(Test Bank) Human Development: A Life-Span View

Kail,Cavanaugh, 8

Medicine

Test Bank

8th Edition

• $15.00 $50.00

---

Description

Test Bank for Human Development: A Life-Span View, The downloadable file consists of 512 pages, and the total size of the file is 1.4 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Kail, Cavanaugh

---

---

Study Note Preview

TEST BANK FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: A LIFE -SPAN VIEW 8TH EDITION ROBERT V. KAIL JOHN C. CAVANAUGH ISBN -10: 1337554839 ISBN -13: 9781337554831 Table Of Contents 1. The Study of Human Development. Part I: PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT, INFANCY, AND EARLY CH ILDHOOD. 2. Biological Foundations: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth. 3. Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development. 4. The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood. 5. Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood. Part II: SCHOOL -AGE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS. 6. Off to School: Cognitive and Physical Development in Middle Childhood. 7. Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional Deve lopment in Middle Childhood. 8. Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence. 9. Moving Into the Adult Social World: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence. Part III: YOUNG AND MIDDLE ADULTHOOD. 10. Becoming an Adult: Physical, Co gnitive, and Personality Development in Young Adulthood. 11. Being With Others: Forming Relationships in Young and Middle Adulthood. 12. Work, Leisure, and Retirement. 13. Making It in Midlife: The Biopsychosocial Challenges of Middle Adulthood. Part IV: L ATE ADULTHOOD. 14. The Personal Context of Later Life: Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Issues. 15. Social Aspects of Later Life: Psychosocial, Retirement, Relationship, and Societal Issues. 16. The Final Passage: Dying and Bereavement. 1. The scientific study of human development can best be described as *a. multidisciplinary b. focused on groups rather than individuals c. non-theoretical d. emphasizing stability over change 2. Which term does not belong in this group? a. experiential b. nurture c. environmental *d. hereditary 3. Dr. Kim takes a strong nature position with regard to the origins of intellectual disabilities. Therefore, she would most likely hypothesize that her son’s intellectu al disability (formally known as mental retardation) is due to a. her parenting style *b. his genes c. his exposure to a toxic chemical prior to birth d. his exposure to Rubella prior to birth 4. The notion that development is best described in terms of a series of abrupt s hifts in behavior best fits with the ____ approach. a. nature b. nurture c. continuity *d. discontinuity 5. Cleo, a director of a daycare, uses terms like “pre-K,” “K-3,” and the “upper-ele mentary.” These ideas are most compatible with a ____ view. a. context-specificity b. hereditary c. continuity *d. discontinuity 6. Dr. Fletcher is attempting to determine whether adult criminals were rule-break ers throughout their childhood or whether they suddenly turned to a life of crime. Her research is most concerned with which issue of human development? a. nature versus nurture b. universal versus context-specific development c. biological versus sociocultural forces *d. continuity versus discontinuity 7. Mustafa is interested in determining whether children develop virtually the sa me way in Algeria as they do in other parts of the world. Mustafa’s research deals primarily with the ____ issue of human development. a. psychological versus biological forces *b. universal versus context-specific development c. nature versus nurture d. continuity versus discontinuity 8. When Clarisse says, “It doesn’t matter if they are French, Swedish, or Chinese, kids are kids,” she is espousing a ____ position concerning human development. a. discontinuous *b. universal c. nurture d. context-specific 9. Viviana notices that children seem to mature socially much faster in Costa Ric a than in the Canada. Viviana is most likely to support a ____ position regarding h uman development. a. nature b. discontinuous *c. context-specific d. continuous 10. Lotte is listening to a lecture in which her professor states, “Genetic and cult ural factors are important, but they alone cannot explain the development of hum an beings.” Lotte’s professor seems to be supporting the *a. biopsychosocial framework b. position that development is continuous c. notion of universality d. concept of discontinuity 11. Because Dr. Bryant is interested in researching how people of different ages are affected by events, it would be most accurate to say that Dr. Bryant is most in terested in studying ____ forces. a. psychological b. biological *c. life-cycle d. sociocultural 12. When asked why her sister Yvonne ended up in jail, Penny says, “She was al ways a mean, aggressive person. She really liked hurting people.” Penny is relying on ____ forces to explain Yvonne’s development. a. sociocultural b. normative age-graded c. normative history-graded *d. psychological 13. Benoit is interested in studying the effects of various biological forces on hu man development. Which topic is probably of least interest to him? *a. cognition b. brain maturation c. menopause d. exercise 14. The field of ____ gives us information about how the four developmental force s interact with each other. a. biology *b. neuroscience c. anthropology d. sociology 15. Which item does not constitute a “psychological