(Test Bank) Biology Today And Tomorrow With Physiology

Starr, 5

Nursing

Test Bank

5th Edition

• $15.00 $50.00

---

Description

Test Bank for Biology Today And Tomorrow With Physiology, The downloadable file consists of 662 pages, and the total size of the file is 6.94 MB. Purchase now only for highly discounted price.

Author(s): Starr

---

---

Study Note Preview

Biology Today and Tomorrow with Physiology 5th Edition Starr Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. What name is given to the scientific study of life? a. geography b. statistics c. ecology d. geology e. biology ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 1.1 The Secret Life of Earth LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.01 - Describe the study of biology and importance of biodiversity on Earth. 2. The current rate of extinctions is about times faster than normal. a. 10 b. 100 c. 1000 d. 100,000 e. 1,000,000 ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 1.1 The Secret Life of Earth LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.01 - Describe the study of biology and importance of biodiversity on Earth. 3. The species extinctions taking place today are being caused by activities. a. human b. volcanic c. plate tectonic d. extraterrestrial e. geothermal ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 1.1 The Secret Life of Earth LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.01 - Describe the study of biology and importance of biodiversity on Earth. 4. Which of the following represents the most correct order of the organization of life from the smallest unit to the largest? a. atoms → molecules → cells → organisms → populations → communities → ecosystems → biosphere b. atoms → molecules → cells → organisms → communities → populations → ecosystems → biosphere c. atoms → molecules → cells → organisms → populations → ecosystems → communities → biosphere d. communities → biosphere → organisms → ecosystems → populations → cells → molecules → atoms e. biosphere → organisms → communities → ecosystems → populations → molecules → cells → atoms ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Life is More Than the Sum of Its Parts LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.02 - Summarize the levels of organization in nature. 5. Which of the following organization levels is the least inclusive? a. population b. community c. cell d. atom e. molecule ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Life is More Than the Sum of Its Parts LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.02 - Summarize the levels of organization in nature. 6. An ecosystem is made up of . a. only plants, animals and fungi b. organisms and nonliving things c. only rocks and minerals d. only plants, protozoa, and fungi e. the biosphere of the region ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Life is More Than the Sum of Its Parts LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.02 - Summarize the levels of organization in nature. 7. Lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA, and complex carbohydrates are all . a. minerals b. atoms c. cells d. molecules e. elements ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply REFERENCES: 1.2 Life is More Than the Sum of Its Parts LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.02 - Summarize the levels of organization in nature. 8. The emergent property of “life” appears at the level of the , when many molecules become organized. a. population b. atom c. organism d. cell e. community ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Life is More Than the Sum of Its Parts LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.02 - Summarize the levels of organization in nature. 9. A population is composed of individuals of . a. the same species b. interacting species of different kinds c. interacting species and nonliving things d. a single species interacting with nonliving things e. all species found in a given area ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Life is More Than the Sum of Its Parts LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.02 - Summarize the levels of organization in nature. 10. Living organisms are members of all of the levels listed below. However, soil is a component of . a. the community b. the population c. the ecosystem d. both the population and ecosystem e. both the community and the biosphere ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply REFERENCES: 1.2 Life is More Than the Sum of Its Parts LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.02 - Summarize the levels of organization in nature. 11. Which of the following is a basic component of all of the others? a. cells b. organs c. tissues d. organism e. organ systems ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Life is More Than the Sum of Its Parts LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.02 - Summarize the levels of organization in nature. 12. Which of the following represents an activity within a population? a. a fox consuming a rabbit b. the absorption of nitrogen by bacteria and converting it to a form useful to plants c. a peacock spreading and shaking his feathers to attract a female d. moss growing on the north side of a large pine tree e. a virus causing rabies in a dog ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: 1.2 Life is More Than the Sum of Its Parts LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.02 - Summarize the levels of organization in nature. 13. The level of organization that encompasses all regions of Earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphere in which organisms live is known as . a. the biosphere b. a community c. an ecosystem d. a population e. an organism’s habitat ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Life is More Than the Sum of Its Parts LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.02 - Summarize the levels of organization in nature. 14. Which of the following characteristics are shared by all living organisms? I. hereditary information is passed to offspring II. adaptation to environmental change III. requirement for nutrients IV. DNA housed in a nucleus a. I and II b. I and III c. II and III d. I, II, and III e. I, II, III, and IV ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: 1.3 How Living Things Are Alike LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.03 - List the important factors that distinguish living organisms from non-living organisms. 