 3

Biology

Test Bank

3rd Edition

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Test Bank for Understanding Biology, The downloadable file consists of 2715 pages, and the total size of the file is 16.95 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Mason

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Version 1 1 CHAPTER 1 CHECK ALL THE APPLY. Choose all options that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Cell theory is one of the foundations of biology. What are the tenets of the cell theory? Check all that apply. A) All organisms aremade up of more than one cell. B) All cells have theability to move. C) Cells carry geneticmaterial passed to daughter cells during cellular division. D) Cells arise fromother cells through the process of cell division. E) Organisms are formed through spontaneous generation. F) All living organisms consist of cells. 2) Darwin's theory of evolution is supported by many modern pieces of evidence. Check all that apply. A) New measurements of the age of the earth B) An understanding of the mechanism of heredity C) Human population growth D) Comparative studies of animal structures E) Similarities in DNA of related species MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 3) Science is subdivided into specific areas of study, called disciplines. These divisions are artificial but are helpful to narrow the massive scope of scientific knowledge to a manageable amount. Given the brief definitionof each listed discipline, which is likely to provide the best answer to a question about how fluid dynamics affect blood pressure in mammals? A) Biochemistry—study of chemical reactions needed for life function, usually at the cellular level B) Bioinformatics—use of technology to study and store biological data C) Biophysics—study of biological processes through physics D) Biology—study of life Version 1 2 4) Based on hierarchical levels of biological organization, which represents the broadest level? A) Endocrine system B) Three-toed sloths C) School of piranhas D) Amazon Basin E) Jaguars, giant anteaters, macaws, capybaras 5) Experiments are carried out to test a hypothesis by changing one variable at a time and including an unchanged variable termeda/an __________. A) experimental variable B) altered variable C) control D) stable variable 6) The method of reasoning that uses construction of general principles by careful examination of many specific cases is called __________. A) deductive reasoning B) theoretical reasoning C) hypothetical reasoning D) inductive reasoning E) experimental reasoning 7) Dr. Ratard was trying to determine the cause of a mysterious epidemic affecting fish in the gulf of New Mexico. His proposal that the deaths were caused by an organism called a protist is considered a/an __________.Version 1 3 A) experiment B) hypothesis C) conclusion D) theory E) data set 8) After Darwin concluded his voyage on the Beagle, he proposed that the process of natural selection was a mechanism for __________. A) artificial selection B) evolution C) sexual selection D) speciation E) overpopulation of finches on the Galapagos Islands 9) A scientific theory is __________. A) a suggested explanation that accounts for observations B) a way to organize how we think about a problem C) a concept that is supported by experimental evidence that explains the facts in an area of study D) a way to understand a complex system by reducing it to its working parts 10) Although a computer is not alive, it shares which fundamental property of life? A) Energy utilization B) Cellular organization C) Homeostasis D) Reproduction E) Heredity Version 1 4 11) A yellow jacket, an insect in the order Hymenoptera, stung you. Then a wasp, an insect in Hymenoptera, stung you as well. A hornet, an insect in Hymenoptera, stung you last. It is an observable pattern that all insects in this order must have stingers. The type of reasoning this represents is __________. A) inductive reasoning B) deductive reasoning C) reductionism D) comparative reasoning 12) Darwin hypothesized that Galapagos finches _________. A) had beaks that were adapted to allow them to eat local foods B) had migrated from South America at least 14 times to account for the variation in species C) were hybrids of South American and African finches D) looked the same but had learned different behaviors that allowed them to eat different foods 13) A suggested explanation that might be true and is subject to testing by further observations is a/an __________. A) experiment B) generality C) hypothesis D) scientific principle E) theory 14) Based on the literature, you hypothesize that students in traditional biology lectures will have the same grades as students in online biology lectures. You decide to test your hypothesis by comparing grades of students in traditional and online biology lectures over a semester. As a result of the experiment, you observe that the grades in the traditional lectures and the grades in the online lecturesare not significantly different. What do these observations allow you to do?Version 1 5 A) Reject the hypothesis B) Accept the hypothesis without further question C) Develop a scientific theory D) Reject the nullhypotheses 15) Your microwave will notturn on, and you speculate that a circuit breaker in the house has been tripped. In scientific terminology, the steps you would take to figure this out would be described as _________. A) forming conclusions from the results of experiments B) developing an observation based on a hypothesis C) developing a hypothesis based on an observation D) testing a prediction generated from a hypothesis 16) A student poses the question: How does the presence of dissolved salt affect the freezing point of water? To answer this question, the student set up two conditions. In the first condition, the student added salt to water in a container and referred to this condition as the variable. In the second condition, the student did not add any salt to water in a second container and referred to this condition as the control. The student took both containers and attempted to freeze the water at various temperatures to assess the freezing point. Would this be a valid experiment? A) Yes, because there is more than one variable. B) Yes, because there is one variable and a control C) No, because there is not more than one variable D) No, because there is only one variable and a control 17) The proposal that one type of organism can change gradually into another type over a long period of time is known as __________.Version 1 6 A) evolution B) natural history C) preconception D) preservation 18) Darwin's ideas on evolutionwere advanced for his time. His approach to science and natural selection were supported by which main tenant? A) Various organismsand their structures resulted from a spontaneous action. B) Species wereunchangeable over the course of time. C) The world is fixedand constant. D) Operation of natural laws produces constant change and improvement. 