force”? a. perception b. intelligence c. personality *d. heredity 16. Julianna is interested in studying how family relationships affect development . Julianna is probably most interested in studying ____ influences. a. psychological *b. sociocultural c. non-normative d. biological 17. Daisy and Rose are identical twins who were separated at birth. Daisy was rai sed in the United States, whereas Rose spent her childhood in Austria. Which forc e would likely explain most of the differences between their behaviors as teens? a. psychological b. nature-based c. biological *d. sociocultural 18. Your friend David has decided to start studying human development because he hates studying biology. According to your text, will David find happiness in his new area of interest? a. Yes, because he can focus on psychological factors and ignore sociocul tural and biological factors. b. Yes, but only if he enjoys studying sociocultural factors. *c. No, because studying biological influences is a necessary component i n understanding development. d. No, because normative age-graded influences are all biological. 19. What is a problem encountered by researchers assessing the effects of socio cultural forces? a. the lack of genetic distinction between individuals from different racial b ackgrounds b. culture appears to have little impact on cognitive development *c. changing ethnic labels (e.g., black American to African American) d. the inability to apply results to the population being studied 20. Marcelia has been promoted and is moving her family to a new city in a differ ent part of the country. Though four-year-old Fernando is very happy and makes th e transition easily, 12-year-old Jorge is unhappy and has a very difficult time adjus ting to the move. Both children generally adapt well to change. Which single set of factors best explains the different responses of Fernando and Jorge to the move? a. biological factors b. sociocultural factors c. personality factors *d. life-cycle factors 21. When Alfonso says, “It would have been tough to be a father at age 21, but b eing one at age 28 is super,” he is noting the important role that ____ factors play in human development. a. biological *b. life-cycle c. sociocultural d. psychological 22. Which statement best exemplifies the basic premise of life-cycle forces? a. Biological forces play a small role once a person reaches puberty. b. Unconscious desires are the basis for most human behavior. *c. Early experiences may influence behavior throughout one’s developme nt. d. The forces that influence human behavior are too complex to identify th rough empirical research. 23. Jamaal is a second-grade teacher who notices that his students behave diffe rently from the fourth-graders during recess. He comes up with several connected ideas to explain why the two groups behave differently. Jamaal ’s ideas would bes t be described as a(n) ____. a. experiment *b. theory c. study d. mesosystem 24. Psychodynamic theories place the least emphasis on the ____ portion of the biopsychosocial framework. a. life-cycle b. psychological c. sociocultural *d. biological 25. When asked to explain why teenage gang membership is rising, Dr. Yale resp onds, “Generally speaking, these children are driven by conflicts between what th ey wish to do and what society wishes them to do.” It is most likely that Dr. Yale would be a proponent of ____ theory. *a. psychodynamic b. social cognitive c. ecological d. cognitive-developmental 26. Who is most associated with psychosocial theory? *a. Erikson b. Bandura c. Watson d. Freud 27. The epigenetic principle is a key component of ____ theory. a. social cognitive b. ecological c. information-processing *d. psychosocial 28. Nemo wishes to leave home and begin an adventure that will challenge his s kills as a person and lead to a better understanding of himself. According to Erik Erikson, Nemo is in which stage of psychosocial development? a. generativity vs. stagnation *b. identity vs. identity confusion c. autonomy vs. shame d. basic trust vs. mistrust 29. The argument that each psychosocial strength has its own special age period of specific importance is the cornerstone of ____ theory of development. a. Bandura’s *b. Erikson’s c. Skinner’s d. Vygotsky’s 30. How would Erik Erikson respond to the statement, “A midlife crisis is a norma l part of the human life-cycle”? *a. He would agree. b. He would disagree and point out that there is no “normal” progression o f human development. c. He would disagree and point out that “crises” are not a normal part of h uman development. d. He would say nothing since he focused on development between birth a nd adolescence. 31. The basic premise of ____ is that the consequences of a behavior determine the likelihood of the behavior being repeated in the future. a. the life-span perspective b. the epigenetic principle c. universal development *d. operant conditioning 32. After completing his history assignment, Nico is excused from having to wash the dishes, a task he detests. Nico’s parents are attempting to use ____ to increa se Nico’s studying. a. positive reinforcement b. punishment c. extinction *d. negative reinforcement 33. Lynne always wants to visit her grandparents because they give her new toys when she visits. The grandparents have ____ her visiting behavior. *a. reinforced b. extinguished c. punished d. extinguished 34. In operant conditioning theory, reinforcement is to punishment as *a. increasing is to decreasing b. giving is to taking c. unwanted is to wanted d. good is to bad 