(Test Bank) Basic Anatomy And Physiology 2000 Multiple Choice Questions

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Physiology

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Test Bank for Basic Anatomy And Physiology 2000 Multiple Choice Questions, The downloadable file consists of 502 pages, and the total size of the file is 4.26 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

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Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and Physiology Contents 1 Organisation of the Body ................. ....................................................... 1 2 Cells and Tissues ..................................................................................... 7 2.1 Cells and Tissues .................................................................. ......... 7 2.2 Cell Cycle (Mitosis and Protein Synthesis) ................................... 27 3 Measurement, Errors and Data ............................................................. 35 4 Chemistry for Physiology ................................ ....................................... 43 4.1 Atoms and Molecules .................................................................... 43 4.2 Solutions ........................................................................................ 52 4.3 Diffusion and Osmosis................................................................... 61 4.4 Tonicity, Moles and Osmoles......................................................... 69 4.5 Acids, Bases and Buffers ............................................ ................... 79 4.6 Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules ...................................... 93 5 Integument ............................................................................................... 105 6 Homeostasis ..................... ........................................................................ 119 7 Skeleton and Joints ................................................................................. 125 8 Muscles ............................................................ ......................................... 143 9 Gastro -Intestinal System ........................................................................ 161 10 Endocrine System ................................................................................... . 191 11 Renal System ........................................................................................... 211 12 Cardiovascular System ........................................................................... 237 12.1 Blood................... ........................................................................... 237 12.2 Heart .............................................................................................. 250 12.3 Blood Vessels.............................................. ................................... 262 12.4 Pressure: The Physics of Pressure ................................................. 274 ix x Contents 12.5 Pressure Applied to the Cardiovascular System ............................... 286 12.6 Blood Pressure and Its Control ................................ ......................... 297 13 Respiratory System ................................ ................................ .................... 315 13.1 Anatomy and Physiology ................................ ................................ . 315 13.2 Pressure Applied to the Respiratory System ................................ .....335 14 Nervous System ................................ ................................ .......................... 347 14.1 Cells and Action Potential ................................ ................................ 347 14.2 Brain and Spinal Cord Anatomy ................................ ....................... 360 14.3 Autonomic System, Neurotransmitters, Reflexes ............................. 377 14.4 Special Senses (Eye & Ear) ................................ .............................. 389 14.4.1 Eye ................................ ................................ ...................... 389 14.4.2 Ear ................................ ................................ ....................... 397 15 Reproductive System ................................ ................................ ................. 405 16 Waves, Light Waves, Sound Waves, Ultrasound (The Physics Of) ................................ ................................ ......................... 419 16.1 Waves ................................ ................................ ............................... 419 16.2 Light Waves ................................ ................................ ...................... 424 16.3 Sound ................................ ................................ ................................ 429 16.4 Ultrasound ................................ ................................ ......................... 432 17 Ionising Radiation ................................ ................................ ...................... 