15. A substance that an organism needs for growth and survival but cannot make for itself is referred to as a(n) . a. chemical b. nutrient c. atom d. DNA molecule e. carbohydrate ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.3 How Living Things Are Alike LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.03 - List the important factors that distinguish living organisms from non-living organisms. 16. All organisms fit into one of the two following categories. What two categories are these? a. consumers and decomposers b. producers and decomposers c. producers and consumers d. scavengers and detritivores e. consumers and scavengers ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.3 How Living Things Are Alike LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.03 - List the important factors that distinguish living organisms from non-living organisms. 17. The dynamics of an ecosystem depends on two main processes, which are . a. the cycling of energy and the unidirectional flow of nutrients b. the unidirectional flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients c. the multidirectional flow of both energy and nutrients d. the unidirectional flow of both energy and nutrients e. the cycling of both energy and nutrients ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.3 How Living Things Are Alike LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.03 - List the important factors that distinguish living organisms from non-living organisms. 18. On a very hot summer day and a few months later on a very cold winter day, you go outside and take your temperature. Each time your body temperature is 37 degrees Celsius. This example illustrates . a. adaptation b. cellular reproduction c. respiration d. homeostasis e. digestion ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply REFERENCES: 1.3 How Living Things Are Alike LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.03 - List the important factors that distinguish living organisms from non-living organisms. 19. The DNA molecule is most similar functionally to a . a. pair of scissors b. flash light battery c. Cookbook d. ballpoint pen e. craft kit of ceramic tiles ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: 1.3 How Living Things Are Alike LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.03 - List the important factors that distinguish living organisms from non-living organisms. 20. The process by which the first cell of a new individual becomes a multicelled adult is called . a. homeostasis b. inheritance c. reproduction d. growth e. development ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.3 How Living Things Are Alike LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.03 - List the important factors that distinguish living organisms from non-living organisms. 21. Energy flow is one -way because . a. all of the energy in an ecosystem stays constant b. the amount of energy a producer harvests is equal to the amount of energy consumers consume c. with each energy transfer, some energy escapes as heat d. energy cannot be created but it can be destroyed e. there is only one form of energy ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Analyze REFERENCES: 1.3 How Living Things Are Alike LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.03 - List the important factors that distinguish living organisms from non-living organisms. 22. Homeostasis is . a. the ability to sense and respond to change b. maintaining the external environment to favor survival c. essential for nonliving things d. unique to consumers e. unique to producers ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.3 How Living Things Are Alike LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.03 - List the important factors that distinguish living organisms from non-living organisms. 23. The transmission of DNA to offspring is referred to as . a. homeostasis b. development c. growth d. reproduction e. inheritance ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.3 How Living Things Are Alike LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.03 - List the important factors that distinguish living organisms from non-living organisms. 24. What is the process by which a producer uses light energy to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water? a. respiration b. photosynthesis c. homeostasis d. development e. reproduction ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.3 How Living Things Are Alike LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.03 - List the important factors that distinguish living organisms from non-living organisms. 25. The category of organisms that get their energy and nutrients by feeding on the tissues, wastes, or remains of other organisms are generally calle d . a. producers b. prokaryotes c. consumers d. archaea e. plants ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.3 How Living Things Are Alike LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.03 - List the important factors that distinguish living organisms from non-living organisms. 26. The scope of variation among living organisms is referred to as . a. heritability b. the biosphere c. biodiversity d. taxonomy e. the ecosystem ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 How Living Things Differ LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.04 - Describe the features of the six major categories of living organisms and how they are classified. 27. Which organisms are single -celled and lack a nucleus? a. bacteria and archaea b. fungi and bacteria c. archaea and protists d. fungi and archaea e. bacteria and protists ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 How Living Things Differ LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.04 - Describe the features of the six major categories of living organisms and how they are classified. 28. All known species belong to one of three domains. What are these domains? a. Prokarya, Bacteria, and Eukarya b. Prokarya, Archaea, and Eukarya c. Plantae, Bacteria, and Animalia d. Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya e. Bacteria, Archaea, and Protista ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply REFERENCES: 1.4 How Living Things Differ LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.04 - Describe the features of the six major categories of living organisms and how they are classified. 29. Members of which group(s) can be single -celled producers? a. plants b. protists c. bacteria d. bacteria and protists e. bacteria and plants ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 How Living Things Differ LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.04 - Describe the features of the six major categories of living organisms and how they are classified. 