35. Zhang is attempting to alter the behavior of his son by controlling the conseq uences of his son’s actions. Zhang is practicing a. social learning theory b. negative reinforcement *c. operant conditioning d. ecological theory 36. An effective punishment a. causes some physical pain b. follows a reinforcer *c. reduces the likelihood that a behavior will occur in the future d. eventually becomes ineffective 37. Morticia finds that whenever she talks to her daughter about her obnoxious b ehavior, the obnoxious behavior increases in frequency. Apparently, Morticia’s talk s are ____ her daughter’s obnoxious behavior. a. punishing *b. reinforcing c. suppressing d. having no effect on 38. Dr. Gauche likes to make fun of student comments in class. She finds that e very time she does this, students make fewer comments the rest of the class peri od. Apparently, Dr. Gauche’s jokes are ____ the students for talking in class. *a. punishing b. negatively reinforcing c. positively reinforcing d. imitating 39. Imitation is most closely related to the concept of a. positive reinforcement b. life-cycle forces c. selective optimization *d. observational learning 40. Even though Bonita was never reinforced directly for doing so, she increased the frequency of her studying after she saw her friend Hemma get a lot of attentio n when she studied. This is most likely an example of *a. observational learning b. operant conditioning c. punishment d. self-efficacy 41. Melissa is doing a study in which lacrosse players are interviewed about their role on the team and perceived capabilities for playing in Saturday’s game. Meliss a seems to be assessing the ____ of the lacrosse players. a. life-cycle forces b. exosystems c. internal maturational plans *d. self-efficacy 42. Alberto believes he can successfully ski down a steep mountain. Most likely Alberto has a. reached formal operations *b. high self-efficacy c. resolved the industry vs. inferiority stage d. been negatively reinforced 43. Dr. Link tries to help his students learn how to be independent learners by ha ving them watch how other students can be successful by researching answers to possible test questions on their smartphones. Dr. Link is using principles of ____ to help his students. *a. social learning theory b. operant conditioning c. cognitive-developmental theory d. psychosocial theory 44. Who would most likely explain a child’s maladaptive behavior by saying, “They probably saw some TV character do that”? a. Blake, who is a behaviorist *b. Adam, who is a social learning theorist c. Alicia, who is a Freudian theorist d. Gwen, who is a Piagetian theorist 45. Dr. Sefky says, “Sure, reinforcement and punishment are important, but how people interpret reinforcement and punishment is even more important.” Given thi s statement, Dr. Sefky’s view is most likely to agree with a. operant conditioning *b. social cognitive theory c. psychosocial theory d. psychodynamic theory 46. Social cognitive theory and operant conditioning are similar in that they both a. view the individual as an active processor of information *b. believe that experience is important in determining behavior c. place a greater emphasis on nature than on nurture d. stress discontinuity 47. Whose theory of development is best exemplified by the idea that children co nstruct their own knowledge and that this constructed knowledge changes with ag e/experience? *a. Piaget b. Bronfenbrenner c. Erikson d. Skinner 48. Brandon’s developmental psychology teacher believes human development is best conceptualized as progressing discontinuously through several qualitatively d ifferent stages of thinking. His instructor is likely a(n) *a. Piagetian b. social learning theorist c. ecological theorist d. behaviorist 49. What is the correct order of Piaget’s stages of development? a. sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational b. preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational, sensorimotor *c. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational d. preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational 50. When describing the development of his son Pitt, Brad says, “The best way to describe it is in terms of a slow computer with a small memory getting a faster pr ocessor and more storage space.” This type of description would suggest that Bra d adheres to a(n) ____ approach to development. a. operant conditioning b. ecological theory c. Piagetian *d. information-processing 51. Rutger believes that, rather than progressing through a sequence of stages, mental processes gradually get more complex and efficient. Rutger is most likely a proponent of a. Piaget’s theory b. Kohlberg’s theory *c. information-processing theory d. Erikson’s theory 52. What type of theorist would most likely describe human cognitive developmen t using the analogy of “mental software”? *a. an information-processing theorist b. a Freudian theorist c. an operant conditioning theorist d. a social learning theorist 53. Dr. Bach is a developmental psychologist who is interested in Vygotsky’s the ory. What sort of forces are probably of most interest to Dr. Bach? a. biological b. psychological c. life-cycle *d. sociocultural 54. Who would have the least amount of interest in children’s thinking? a. an information-processing theorist *b. a Skinnerian theorist c. a Vygotskian theorist d. a Piagetian theorist 55. The biggest difference between Vygotsky’s approach to development and that of Piaget and the information-processing approach is that Vygotsky placed more e mphasis on