437 17.1 Medical Imaging with X -Radiation ................................ .................. 437 17.2 Radioactivity, Radiotherapy, Nuclear Medicine, Radiation Safety ................................ ................................ ................ 445 18 Electrici ty ................................ ................................ ................................ ....465 19 Biomechanics ................................ ................................ .............................. 475 20 Energy and Heat ................................ ................................ ........................ 493 Chapter 1 Organisation of the Body A large part of beginning the study of anatomy and physiology is learning the spe - cialised words that are used. This new terminology may seem daunting but the chal- lenge l ies in its unfamiliarity rather than its difficulty of comprehension. You must expect to encounter a lot of new words and be prepared to learn them over the course of your study. Many of the words contain information as the words are con - structed with a prefix and a suffix or a stem that identifies the word as referring to a specific part of anatomy or physiology. This sometimes makes the words rather long or unusual. You should know what the anatomical position of the body is and in what direc - tion the transv erse, sagittal & coronal planes of the body lie. Directional terms such as: proximal/distal; deep/superficial; superior/inferior; lateral/medial; anterior/pos - terior; caudal/cephalic allow the location of one anatomical feature to be placed relative to ano ther. The dorsal and ventral body cavities are located on different sides of the body and contain different organs. For ease of communication, the abdomen is divided into nine regions: right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypo - chondriac, right lumbar, um bilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric (or pubic), left inguinal regions. You should know the difference between physiology and anatomy and the definitions of metabolism, anabolism and catabolism. 1. Which of the listed terms is described by: “All the chemical processes that take place in the organelles and cytoplasm the cells of the body”? A. Metabolism B. Cellular respiration C. Homeostasis D. Physiolog y Answer is A: The quoted statement is a definition of metabolism 2 1 Organisation of the Body 2. Which major organ lies deep to the right hypochondriac region? A. The stomach B. The spleen C. The liver D. The duodenum Answer is C: hypochondriac = below the rib cartilage; liver is located mostly on the right side. 3. Which plane of the body divides it into dorsal and ventral regions? A. Transverse B. Axial C. Coronal D. Sagittal Answer is C: dorsal and ventral = front and back – a coronal section so divides the body into these secti ons. 4. To which of the following does the “tissue level” of structural organisation refer? A. atoms, ions, molecules and electrolytes B. mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum C. nephron, alveolus, villus, lobule D. muscle, nervous, connective, epitheli al Answer is D: the listed structures are the four major tissue types. 5. The directional term “superior” in anatomy means which of the following? A. cephalic B. ventral C. caudal D. dorsal Answer is A: cephalic refers to the head region. While superior refers to being closer to the head than is the other anatomical structure in question. 6. Which of the following is the best definition of physiology? A. The microscopic study of tissues and cells B. The study of how the body works. C. All the chemical processes that take place in the organelles of the body‟s cells. D. The body‟s automatic tendency to maintain a relatively constant internal environment. Answer is B: physiology is indeed the study of how the (healthy) body functions. 1 Organisation of the Body 3 7. The “anatomical position” could be described as which of the following? A. Lying down prone B. Lying down supine C. Standing displaying the ventral surface of the body D. Standing with arms and legs abducted Answer is C: this is the best answer. Standing is required, as is having the arms hanging parallel to the sides, with palms facing forward. 8. Which choice best describes the location of the majority of the musculo -skeletal system? A. It is in the dorsal cavity B. It is in the ventral cavity C. It is in the abdomino -pelvic cavity D. It is not located in a body cavity Answer is D: the musculo -skeletal system is located in the ar ms and legs, and surrounding, but outside of the abdomino -pelvic, thoracic and the dorsal cavities. 9. Which of the following is/are the contents of the ventral cavity? A. heart and lungs B. brain and spinal cord C. viscera D. gut, kidneys, liver, pancreas, spleen, bladd er, internal reproductive organs. Answer is C: this is the best answer. It is a collective term for all organs in the thoracic and abdomino -pelvic cavities. 