19) Besides Darwin, the theory of evolution by means of natural selection was also independently proposed by __________. A) Alfred Wallace B) Charles Lyell C) Thomas Malthus D) Karl Popper E) Peter Raven 20) The term that Darwin used to describethe concept that organisms with superior strength, behavior, or other attributes are more likely to survive andpass their traits to the next generation than those that are not so well endowed is called __________. A) biological diversity B) geometric progression C) natural selection D) superior beings E) survival of modifications Version 1 7 21) A key contribution to Darwin's thinking was the concept of limits put on the geometric growth of populations by nature, originally proposed by __________. A) Charles Lyell B) Thomas Malthus C) Karl Popper D) Peter Raven E) Russel Wallace 22) Darwin's book in which he described his views on evolution is __________. A) Principles of Geology B) On the Principle of Population C) On the Origin of Species D) Survival of the Fittest 23) Recent discoveries of microscopic fossils have extended the known history of life to about __________. A) 3.5 billionyears ago B) 2 billion years ago C) 4.5 billionyears ago D) 1 billion years ago 24) In California, a species of salamanders were geographically separated over time. The group that lived in southern California relied heavily on large gold blotches on their skin that helped to camouflage them from predators. The group that lived along the coast adopted a color pattern that mimicked a poisonous, colorful newt common to that area. Instead of being camouflaged, these salamanders advertised their colors. What type of selection process has occurred over time?Version 1 8 A) Artificial selection B) Natural selection C) Experimental selection D) Theoretical selection 25) The same basic array of bones is modified to give rise to the wing of a bat and the fin of a porpoise. Such anatomical structures are called __________. A) analogous B) uniform C) homologous D) inherited E) evolutionary modifications 26) Structures that have similar functions are said to be __________. A) homologous B) analogous C) inherited D) uniform E) evolved 27) Which is the closest relative to a whale? A) A shark B) A hippopotamus C) A goldfish D) An eagle 28) Differences in domesticated animalsover relatively shortperiods of time most likely occur through __________.Version 1 9 A) natural selection B) adaptation C) evolution D) experimental selection E) artificial selection 29) If you were to design a long-term research study to determine why there are no human births in Lapland during the months of August, September, and October, you would need to also examine a comparison population of humans in which births took place every month. The primary reason for including a comparison population within the design of this experiment would be to __________. A) accumulate more facts that could be reported to other scientists B) test the effects of more than one variable at the same time C) prove that there are no births in Lapland during August, September, and October D) act as a control that would ensure that the results obtained are due to a difference in only one variable 30) Essay on the Principle of Population, written by Thomas Malthus in 1798, influenced Darwin's thoughts as he struggled to understand what mechanisms could be at work to produce evolution. Malthus proposed that populations of animals and plants, including humans, __________. A) increased arithmetically in numbers while the nutrients available only increased geometrically B) increased geometrically in numbers while the nutrients available only increased arithmetically C) decreased arithmetically in numbers while the nutrients available increased geometrically D) increased geometrically in numbers while the nutrients available increased arithmetically E) evolved from mainland to islands, thus explaining why the island flora and fauna resembled the mainland species so closely Version 1 10 31) A student set up an experiment to test if plants give off water vapor. Fifty pea plants, growing in pots, were covered with individual glass containers and left overnight. The next morning, the inside of each lid was covered in droplets of water. The lab student concluded that plants generally give off water vapor. What critique would you make of the experimental design? A) There was nocontrol so the water could have come from other sources such as air in the jaror the soil. B) There was not alarge enough sample of pea plants used to get adequate data. C) The student did nothave a clearly stated hypothesis before beginning the experiment. D) The experiment wasnot precise, meaning it was not reproducible. 32) It is known that many trees lose their leaves in response to decreasing day length. As a result, you think thatGingko trees may also lose their leaves in response to decreasing day length. This statement is an example of __________. A) deductive reasoning B) an experiment C) a hypothesis D) a theory 33) Multiple independent experiments have demonstrated that phytochrome helps trigger seasonal change responses in plants such as changing color and loosening of leaves. Plants have the ability to respond to seasonal changes in their surroundings. This statement is an example of __________. A) deductive reasoning B) an experiment C) a hypothesis D) inductive reasoning E) a theory 34) Plants are raised under artificial lights turned off and on by an electric clock. Some are given long periods of light, others short periods. This is an example of __________.Version 1 11 A) deductive reasoning B) an experiment C) a hypothesis D) inductive reasoning E) a theory 35) Both walnut and Gingko trees lose their leavesin the fall when day length starts decreasing. Based on these observations, one may conclude that many tree species will