30. What are the simplest types of eukaryotes? a. plants b. protists c. fungi d. bacteria e. archaea ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 1.4 How Living Things Differ LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.04 - Describe the features of the six major categories of living organisms and how they are classified. 31. Collectively, which group of organisms are the most diverse representatives of life? a. plants and animals b. protists and fungi c. bacteria and archaea d. bacteria and protists e. archaea and plants ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 How Living Things Differ LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.04 - Describe the features of the six major categories of living organisms and how they are classified. 32. What organism is defined as a multicelled organism that develops through a series of stages and moves about during part or all of its life? a. archaea b. bacteria c. fungi d. animals e. plants ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 How Living Things Differ LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.04 - Describe the features of the six major categories of living organisms and how they are classified. 33. What is a characteristic of eukaryotes? a. All are multicelled organisms b. Their cells are typically smaller than bacteria. c. They are more like bacteria than archaea. d. Their cells are less complex than bacteria or archaea. e. Their DNA is contained in a nucleus. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply REFERENCES: 1.4 How Living Things Differ LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.04 - Describe the features of the six major categories of living organisms and how they are classified. 34. Which of the following organisms is a multi -celled producer? a. an oak tree b. Candida , a pathogenic fungus c. E. coli, a common intestinal bacterium d. a Siberian tiger e. an archaeon on the seafloor ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Apply REFERENCES: 1.4 How Living Things Differ LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.04 - Describe the features of the six major categories of living organisms and how they are classified. 35. Which of the following is a characteristic of all fungi? a. They are prokaryotic consumers. b. They break down food externally. c. They actively move during part of their lives. d. They make their own food. e. They are multicelled. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 How Living Things Differ LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.04 - Describe the features of the six major categories of living organisms and how they are classified. 36. In which of the following groups does seaweed belong? a. protists b. plants c. fungi d. archaea e. bacteria ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 1.4 How Living Things Differ LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.04 - Describe the features of the six major categories of living organisms and how they are classified. 37. In the scientific name, Pan paniscus , Pan represents the name of the while paniscus represents the name of the . a. family; species b. family; genus c. genus; species d. species; genus e. genus; family ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 How Living Things Differ LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.04 - Describe the features of the six major categories of living organisms and how they are classified. 38. Who developed the two-part naming system scientists use today to classify newly found organisms? a. Charles Darwin b. Carolus Linnaeus c. Aristotle d. Alexander von Humboldt e. Ernst Mayer ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 1.4 How Living Things Differ LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.04 - Describe the features of the six major categories of living organisms and how they are classified. 39. Which of the following is the correct order of taxa from most inclusive to least inclusive? a. domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species b. domain, kingdom, phylum, order, class, family, genus, species c. domain, kingdom, phylum, family, order, class, genus, species d. domain, phylum, kingdom, class, order, family, genus, species e. domain, kingdom, order, class, phylum, family, genus, species ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 How Living Things Differ LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.04 - Describe the features of the six major categories of living organisms and how they are classified. 40. Taxonomists today tend to group organisms into the same category based on similar . a. morphology b. behavior c. geographic distributions d. biochemical traits e. eating habits ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply REFERENCES: 1.4 How Living Things Differ LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.04 - Describe the features of the six major categories of living organisms and how they are classified. 41. Ernst Mayr was responsible for . a. discovering new species atop New Guinea’s Foja Mountains b. standardizing a two-part naming system c. explaining the theory of natural selection d. describing the biological species concept e. identifying that all organisms contain DNA ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1.4 How Living Things Differ LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.04 - Describe the features of the six major categories of living organisms and how they are classified. 42. Which level of taxonomy encompasses all of the others? a. family b. class c. order d. species e. genus ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 How Living Things Differ LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.04 - Describe the features of the six major categories of living organisms and how they are classified. 43. Which of the following words describes a tentative explanation to a given question? a. law b. theory c. hypothesis d. fact e. principle ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 1.5 The Science of Nature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.05 - Outline the hierarchical stages of a scientific method. 44. In order to verify a hypothesis, scientists . a. perform experiments and/or make observations b. consider facts c. establish law d. develop theories e. make predictions ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 1.5 The Science of Nature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.05 - Outline the hierarchical stages of a scientific method. 