10. Which of the stated relationships is correct? A. the heart is inferior to the clavicle B. the shoulder is distal to the carpals C. the phalanges are proximal to the metacarpals D. the eye is medial to the eyebrows Answer is A: The heart is indeed below (inferior) to the clavicle. All other choices are wrong. 11. Which of the following is/are the contents of the dorsal body cavity? A. heart and lungs B. brain and spinal cord C. viscera D. gut, kidneys, liver, pancreas, spleen, bladder, internal reproductive organs. Answer is B: dorsal refers to the back, the cavity enclosed by the skull and vertebrae. 4 1 Organisation of the Body 12. Which of the stated relationships is correct? A. the heart is superior to the large intestine B. the shoulder is distal to the metacarpals C. the phalanges are proximal to the carpals D. the eye is medial to the nose Answer is A: the heart is indeed above (superior) to the intestine. All other answers are wrong. 13. What is the study of how body parts function called? A. histology B. physiology C. homeostasis D. metabolism Answer is B: physiology refers to function 14. Which of the following correctly describes the two named body parts? A. the elbow is proximal to the shoulder B. the phalanges are distal to the carpals C. the ribs are proximal to the sternum D. the elbow is distal to the knee Answer is B: phalanges (finger bones) are indeed further from the trunk along the arm, than are the carpals (wrist bones) 15. Which one of the following statements is correct? A. the diaphragm separates the brain and spinal cord B. the ventral cavity contains the male and female reproducti ve system C. the abdomino -pelvic cavity contains the spinal cord. D. the dorsal cavity contains the brain and spinal cord Answer is D: dorsal means back and that is the cavity with spinal cord and brain. B is incorrect as the genitalia are outside the ventral cavity. 16. Complete the sentence correctly: “Cervical vertebrae are…… A. superior to the rib cage. B. inferior to the thoracic vertebrae. C. located between the thoracic and sacral vertebrae. D. fused into a single bone called the sacrum. Answer is A: cervix refers to “neck”. The cervical vertebrae are in the neck hence are above (superior) to the rib cage. 17. The dorsal body cavity contains which of the following organs? A. The brain. B. The brain and spinal cord. 1 Organisation of the Body 5 C. The brain, spinal cord and heart. D. The brain, spinal cord, heart and kidneys. Answer is B: Dorsal refers to the back and is opposite to ventral. Only the brain and spinal cord occupy the dorsal cavity. All other answers are incorrect. 18. What does the process known as anabolism refer to? A. the use of energy for producing chemical substances. B. the breaking down phase of metabolism. C. all the chemical process that take place in the organelles of the cells. D. the supply of nutrients to the body‟s cells. Answer is A: anabolism refers to the process of cons tructing/building mole - cules (think anabolic steroids). B refers to catabolism. C refers to metabolism. 19. To what does the term “hypochondriac” refer? A. A condition of having too few chondria. B. The region of abdomen inferior to the ribs. C. A person who often com plains of an ailment. D. Having insufficient cartilage in the knees. Answer is B: In this case “hypo -” means below, while “ -chondr” refers to the cartilage joining the ribs to the sternum (the costal cartilages). The regions of the abdomen immediately inferior to these rib cartilages (on the left and right sides of the body) is what is being referred to 20. If a medical image displays internal anatomy in mid-sagittal section, which of the following describes the section? A. A vertical section through the nose and umbi licus that divides the body into right and left halves. B. A cross -section through the midriff at about the level of the liver. C. A cross -section through the upper chest at about the level of the shoulders. D. A vertical section through the midpoint of the clavicl e and through either the right or left thigh. Answer is A: A Sagittal section divides the body into left and right portions. A mid sagittal section means that the dividing line is in the vertical mid line of the body so that the halves are equal. 21. Which of the following best describes the “anatomical position”? A. Standing vertically, arms held horizontally, legs apart so that the tips of the head, hands and feet lie on an imaginary circle, drawn around the body. B. Standing “to attention”, with hands held so that thumbs are ventral while the fifth digit is dorsal. 6 1 Organisation of the Body C. Standing “at ease” with hands clasped behind your back while adjacent and dorsal to the sacrum. D. Standing vertically, arms parallel and lateral to the ribs with hands infer ior to the elbows and supinated. Answer is D: The anatomical position is achieved when standing with feet comfortably apart while displaying the ventral surface of the head, body and forearms to the same direction (forwards). 22. Which term describes the locat ion of the adrenal glands with reference to the kidneys? A. proximal B. distal C. superior D. inferior Answer is C: The adrenal glands are on the cephalic side of the kidneys. Being closer to the head, they are termed “superior to the kidneys”. 