lose their leaves in the fall in response to decreasing day length. This statement is an example of __________. A) deductive reasoning B) an experiment C) inductive reasoning D) a theory 36) Gingko trees are known to lose their leaves at a certain time each year throughout the United States. Based on this information, Gingko trees in Chinamust behave the same way. These statements are an example of __________. A) deductive reasoning B) an experiment C) inductive reasoning D) a theory 37) The primary difference between fungi and animals is that fungi __________. A) digest their food externally B) are photosynthetic C) are multicellular D) have nuclei Version 1 12 38) Wings of birds and butterflies have similar functions, but different evolutionary origins. They are __________. A) homologous structures B) physiological structures C) phylogenetic structures D) analogous structures 39) An alien from another planet landed on earth. He is fascinated by cars and is determined to figure out how they work. He decides to disassemble one of them and examine each part independently. He removes one of the tires and proceeds to learn all he can about the tire. He then removes one of the headlights and proceeds to learn all he can about the headlight. What type of approach is this alien taking to learn about the car? A) Reductionism B) Deductive reasoning C) Inductive reasoning D) Emergent properties 40) While you are riding the ski lift up to the top of the mountain on a very cold day, you start to shiver involuntarily. You know that the shivering is your bodyʹs attempt to help regulate your body temperature and is an example of which type of mechanism? A) Energy utilization B) Sensitivity C) Homeostasis D) Evolutionary adaptation 41) You have been assigned to address a problem of overpopulation of species X in a nearby county. One of the members of your team suggests introducing species Y, which is a natural predator of species X, but not normally found in the area. After some discussion, you go ahead and introduce species Y. What aspects of the hierarchical organization may be affected within a period of a several years?Version 1 13 A) Population, species, community B) Population, community C) Population, species, community, biosphere D) Organism, population, species 42) You have been assigned to analyze some extraterrestrial material recently collected from Mars. After examining a sample using a microscope, you jump up excitedly and shout to your colleagues that you have confirmed the existence of life on Mars. One of your colleagues takes a look at your sample and says she sees a single-celled "body" with little internal structure. Assuming that life on Mars can be classified into similar domains and kingdoms as Earth, to which domain or kingdom does your "blob" most likely belong? A) Eukarya B) Fungi C) Protista D) Archaea E) Animalia 43) Why was the determination of the actual sequence of the human genome considered to be descriptive science? A) It involved hypothesis-driven research. B) It did not involve hypothesis-driven research. C) It involved deductive reasoning. D) It did not involve deductive reasoning. 44) You look outside and realize that your grass needs to be mowed. You pick up the container of gasoline and see that you have approximately a third of a gallon left. You hypothesize that this amount will be enough to mow your entire lawn. Unfortunately, half way through mowing your lawn you run out of gasoline. You grumble and think to yourself that the next time you mow the lawn, you hypothesize that you will need to have at least two-thirds of a gallon of gasoline available. How did the results of your lawn-mowing experience influence the validity of your new hypothesis for future gasoline needs?Version 1 14 A) Your prediction of future gas needs is based on experimental data and therefore increases the validity of your hypothesis. B) The hypothesis was invalidated by your experimental evidence. C) Your hypothesis was supported by trial and error. One more trial added to your data set. D) Your prediction proved that your hypothesis is correct. 45) A plant and animal would be most similar at which level of organization? A) Cell B) Organelle C) Tissue D) Organ 46) How does peer review influence the development of scientific theories? A) Peer review allows other scientists to know what is current in their field. B) Careful evaluation of research results by other scientists ensures that only solid and legitimate research results are published, and helps prevent faulty research or false claims from being viewed as scientific fact. C) Peer review increases competition among scientists and thus increases the quality of the published work. D) Peer review makes it extremely difficult for work to be published other than earth-shattering scientific theories. 47) Amanda was studying turtles based on DNA analysis. Under the current classification scheme, which of the following turtle species are thought to be most closely related? (1) Graptemys ouachitensis (2) Trachemys scripta (3) Apalone spinifera (4) Graptemys kohni Version 1 15 A) 1 and 3 due to inductive reasoning B) 1 and 3 due to deductive reasoning C) 2 and 3 due to inductive reasoning D) 1 and 4 due toinductive reasoning E) 2 and 3 due to deductive reasoning F) 1 and 4 due to deductive reasoning 48) Marceau is studying small single-celled organisms that lack nuclei. These organisms can be broadly classified into thedomain __________. A) Bacteria B) Protista C) Animalia D) Fungi 49) Bacterial cells are placed into a 250 mL liquid growth medium in a closed laboratory flask. According to Malthusian theory, they will reproduce exponentially and then __________. A) continue reproducing geometrically as long as there are no limitations on food supply B) continue reproducing arithmetically as long as there are no limitations on food supply C) continue reproducing geometrically until the food supply is used up, then they will cease to grow D) continue reproducing arithmetically until the food supply is used up, then they will cease to grow 50) A dental student wants to test if fluoride is an effective additive against tooth decay. The student studies tooth decay in a population of people who live in neighborhoods supplied with fluoridated water. This student would like to ask whether access to fluoridated water prevents tooth decay. What would be an effective control group to ask this question?