45. What is the right sequence of events applied in the scientific method? a. hypothesis; initial observation; data analysis; test; conclusion b. initial observation; data analysis; hypothesis; test; conclusion c. initial observation; hypothesis; data analysis; test; conclusion d. initial observation; hypothesis; test; data analysis; conclusion e. hypothesis; data analysis; initial observation; test; conclusion ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.5 The Science of Nature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.05 - Outline the hierarchical stages of a scientific method. 46. An experimenter wanted to test the effects of cigarette smoking on rats. She infused the cages of 50 rats with cigarette smoke and the cages of another 50 rats with pure, clean air. The rats that received the clean air were the . a. experimental group b. control group c. model group d. predictive group e. independent group ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Analyze REFERENCES: 1.5 The Science of Nature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.05 - Outline the hierarchical stages of a scientific method. 47. In the Olestra experiment conducted by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, the people who ate the Olestra potato chips were the . a. experimental group b. control group c. research group d. hypothetical group e. independent group ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.5 The Science of Nature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.05 - Outline the hierarchical stages of a scientific method. 48. In the Olestra potato chip experiment, the report published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in January 1998 indicated that . a. Olestra potato chips cause cramping b. potato chips without Olestra cause cramping c. there was no evidence that Olest ra caused cramping d. watching movies cause cramping e. people should not eat potato chips ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: 1.5 The Science of Nature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.05 - Outline the hierarchical stages of a scientific method. 49. In the 2005 peacock butterfly experiment, what was the conclusion? a. Predatory birds are not deterred from eating peacock butterflies with spots. b. Predatory birds are deterred by peacock butterfly clicking sounds. c. Peacock butterflies with spots mated more often than those without spots. d. Predatory birds are deterred by the dark color of the peacock butterfly. e. Peacock butterflies that made clicking sounds attracted more predatory birds. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: 1.5 The Science of Nature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.05 - Outline the hierarchical stages of a scientific method. 50. The final step in the scientific method for a scientist is . a. devising an experiment b. collecting data c. making observations d. report his or her results e. researching the literature for similar investigations ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.5 The Science of Nature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.05 - Outline the hierarchical stages of a scientific method. 51. Scientists perform in order to a given . a. experiments; test; hypothesis b. tests; experiment; law c. tests; experiment; variable d. facts; test; variable e. hypotheses; try; experiment ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply REFERENCES: 1.5 The Science of Nature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.05 - Outline the hierarchical stages of a scientific method. 52. A control group . a. receives the same treatment as the experimental group b. is an untreated group of individuals or subjects c. is sometimes exposed to harsh conditions d. is often an unnecessary waste of material e. is not subjected to experimental error ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.5 The Science of Nature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.05 - Outline the hierarchical stages of a scientific method. 53. The control in an experiment . a. contains excess test subjects in case some die b. is an additional replicate for statistical purposes c. reduces the experimental errors d. minimizes experimental inaccuracy e. allows for comparisons with the experimental group ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.5 The Science of Nature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.05 - Outline the hierarchical stages of a scientific method. 54. In the experiment with peacock butterflies the working hypothesis is that . a. mimicry confuses both predator and prey b. mimicry protects butterflies from being eaten by predatory birds c. birds are capable of learning d. birds are agents of evolution e. unpalatable species display distinctive wings ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply REFERENCES: 1.5 The Science of Nature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.05 - Outline the hierarchical stages of a scientific method. 55. The variable(s) in the 2005 peacock butterfly experiment is(are) the . a. butterfly wings pattern color b. butterfly species c. butterfly wings pattern color and sounds emitted d. rainforest region used e. percentage of survivors ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 1.5 The Science of Nature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.05 - Outline the hierarchical stages of a scientific method. 56. How did the experimental group differ from the control group in the 2005 peacock butterfly experiment? a. They were different species. b. Their native habitat of the forest differed. c. They were spotless and soundless. d. They tasted worse. e. They preferred different flowers species. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: 1.5 The Scienc e of Nature LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.05 - Outline the hierarchical stages of a scientific method. 57. A scientific theory . a. is widely accepted and supported by several evidences b. is widely accepted but not necessarily supported by several evidences c. is sometimes accepted and supported by several evidences d. is sometimes accepted and not necessarily supported by several evidences e. is always a "truth" ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: REF: 1.6 The Nature of Science LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BTAT.STAR.16.01.06 - Summarize the process and scope of scientific experimentation. 58. Evolution has been tested in various ways. Genetic, fossil, anatomical, physiological and behavioral studies all