23. Which of the following terms is NOT used to identify a region of the abdomen? A. left hypochondriac B. hypogastric C. epigastric D. right sacral Answer is D: Right sacral is not a region on the anterior surface of the abdomen. 24. What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? A. The mediastinum B. The diaphragm C. The peritoneum D. The pylorus Answer is B: The muscular diaphragm physically separates these two ventral cavities. Chapter 2 Cells and Tissues 2.1 Cells and Tissues Cells are composed of their cytoplasm, which include s the cytosol and organelles; the nucleus and the surrounding plasma membrane. You should know that the plasma membrane is a double layer of phospholipid molecules and that these mol - ecules have a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end. The plasma membrane con- tains proteins including the ATPase (the sodium -potassium pump) which moves sodium ions out of the cell while moving potassium ions into the cell. You should know the names and function of some of the organelles. For example you should know that mito chondria produce ATP and that ribosomes synthesise proteins from amino acids. You will become familiar with the names of many cells. Often a word can be recognised as the name of a cell because it ends in “ -cyte” or, if it is an immature cell, by ending in “-blast”. Four major types of tissue are identified in the body: epithelial, connective, muscle and neural tissues. Of course there are many sub - types within these categories. For example epithelial tissue may be squamous, cuboidal, columnar or glandular. Muscle may be skeletal, smoot h or cardiac. Connective tissue is quite varied and you should be aware of the many different examples of tissue that are categorised as “connective”. For example, blood, bone, dermis, cartilage and tendon are all connective tissue. 1. Which structure within the cell produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate)? A. the mitochondria B. the nucleus C. peripheral proteins D. the endoplasmic reticulum Answer is A: This is a basic function of mitochondria. All other answers are wrong. © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 201 6 7 M. Caon, Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and Physiology , DOI 10.1007/978 -981-10-2332 -3_2 8 2 Cells and Tissues 2. Which of the following is NOT a component of the cell plasma membrane? A. cholesterol B. proteins C. microfilaments D. phospholipid s Answer is C: microfilaments occur inside the cell. 3. Which list below contains the four types of tissue? A. extracellular fluid, skeletal tissue, glandular tissue, connective tissue. B. extracellular fluid, muscle tissue, glandular tissue, cartilaginous tissue. C. neural tissue, skeletal tissue, epithelial tissue, cartilaginous tissue. D. Neural tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue. Answer is D: These are the four types. Extracellular fluid is not a tissue. Cartilage is a type of connective tissue. 4. Except for one, the following are types of cells. Which one is NOT a type of cell? A. platelets B. leucocytes C. macrophages D. osteoblasts Answer is A: Platelets are fragments of a cell (a megakaryocyte) bound by a membrane. 5. In which part of a cell does the process of making ATP from oxygen and glu- cose take place? A. lysosomes B. ribosomes C. mitochondria D. golgi apparatus Answer is C: ATP production is the function of mitochondria. 6. Which of the following is a function of membrane proteins? A. to process lipids and proteins for se cretion through the plasma membrane B. to act as receptors for hormones C. to synthesise proteins from amino acids D. to act as a cytoskeleton to support and shape the cell Answer is B: One function of membrane proteins is to receive (amino acid based) hormones tha t cannot pass through the plasma membrane. 2.1 Cells and Tissues 9 7. What is the difference between simple squamous cells and simple columnar cells? A. squamous cells are flattened while columnar cells are taller than they are wide. B. simple squamous cells are one layer thick while simple columnar cells are several layers thick. C. simple squamous cells are epithelial tissue while simple columnar cells are connective tissue. D. squamous cells are flattened while columnar cells are cuboidal. Answer is A: The names of the cells contains a description of their shape: either flat, or like columns. Simple refers to a single layer of cells 8. Which of the following is NOT an example of a cell? A. macrophages B. lysosomes C. plasmocytes D. chondroblasts Answer is B: the suffix “ –some” refers to an organelle within a cell. The other suffixes all indicate a type of cell. 9. Which cell organelles contain an acidic environment capable of digesting a wide variety of m olecules? A. Lysosomes B. Ribosomes C. Centrosomes D. Golgi complex Answer is A: the prefix “lyso -” refers to the ability to dissolve or destroy mol - ecules or cells. 10. Which form of transport through the plasma membrane requires the expendi - ture of energy by the cell? A. Facilitated diffusion B. Osmosis C. Active transport D. Diffusion Answer is C: The term “active” implies using energy (in the form of ATP) to move a molecule against its concentration gradient, while the other processes are all passive. 11. Which of the tissue types be low consists of a single layer of cells? A. stratified squamous epithelial tissue B. glandular epithelium 10 2 Cells and Tissues C. areolar connective tissue D. simple columnar epithelial tissue Answer is D: the word “simple” indicates a single layer of cells. Stratified means several layers (or strata) of cells. 12. One of the following is NOT a serous membrane. Which one? A. pleura B. peritoneum C. mucosa D. pericardium Answer is C: mucosa is a mucus membrane (& secretes mucus) 13. Which of the following is NOT made predominantly from epithelial tissue? A. In the dermis B. In exoc rine glands C. In endocrine glands D. In the endothelium of blood vessels Answer is A: The dermis contains connective tissue, nervous tissue & muscle as well as epithelial tissue. 14. What are tendons and ligaments composed of? A. Dense connective tissue B. Liquid connect ive tissue C. Muscular tissue D. Epithelial tissue Answer is A: tendons & ligaments are dense CT. This is strong as there is a high proportion of fibres. 15. What is the composition of the intercellular matrix in connective tissue? A. Cells and fibres B. Serous and mucus me mbranes and lamina propria C. Protein fibres and ground substance D. Interstitial fluid Answer is C: “intercellular” means between cells. So matrix is fibres & ground substance (but no cells). 16. Which statement about the plasma membrane is INCORRECT ? A. It is selectivel y permeable. B. It is composed of two layers of glycoprotein molecules. C. It contains receptors for specific signalling molecules. 2.1 Cells and Tissues 11 D. The plasma membranes of adjacent cells are held together by desmosomes. Answer is B: The PM is indeed made of two layers, but they are phospholipid (not glycoprotein) molecules. 17. Which of the following is NOT epithelial tissue? A. the epidermis B. glandular tissue C. the internal lining of blood vessels D. the dermis Answer is D: The dermis contains some of all four ty pes of tissue. 18. Which of the following is NOT a cell found in connective tissue? A. adipocytes B. chondroblasts C. keratinocytes D. osteoblasts Answer is C: Keratinocytes are in the epidermis which is epithelial tissue. The other cell types occur in fat, cartilage and bone. 19. What tissue has cells that are closely packed and that have one surface attached to a basement membrane and the other free to a space? A. epithelial tissue B. muscle tissue C. connective tissue D. nervous tissue Answer is A: This is a definition of epithelial tis sue. 20. What is the name of the mechanism that ensures that there is a higher concen - tration of sodium ions in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid? A. Facilitated diffusion B. The sodium -potassium pump C. Secondary active transport D. Osmosis Answer is B: The “pump” (or ATPase) transports Na+ out and K+ into the cell. 21. What are lysosomes, centrosomes and ribosomes example of? A. stem cells B. organelles within a cell C. sensory receptors in the dermis D. exocrine glands Answer is B: the suffix “–some” refers to small body or organelle within a cell. 12 2 Cells and Tissues 22. What does simple columnar epithelial tissue refer to? Tissue with A. a single layer of cells longer than they are wide. B. a single layer of cells whose length, breadth and depth are about the same size. C. several layers of cells, all of the same type. D. several layers of cells but without a basement membrane. Answer is A: simple = one layer. Columnar means oblong or shaped like a column. 23. Which of the following is NOT an example of connective tissue? A. blood B. bone C. tendon D. epidermis Answer is D: the epidermis (on top of the dermis) is epithelial tissue. 24. What is the function of phospholipids in the plasma membrane? A. to maintain the intracellular fluid at a similar composition to that of the interstitial fluid. B. to for m channels to selectively allow passage of small molecules. C. to act as receptors for signalling chemicals. D. to present a barrier to the passage of water -soluble molecules. Answer is D: molecules that are soluble in water cannot pass through lipid (fat). So the phospholipids are a barrier. The functions described by B. & C. are per- formed by other molecules in the plasma membrane. 25. Which one of the following cell types is found in epithelial tissue? A. plasma cells B. leucocytes C. keratinocytes D. chondroblasts Answer is C: keratinocytes produce keratin, the protein of the epidermis, which is epithelial tissue. 26. Which of the following is NOT part of the plasma membrane of a cell? A. integral proteins B. glycoproteins C. plasma proteins D. peripheral proteins Answer is C: as the name i mplies, plasma proteins are found in the blood plasma. Not to be confused with the plasma membrane.